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25 November 2014, Volume 35 Issue 11 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Study on spatial club convergence of patent outputs in cities of China Wang Chunyang, Zhang Chao 2014, 35(11): 1-7.  Abstract ( 1229 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1817 )   Using the methods of exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA), this paper analyzes the spatial distribution and dynamic changes of patent outputs in China, by studying 341 prefecture-level cities from 1997 to 2009. Then, the paper examines the spatial club convergence hypothesis of patent outputs by using spatial econometrics model, and finally explores the formation mechanism. The ESDA analysis using the Moran's I gives the strong evidence of spatial autocorrelation of patent outputs among cities, and the aggregation level has increased steadily over the past years. However, in the H-H and L-L groups, with the growth and the degree of aggregation increase, the difference of patent outputs between the two groups continues to expand and then form two "spatial convergence clubs". The empirical results show that the spatial heterogeneous and local geographic spillovers factors contribute to the features of overall differentiation and local multi-steady-state of regional patent outputs in China. Finally, this study presents some references valuable for analyzing spatial structure and policy-making. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the guiding effects of the government venture capital guiding funds Yang Minli, Li Xinfang, Wu Yongheng 2014, 35(11): 8-16.  Abstract ( 1573 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1894 )   Using the data of provincialventure capital fundraising between 2000 and 2011 and the simultaneous equations model, this paper investigates the guiding effects of China's government venture capital guiding funds (GVCs) on social funds into the venture capital industry. We find through the investigation that the guiding effects of GVCs are significantly different among provinces. In the well-developed provinces of venture capital, GVCs will crowd out social funds. By contrast, in the less-developed provinces ofventure capital, GVCs can guide social funds into the venture capital industry to some degree. These results support the hypothesis of "Virtuous Cycle" and suggest that the development circumstances of the local venture capital industry should be taken into account when deciding whether or not to set up GVCs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A comparative case study of intergenerational knowledge transfer of aerospace science & technology projects in China and America Wang Xin, Wang Jianing 2014, 35(11): 17-25.  Abstract ( 1169 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1675 )   Based on knowledge transfer theory in management science and intergeneration theory in sociological science, we established a Context-Method-Effect model to disclose the casual relationship in the intergenerational knowledge transfer. By taking use of comparative case study methods, we compared intergenerational knowledge transfer of aerospace projects in China and in America, to verify the variable relationship of the proposed model. The results show that in knowledge-intensive industries, the characteristics of intergenerational knowledge transfer would decide transfer effects, and the mentoring method can result in better intergenerational knowledge transfer effects than the knowledge repository method. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of network embedding on technology innovation of cluster enterprisesbased on knowledge view Jiang Tianying, Cong Haibin, Wang Zhengyan, Zhang Yiqing 2014, 35(11): 26-34.  Abstract ( 1382 )   Based on the literature review, this paper builds a theory model to explain how network embedding affects technology innovation of cluster enterprises by knowledge transfer and knowledge creation. By taking enterprises of software and cultural creative industrial clusters in Hangzhou as samples, the theoretical results were tested. The results showed that network embedding of cluster enterprises have a significant positive impact on knowledge transfer and knowledge creation. Network embedding of cluster enterprises have no significant positive impact on technology innovation, instead, it has indirect effects of knowledge transfer and knowledge creation impact on technology innovation. Knowledge transfer of cluster enterprises has no significant positive impact on technology innovation;Instead, it has an indirect impact on technological innovation through the complete mediation role of knowledge creation. Furthermore, the paper introduces the control variables of the cluster type, and found that the test results vary in different types of clusters. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Case study on the mediating effect of firms' technological learning routine in industrial clusters Guo Jingjing 2014, 35(11): 35-43.  Abstract ( 1215 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1624 )   By conducting a multiple case study on four cluster firms, this paper investigates how external knowledge acquisition strategy influences firms' innovation performance through the mediating effect of technological learning routine in industrial clusters. We find that the intensity of technological learning routine mediates the relationship between depth-driven external knowledge acquisition strategy and innovation performance, and the diversity of technological learning routine mediates the relationship between breadth-driven external knowledge acquisition strategy and innovation performance. By this research, we extend the existing understanding on firms' internal technological learning behavior and innovation process within industrial clusters, and enrich the empirical research on organization routine. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The coordination mechanism of industrial clusters' incubation on entrepreneurship Liu Rongzhi, Weng Qingxiong, Huang Tianwei 2014, 35(11): 44-50.  Abstract ( 1109 )   PDF (1KB) ( 2049 )   The incubation of industrial cluster on entrepreneurship is a special process of continuous coordination. It can not only stimulate and promote the entrepreneurial growth, but also allow the industry clusters to develop continuously, to study the coordination mechanism of the different types of cluster entrepreneurial talent, and to propose targeted measures. This paper applies the case study method to explore the incubation system coordination mechanism of different types of industrial clusters. Combined with industrial clusters constitute elements, it raises the integrated model of industry cluster entrepreneurial talent incubator system coordination, to inspire the sustained and rapid growth of entrepreneurship. In this paper, the institutional characteristics of industrial clusters was analyzed to further divide the cluster incubation into three types, namely the "government-led", "industry association-led" and "university-led", by selecting different types of industry clusters in Wuhan, Wenzhou, and Leuven, Belgium, as the cases, it studies the main coordination mechanism of different types of industrial clusters. The research findings provides theoretical basis for the policy construction of promoting cluster entrepreneurship and innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The synergetic relationship between core technology and complementary assets in innovation capability evolution Zhang Suping, Xu Qingrui, Zhang Jun 2014, 35(11): 51-59.  Abstract ( 1069 )   Most researches focus on the role of core technology in the development of innovation capability, neglecting the role of complementary assets which are the essential elements for the commercialization of innovation. In this paper, by drawing on the evolutionary theory and resource-based view, the core technologies and complementary assets are integrated into a research framework to explore the evolutionary process of innovation capability through a longitudinal case study on Zhongxing Telecommunications Equipment Corporation. Then it is found out that: (1) the cultivation of complementary assets is always in advance of the development of core technologies. The relationship between core technologies and complementary assets demonstrates the characteristics of matching each other and co-evolution. (2) With the enterprise's development, the synergy between core technologies and complementary assets can promote the development of innovation capability which demonstrates two major patterns including the extension of existing core technology with complementary assets and the involvement of new core technology. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of agency conflicts on the innovation of listed companies in China Lv Xinjun 2014, 35(11): 60-67.  Abstract ( 1192 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1720 )   This paper estimates innovation efficiency of China's listed companies by constructing the heteroscedastic stochastic frontier model, and analyzes the impact of agency conflict on efficiency. The results show that: (1) the innovation efficiency of China's listed companies declines by 25%-45% due to agency conflicts; (2) Improvement of equity concentration and balance degree and implementation of executive incentive policy will significantly reduce the level of agency conflicts, and enhance investment in innovation; institutional ownership is not a key factor of technological innovation;(3) Innovation efficiency of state-controlled companies shows a steadily increasing trend and gradually higher than the non-state-owned listed companies during the sample period. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Patent quality indicator system: Measurement based on China invention patent data Song Hefa, Mu Rongping, Chen Fang, Zhang Sizhong, Li Zhenxing 2014, 35(11): 68-76.  Abstract ( 1403 )   PDF (1KB) ( 2316 )   The paper studies the connotation of patent quality and its composition, and builds up a system to measure the patent quality from four dimensions: invention quality, document quality, quality under examination, and commercial quality. From 2011 to 2012, the patent quality of China has slightly improved. Both document quality and commercial quality has improved, while invention quality witnesses a decline. The patent quality in Eastern region of China is the best, while the patent quality in mid-western regions is relatively lower. Among the 7 selected countries, the patent quality of China shows the worst performance, especially the document quality and the commercial quality. In the end, the paper puts forward some policy recommendations to improve the patent quality of China. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The impact of international diversification on innovation performance of firms in emerging countries: The moderating role of ownership structure Wu Hang, Chen Jin, Zheng Xiaoyong 2014, 35(11): 77-83.  Abstract ( 1114 )   PDF (1KB) ( 2180 )   International diversification has emerged as an important strategy for firms in emerging countries to fulfill innovation catch-up. However, prior research largely ignores the mechanism of international diversification on innovation performance of firms in emerging countries. Integrating the organizational learning and institution-based theory, this study aims to examine how international diversification can be beneficial to firm's innovation performance based on survey data from samples of manufacturing firms in China. The result shows that international diversification is positively related to innovation performance. We also find that the positive relationship between international diversification and innovation performance is stronger when firms are taken an ownership interest by foreign firms, and is not significant when firms are state-controlled. The study results will have significant theoretical and practical implications to the internationalization of the enterprises in emerging countries. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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User-introduced triple helix innovation system model-A research based on social network Feng Chujian, Jiang Yanhui 2014, 35(11): 84-91.  Abstract ( 1070 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1973 )   Triple helix innovation system model proposed by Etzkowitz and laydesdorff is regarded as an important foundation heory for national innovation system t, but it is lack of attention to an important role in social innovation - "user" and in time of need to improve. Based on the "user" aggregation platform-Online Social Network, this paper embedded the "Online Social Network" element into the triple helix model, described the running process and mechanism of the social networking triple helix model, presented the innovative metering algorithm of the improved model and achieved a clear definition and measurement of the "user" role in the theory of national innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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R&D investment and total factor productivity: The PSM analysisbased on industrial firm-level data of China Sun Xiaohua, Wang Yun 2014, 35(11): 92-99.  Abstract ( 1195 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1779 )   The industrial firms are divided into the control group with R&D investment and the treatment group without R&D investment, and the propensity score method (PSM) is used to test the effect of R&D activities on productivity. The results show that the productivity of firms with R&D is 21.5% higher than those without R&D, reflecting that R&D can increase the total factor productivity. Then, the sample of industrial firms with R&D inputs in succession is used to test the relationship between R&D intensity and productivity. The conclusion is drawn that there is a U-shape relation between R&D intensity and productivity with a critical value of 0.488%. About 99% industrial firms' R&D investment is below the threshold value impeding the increasing of productivity. It indicates that the firms should increase R&D investment, improve the R&D efficiency, enhance the proportion of basic research, and develop the innovation effect of R&D investment, so as to increase the productivity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The impact of proximity on inter-regional R&D collaboration patterns: An empirical research based on Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong Liu Fengchao, Yan Feifei, Ma Rongkang, Jiang Binbin 2014, 35(11): 100-108.  Abstract ( 1152 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1592 )   Based on two dimensions of organization type and regional boundary, the inter-regional R&D collaborations are classified into four patterns. Then, by use of the co-invention patent data of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong in 1985-2008, this paper examines the effects of geographical, technological and relational proximity on inter-regional R&D collaboration activities. The results show that in inter-regional R&D collaborations, the geographical proximity plays no significant role in inter-firm and inter-research organization collaboration patterns; the technological proximity mostly has significant negative effect on inter-regional R&D collaborations, while the relational proximity has significantly positive effect in most cases, especially in inter-firm and inter-research organization collaboration patterns. Finally, by combining the perspective of regional innovation resource allocation and inter-regional knowledge flow pattern, this paper discusses the dominant inter-regional R&D patterns and the roles played by three proximities in Chinese typical regions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The extenics evaluation model and empirical research of corporate green degree based on AHP-standard deviation Wu Chunyou, Chen Xinghong, Kuang Haibo 2014, 35(11): 109-117.  Abstract ( 1032 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1906 )   With the pursuit of green consumption patterns, the green transformation of companies is speeding up, and the problem of corporate green degree evaluation gradually arouses academic attention. This paper constructed the corporate green degree evaluation index system by selectingthe five aspects of corporate green technology, corporate green production, corporate green emission, corporate green investment, green corporate culture, and using the AHP and standard deviation to determine the combination weight of index system, and to buildthe corporate green degree evaluation model based on the extenics principle. An empirical evaluation was conducted in combination with the development of Yunnan Biological Technology Co. from 2008 to 2012. The results show that in the company from 2008 to 2012, most of the green indicators had greatly improved, being elevated to Level 1, indicating that the company emphasized increasingly on the green development model and achieved good results on the whole, and the paper also makes a detailed analysis of the changes in green business, not only to provide guidance for future green development decision-making, but also to provide a theoretical reference for the evaluation of corporate green degree. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An empirical study of the impact of familial factors onthe performance of family businesses Xin Jinguo, Pan Xiaofang, Guan Xiaoyong 2014, 35(11): 118-125.  Abstract ( 1326 )   PDF (1KB) ( 2100 )   The family business occupies aunique positionin the world economy, and the researchers believe that the family business has the uniqueness which lacks in the non-family business, so they study the family business separately. But the current researches simply discuss family business' unique characteristics and their advantages or disadvantages compared with the non-family business, while few studies concerns the familial factors affecting the performance of the business. In this paper, through literature research and interview investigation, we put forward the four dimensions of familial factors, construct a research framework for the relationship between familial factors and business performance, and propose the hypotheses that various factors are related to business performance. Finally, through the questionnaire survey, we obtain data of familial factors and business performance and use the SPSS 13.0 software system to make correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis and regression analysis between each factor and business performance, for testing the hypotheses. Our researches show that most of the familial factors, including credibility, communications between family members, professional manager mode and vision sharing, have significant positive correlations with the enterprise success and family success while human orientation, flexible management mode, diversified management have negative impact on the enterprise success and family success. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Local enterprise transformation breakthrough and network relationship upgrade: An empirical study based on advertising as regulation variables Lai Hongbo, Liang Lei 2014, 35(11): 126-132.  Abstract ( 1101 )   Under the background where the transformation and upgrading of local enterprises and upgrading path meet "bottleneck", this research puts forward the concept of network relationship upgrading, and constructs the model of impact of enterprise sales behavior and market behavior on enterprise performance based on network relationship as mediator and advertising behavior asa regulating variable. At the same time, we collected 183 valid questionnaires to nearly 200 companies for an empirical analysis. The research results show that network relationships play a mediating effect on the relationship between enterprise sales and market behavior and enterprise performance; at the same time, advertisement can enhance significantly the impact of enterprise sales and market behavior on network relationships. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research of the R&D management governance deepening mechanism based on organization performance Li Xingwei, Lv Huaqiao 2014, 35(11): 133-138.  Abstract ( 1042 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1852 )   Organizational performance improvement is the important direction of deepening current R&D institutions management. But different sources of funding and their proportion have different influence on organizational performance. The allocation method of financial fund's overall budget is a new attempt to improve performance under the background of structured fund management. By analyzing the inner relationship between R&D organization performance and funding structured governance, this paper takes some international well-known institutions for examples,such as Fraunhofer in Germany and Taiwan institute in funding structured management experience,through the allocation method of financial fund's overall budget to explore and achieve the whole R&D deepening budget decision mechanism,achieve the goal of improving the research organization performance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The patent risk to Chinese enterprises in international operations: An empirical research based on patent characteristics Qi Su 2014, 35(11): 139-145.  Abstract ( 1269 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1527 )   This paper presents an empirical analysis of the determinants of patent litigation based on information from U.S. patent cases involved in Chinese enterprises. The author divided the patent characteristic into intrinsic trait, existed when a patent is born, and acquire trait, developed after a patent has issued. Three variables are used to describe intrinsic characteristics, claims, prior citations and family size. Patent maintenance, reexamination, forward citing, assignment, securitization and other variables are used to describe acquired characteristics and to analyze the relevance of patent intrinsic characteristics, patent acquired characteristics and patent infringement litigation. By using the U.S. patent cases involved Chinese enterprises, the relationship between patent characteristic and likelihood of the litigation is empirically analyzed. The result shows that the patents which end up in litigation have markedly difference in both intrinsic and acquired characteristics than patents that do not. On the other hand, such differences can provide additional indicia of likelihood of patent litigation, and help companies to identify the riskiest patents prior to the time of the litigation. The research has implications to the Chinese enterprises who want to extend the U.S market. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the effect of academics unverifiability on research reward in science Li Rong 2014, 35(11): 146-155.  Abstract ( 1151 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1695 )   From the perspective of unverifiability, this paper begins by discussing the feasibility of academic quality being the criteria of science awards. A model explaining the probability of winning the prize is presented, in which the effect of peer reviewing not included in the framework of research tournament is considered. This makes the science reward model become more consistent with the unverified characteristics of academic quality. The effectiveness of peer reviewing for science awards in China was analyzed by taking advantage of the model. The most important conclusions include: (1) academic quality does not fit the criteria for science awards due to its unverifiability; (2) the probability for scientists winning the prize depends on the reviewing of peer scientists instead of the academic quality of their research achievements per se. (3) the peer reviewing for science awards at or above provincial level in China cannot separate research achievements with different academic quality; and (4) academic innovation is hardly the incentive target of science awards at or above provincial level in China. Most importantly, improving the effectiveness of peer reviewing for science awards is the leading policy implication. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the evaluation of cities human resource ecosystem in Liaoning based on the ecological niche model Shang Hua, Hui Shancheng, Zheng Xiangcheng 2014, 35(11): 156-162.  Abstract ( 1075 )   PDF (1KB) ( 2052 )   As the multidimensional space for the existence and development of human resources, the human resource ecosystem is evolving into a tool for the competitiveness of regional economic development. To measure and evaluate cities human resource ecosystem accurately is the foundation and basisfor the regional human resources strategy planning. This paper selects the regional cities of Liaoning Province as samplesf, based on the 2013 statistical yearbook of Liaoning Province. We describe the competition of human resource ecosystem among cities through empirical analysis and the ecological niche parameter introduction. The results show that regional cooperation should replace competition to avoid low efficiency and excessive competition which are caused by ecological niche overlapping. And we should use the symbiotic relationship among the regional cities to develop the cluster advantages and enhance the competitiveness of human resource ecosystem. Thirdly, we should find the ecological niche accurately and get rid of the restrictions from the disadvantage of ecological niche. Moreover, the co-evolution and balanced development between 'State' and 'Potential' can improve the development potential and the bearing capacity of human resource ecosystem. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial econometric analysis of Chinese urbanization and changes of real estate prices Jiang Song, Wang Zhao 2014, 35(11): 163-170.  Abstract ( 1215 )   Based on inter-provincial panel data of China, this paper builds a suitable dynamic spatial panel model to analyze the effect of urbanization on changes of real estate prices. The effect of urbanization measured by nonfarm payrolls on changes of real estate prices is significant negative. Urbanization of neighboring provinces can drive the real estate prices to rise, owing to the segmentation of the labor market, its spatial spillover effect is not significant. The effect and spatial spillover effect of foreign direct investment, land supply, monetary policy, infrastructure conditions, income of urban residents, and trade openness on changes of real estate prices are different. Finally, based on the empirical results, related policy implications are recommended in the paper. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Policy principles for the creation and success of university spin-off companies Pang Wen, Ding Yunlong 2014, 35(11): 171-177.  Abstract ( 1305 )   PDF (1KB) ( 1910 )   Developingappropriate incentive policies on the basis of the present academic achievements is an important way to promote the development of university spin-off companies. By constructing three layers of conceptual model and reviewing the results of foreign research, this paper finds out that the country's intellectual property system, commercial policy and university's entrepreneurship policy, resources and culture can promote spin-offs creation, while the university incubator's support and the mode of spin-offs' operation and management are vital to the success of enterprises. Based on these findings, we put forward some policy principles for promoting the university spin-off companies' creation and success and expect they may provide reference for our S&T entrepreneurship and policy development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An empirical study on the efficiency of China's urbanization and its influencing factors in the presence of environmental constraints Chen Litai, Liang Chao 2014, 35(11): 178-186.  Abstract ( 1294 )   PDF (1KB) ( 2086 )   With the Stochastic Frontier Production Function, based on the data of 279 prefecture-level or above cities in China from 2003 to 2010, bringing the environmental pollution into the urbanization efficiency evaluation system as an input factor, this paper measures the technical efficiency of urbanization process under the environmental constraints from four aspects, including demographical, economical, spatial and social; and analyzes the impact of population density, industrial structure, government policy, regional scale and some other factors on urbanization efficiency. The main results are as follows: (1) In comparison, during the investigating time, the efficiency of economic, spatial and social urbanization are higher, while the demographical one is lower. In terms of spatial distribution, the urbanization efficiency value of each type is highest in east and lowest in west. (2) Population density, industrial structure and government policy all have positive impact on demographical and social urbanization efficiency, while regional scale has positive impact on demographical urbanization efficiency but no significant impact on social one; regional scale has negative impact on economical urbanization efficiency; population density has negative impact on spatial urbanization efficiency, while both industrial structure and regional scale have positive impact. Finally, this paper suggests that the overall efficiency of regional urbanization should be improved by coordinating various influencing factors. References | Related Articles | Metrics