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An analysis of the strategic adaptation of new science-based firms in the growth period Xia Jing, Liu Wei, Zhang Shuo 2021, 42(12): 1-9.  Abstract ( 308 )       The historic convergence of the technological revolution and industrial revolution has promoted the development of science-based industries. New science-based firms (NSBFs) face high risks in terms of technological development and high uncertainty in the area of market competition. Firms with a high environmental adaptability can gain competitive advantages and a strong corporate performance in uncertain environments. Much research has focused on the strategic adaptation of enterprises. Scholars have explored the positive impact of antecedent variables, such as the senior management team, strategic opportunities, and human resources, on the strategic adaptability of enterprises from the perspectives of the organization, behavior, and resources. However, research for the NSBFs which has technical advantages on strategic adaptation，the role of NSBFs′ core or unique technical resources cannot be ignored. Scholars have made a great deal of research on the matching relationship between technology and enterprise strategic. With regard to the study of technical resources, the scholars proposed two dimensions of technological depth and technological width. Most of the empirical research on the influence of technological depth and technological width on the innovation, however the effect of the technical resources on the enterprise strategic adaptation from two dimensions of the technological depth and the technological width is rarely studied. Strategic adaptation is a series of strategic actions related to the selection, commitment, implementation, and revision of a plan, which is constrained by technological resources. It has an important impact on the survival and development of NSBFs. We used 184 new pharmaceutical manufacturing start-ups listed on the new OTC market before 2016 as empirical research samples. The technological resource structure of enterprises was measured by the technological depth and breadth. The technological depth of a technology is measured by the extent to which patents are used, and the technological width is measured by the range of new technologies (IPC code) included in the patent. The strategic adaptation was measured by the diversity and frequency of the strategic actions. The diversity of strategic action is calculated by Herfindahl Index to measure the concentration of strategic action. The frequency of strategic action is the number of times each strategic action occurs.      This research focused on the effect of the technological depth and breadth as the antecedent variables on strategic adaptation. The empirical results showed that the technological depth of the NSBFs had a negative impact on the frequency of strategic action: as the technological depth became deeper, the frequency of strategic action became lower. The technological breadth had a negative impact on the diversity of strategic action, because the diversity of the strategic action was the reverse index. When the technological breadth became wider, the diversity of strategic action became greater. Enterprises were divided into 4 categories according to the different structures of the NSBFs′ technology resources (shown in the quadrantal diagram). In Quadrant I of the diagram, the technology depth of the NSBFs is deep and the technological breadth is narrow. During the growth period, enterprises mainly carry out product research and development, testing, and production, which focuses on the product′s technological depth in regards to research and development. When there are sufficient external resources, the enterprises give priority to a product′s technological depth research and development. The strategic goal is the narrow-segment market, which focuses on the strategic action of the product′s production and services. Enterprises meet the needs of a specific competitive-segment market, and therefore take less strategic action. The S curve model, proposed by Foster, shows that there is a slow growth stage at the beginning of the development of a new technology, that is, the budding stage. After this stage, the cumulative utility growth rate begins to increase, and the technology begins to develop rapidly. The enterprises in Quadrant I are in the budding stage of technological research and development, and so they tend to develop the technological depth in the initial stage. The technology accumulation of a certain product makes these enterprises develop rapidly, and they may become the technological leaders in their respective fields in the future. Through the technological depth research and development, enterprises survive and develop. In the second quadrant, the technological depth and technology breadth of the NSBFs are deep and wide. In the growth period, the technological depth and technological breadth have great advantages, the technology strategy is broadly developed, and the enterprise resource advantage is at its best. Enterprises pay attention to technological depth research and development, which maintains the technological advantages of these enterprises. These enterprises explore the direction of their strategic development through the use of a variety of strategic actions. By exploring a variety of strategic actions, enterprises extend their product lines and expand their market share to achieve profitability. In the market competition, these enterprises maintain their technological advantage and enjoy steady development in the changing environment. In the third quadrant, the development of the technological depth and technological breadth of the NSBFs is low, and the strategic actions are less diverse and occur with a higher frequency. The technological strategic direction is not clear. The enterprises are looking for opportunities and markets by taking frequent actions to survive and develop. In Quadrant IV, the NSBFs′ technology depth is shallow, and the technology breadth is wide. In the growth period, the enterprises tend to develop their technology breadth, and the strategic goal is the wide-segment market. Enterprises use the development of new production and distribution methods to research and develop new products or services. The goal of these strategic actions is to expand the enterprise′s market share (which is based on the whole industry) to provide customers with acceptable products or services with certain characteristics. By taking diversified and frequent strategic actions under the condition of rich technical resources, the enterprises give priority to taking positive strategic actions through the market, product, technology, and expected operation scale. These enterprises create a product research and development platform, which helps them develop a variety of products and broadens the path of enterprise growth. The management significance of this paper is as follows. First, from the perspective of strategic adaptation, we discussed the survival and development of NSBFs, which provides new ideas for future research and enriched the theory of strategic management. Second, this work expands the research on the antecedent variables of enterprise strategy adaptation and provided a theoretical basis for enterprises to choose a strategy and strategic actions based on technological advantages. Finally, the structure of technology resources was divided into technological depth and technological breadth. These categories explain the difference in the strategic actions taken by enterprises. This paper therefore helps NSBFs in the growth period make the correct strategic choice in regard to market competition, enhances their competitive advantage, and improves their chances of survival and development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Value co-creation, dynamic capabilities and ecological advantages of entrepreneurship incubation platforms Chen Lingzi, Zhou Wenhui, Zhou Yifang 2021, 42(12): 10-18.  Abstract ( 312 )      Entrepreneurship incubation platforms achieve entrepreneurship ecological advantages mainly based on platform enterprises. However, the existing literature has no strong explanation for the dynamic process of ecological advantages. Facing the urgency of reality and theoretical gap, through an exploratory case study of ‘Investment + Incubation’ process of Xiaomi, this paper attempts to explore how entrepreneurial incubation platforms achieve ecological advantages through value co-creation from the dynamic perspective of capabilities.     This paper selects ‘Xiaomi and entrepreneurship enterprises’ as the research object for the following reasons: firstly, Xiaomi is a typically successful case of building ecological advantages, which has not been explained yet; secondly, the start-ups incubated by Xiaomi reach to 260, large size of research samples mean relatively universal; thirdly, Xiaomi incubation performance is outstanding, and the data is rich and easy to be available. As the analysis unit in embedded case study, there are two standards we choose for entrepreneurship enterprises: firstly, the entrepreneurship enterprise should be early established and relatively stable; secondly, the performance of entrepreneurship enterprise should be relatively significant. We conducted a five-and-a-half-year case study, we collected the first-hand date by depth interview, participatory observation and internal non-public information, as for the second-hand data which obtained in various ways like official website, social media, public speeches, publications, academic papers, media reports and so on, through the "triangle verification" we guaranteed the reliability and validity of case study.    The study finds that following the logic of "value co-creation, dynamic capability, ecological advantage" can explain the influence mechanism of value co-creation of entrepreneurship incubation platform on ecological advantages, it goes through three stages: in the stage of demand co-identification, the entrepreneurship incubation platform and start-ups promote the formation of opportunity perception and realize ecological co-existence through communication and resource identification; In the stage of product co-development, the entrepreneurship incubation platform and start-ups promote the formation of model learning and realize ecological inter-growth through heart-to-heart means and resource allocation; in the stage of market co-promotion, the entrepreneurship incubation platform and start-ups promote the formation of market restructuring and realize ecological regeneration through exchange and resource optimization.    Our research has important theoretical implications in several folds: Firstly, the existing literature splits the organic relationship between value co-creation, dynamic capability and ecological advantage studies, the paper sums up the theoretical model of business incubation platform based on them, which builds a dialogue bridge and provides a new explanation logic for the formation of entrepreneurship incubation platform′s ecological advantage. Secondly, the existing theory of ecological advantage is still in its infancy. Although the carrier of value creation transformed from value chain to value co-creation network, the process mechanism of value co-creation affecting ecological advantage has not been revealed yet. The paper opens up the black box of "ecological advantages of entrepreneurship incubation platforms" and digs out the connotation and evolution characteristics of different stages of entrepreneurship incubation platform′s ecological advantage. Finally, the existing dynamic capability theory is often used to explain the process of enterprises obtaining and maintaining competitive advantage in dynamic environment, but not used to explore the formation mechanism of ecological advantage and the special situation of entrepreneurial incubation platform. The paper uses dynamic capability as an intermediary variable to explain the realization process of entrepreneurial incubation platform′s ecological advantage, identifies how dynamic capabilities in different stages promote the dynamic evolution of ecological advantages, enrich and expand the theory of dynamic capabilities.     Our findings also provide theoretical guidelines for the innovation and transformation of incubators: Firstly, large and medium-sized enterprises can try to be an entrepreneurship incubation platform, which can realize their own sustainable development meanwhile incubate the growth of start-ups. The entrepreneurship incubation platform should provide all-round resource support and authority. Secondly, with the help of entrepreneurship incubation platform, start-ups can break through the bound of opportunities and resources to improve the survival rate, start-ups should strengthen mutual cooperation, develop new products, services or explore new markets jointly, and build a symbiotic ecosystem; finally, the government should change the policy support for entrepreneurship incubation platform: from "blood transfusion" to "blood hematopoiesis" and "subsidy" to "follow-up investment", reduce the investment number of incubation based on government and increase the funding for incubator based on business, promote the upgrading of "double creation" service and form a new pattern of innovation and entrepreneurship. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of multiple concurrent causality and multiple paths of technological innovation driven industrial upgrading Zhang Yaming, Song Wenjie, Wu Xiaohan, Zhang Wei, Zhang Jiaqi 2021, 42(12): 19-28.  Abstract ( 210 )      As a strategic engine for the upgrading of China′s industrial structure and the improvement of its overall productivity, technological innovation has become the key to controlling the strategic commanding heights for future technological and economic development. In recent years, as agreement has been reached within both the academic community and the industry on the important role of technological innovation in driving industrial upgrading, a succession of corresponding policies have been formulated by provinces to increase innovation capabilities and optimize industrial upgrading. In practice, however, opinions were quite divided on which factors should be prioritized in policy making and which approaches are more effective. Therefore, it has become an important question in this field to explore the synergy between technological innovation factors and industrial upgrading, as well as the linkage between these factors, and to analyze the varied effects of these factors and their diverse approaches to driving industrial upgrading.     Most previous studies used traditional measurement to discuss the "net effect" of an individual factor, but fail to consider the "synergistic effect" among multiple variables. Some studies analyzed the linear relationship between technological innovation and industrial upgrading by simply measuring technological innovation by scientific and technological achievements in addition to taking into account other regulatory variables. They failed to consider the complexity of the internal structure of technological innovation and thus cannot fully explain the multiple causality and asymmetry of technological innovations driving industrial upgrading in practice. Actually, as all social phenomena are featured by complex causality, they are not the making of a single factor, but of multiple factors. Industrial upgrading is enabled by multiple factors such as HR investment, financial investment and innovation environment, etc. Different combinations of these factors may contribute to different results, and the relationship between the result and a single factor is not completely symmetrical. Thus, prior to answering the question of "how technological innovations drive industrial upgrading", an investigation should be made into the linkage between these factors from the perspective of configuration, for which Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) is considered to be an effective method. Hence, the fsQCA method is adopted in this article to explore the multiple concurrent causality and the diverse approaches to technological innovations driving industrial upgrading, based on which to answer the following questions: what are the driving factors and core forces for driving industrial upgrading with technological innovation? Which configuration can effectively contribute to high industrial upgrading index? What are the causes for low industrial upgrading index? How do these approaches interact with each other?     According to existing findings, the factors of technological innovation driving industrial upgrading can be roughly summarized as innovation input, innovation output and innovation environment. Besides, taking into consideration the impact of regulations on technological innovation environment and industrial upgrading, we determine six factors as conditional variables, namely, financial and HR input, technological achievements and achievement marketization, technological innovation environment and innovation environment regulations. Then, with 31 Chinese provinces as the cases, we analyzed the multiple causality and multiple approaches of technological innovation driving industrial upgrading, in an effort to open the "black box" of the operation mechanism of technological innovations driving industrial upgrading. Finally, we summarized the successful experiences of outstanding provinces and lessons of low-achieving provinces, which can serve as to useful references for provinces to formulate policies according to their local conditions.    We found the following results: a. the core factors of technological innovations driving industrial upgrading include financial and HR input, technological achievement marketization and environmental regulations; b. There are three effective approaches to high industrial upgrading index, which can be divided into two categories, one oriented towards technological achievement marketization & technological funding, and the other towards innovation environment regulations and HR. Among them, the first category of approaches are the most adopted, mostly by eastern coastal provinces, whose core drivers include technological achievement output, technological achievement marketization, and technological financial input. The second category of approaches are taken by only a few western provinces, where environmental regulations and technological HR input have a positive effect on industrial upgrading. Cases of low industrial upgrading index are mainly central and western provinces, who take six approaches to driving industrial upgrading with technological innovation, showing that the causes for industrial upgrading index are varied and complicated. Besides, in central and western provinces with low industrial upgrading index, the technological innovation environment and HR input have a certain substitute effect. c. Approaches leading to low industrial upgrading index is not the opposites of those leading to low industrial upgrading index, evidencing the asymmetry of the empirical results of qualitative comparative analysis. d. Different from the traditional way of analyzing individual factors, the configuration perspective can be taken to explore the different approaches formed by the combination of antecedent variables contributing to outcome variables, showing that causes of high or low indexes are featured by multiple concurrencies.     In this article, we applied the fsQCA method into the research of industrial upgrading driven by technological innovation, providing a holistic perspective into the causal relationship between the factors in this regard, thus broadening the horizon for research in the fields of technological innovation and industrial upgrading. In addition, we explored the synergistic effects of technological innovation factors and industrial upgrading, as well as the linkage between these factors, which is a gap in existing studies. We also analyzed the differences in the impact of these factors on industrial upgrading and their diverse approaches to driving industrial upgrading, providing useful references for provinces to formulate practical policies on technological innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of coopetition among enterprises in industrial clusters——A study by taking the role of the promotion organization of the new generation information and communication industry cluster in Shenzhen as an example Tan Weijia 2021, 42(12): 29-35.  Abstract ( 168 )       Industrial clusters not only aggravate competition among enterprises, but also promote cooperation among them. Cooperation can efficiently reduce the costs comprehensively, such as production, transaction, marketing and innovation fees, which will improve the overall competitiveness of enterprises, as well as the overall competitiveness of the whole industrial clusters. The coopetition relationship within industrial clusters is the core value of industrial clusters, and it is also the fundamental reason why industrial clusters are more competitive than any single enterprise. However, in fact, it is never an easy decision for enterprises to decide whether they should put themselves in a coopetition relationship, in the consideration of information asymmetry, development stage, external competitive environment and other factors.     This problem is particularly prominent when coopetition exists in the field of innovating activities. One of the reasons is the objective spillover of knowledge; another reason is the opportunistic risk brought by "learning competition". Both of them may lead to insufficiency and even serious missing of trust of cooperation, and therefore the spontaneous cooperation hardly happens among enterprises by the power of market only. In addition to the influence of the market itself or the government participating, there is a more powerful solution to deal with this kind of problem. We can introduce a third-party industrial cluster promotion institution, which may act as an intermediary.     Overall, research institution/university is one of the most ideal choices for industrial cluster promotion institutions. Because research institutions/universities have already mastered a large amount of innovation resources. More importantly, research institutions/universities have a relatively neutral status compared to most of the enterprises in the market. Therefore, letting research institutions/universities be the industrial cluster promotion institution will bring benefits mainly from the following two aspects. On the one hand, they can directly promote the innovation ability of industrial clusters; On the other hand, they can also indirectly promote the R&D cooperation of competitive enterprises, and then make the resources of various actors more and more concentrative, effectively solve the bottle-neck technical problem, and finally achieve the goal of improving the overall value chain status of the whole industry.    By taking the role of the promotion organization of the New Generation Information and Communication Industry Cluster in Shenzhen as an example, this paper studies the choice of competition and cooperation strategy among enterprises in the industrial cluster with the methods of combining theory and case analysis. During this study, we found out that in the process of cultivating industrial clusters into innovation clusters, the promotion institutions of industrial clusters mainly have three functions in both direct and indirect way. First of all, it is able to play an important role in improving the degree of heterogeneity. Secondly, it can also establish trust mechanism among the enterprises. Additionally, it can definitely support innovation activities.     Furthermore, this paper gives some enlightenment for the corresponding policy: firstly, it is important to provide a stable market environment for the development of industrial clusters. Secondly, guiding the direct participation of research institutions/universities in industrial clusters is also necessary. Finally, the atmosphere of encouraging enterprises to carry out multi-mode R&D cooperation with research institutions/universities should establish. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study on the influence mechanism of dual involvement of tech-entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial growth Wan Xiaole, Zhou Jian, Li Qianqian 2021, 42(12): 36-44.  Abstract ( 142 )       As an important carrier of promoting the transformation of scientific research achievements and accelerating the transformation and upgrading of industries, scientific and technological startups play an important role in promoting employment and activating regional economic development. However, due to the iterative upgrading of technology and the constant change of market demand, the process of technological entrepreneurship is full of uncertainty and risk, and due to the existence of the weakness of new innovation, technological entrepreneurship is often faced with various entrepreneurial difficulties, which requires entrepreneurs to have a strong sense of identity for their entrepreneurial activities to continuously overcome various entrepreneurial challenges. Research and practice show that entrepreneurial involvement, as an entrepreneur′s sense of identity for existing work, reflects the entrepreneur′s emotional state for entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurs with a high degree of entrepreneurial involvement are often full of interest in entrepreneurial activities, and will spontaneously generate a sense of identity for entrepreneurial activities, and actively seek ways to solve the entrepreneurial dilemma on the basis of this recognition, so as to realize the development of entrepreneurship.   In this paper, the research object is located in the entrepreneurs of science and technology startups, and the research data comes from the science and technology new venture parks in the eastern provinces of China. In order to facilitate the filling and answering of the questionnaire, this paper designs an electronic questionnaire. A total of 300 questionnaires were sent out. After eliminating the high rate of missing and invalid questionnaires, 193 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 64.33%.   Based on the involvement theory and the perspective of entrepreneurial learning, this paper tentatively divides the entrepreneurial involvement of technology entrepreneurs into two dimensions: Entrepreneurial context involvement and entrepreneurial industry involvement. It constructs a mechanism model of the influence of entrepreneurial dual involvement on entrepreneurial growth with entrepreneurial learning as the intermediary variable and absorptive capacity as the adjustment variable, and uses structural equation model to test the survey data. The empirical results show that: Entrepreneurial context involvement and entrepreneurial industry involvement can significantly promote entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial growth level; entrepreneurial learning mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial dual involvement and entrepreneurial growth; absorptive capacity has a positive regulatory role between entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial growth, while absorptive capacity also enhances the intermediary role of entrepreneurial learning.    The research of this paper has the following three theoretical contributions: first of all, it puts forward the duality of entrepreneurial involvement of technology entrepreneurs, and promotes the contextual involvement theory related research. From the perspective of the development of involvement theory, it was initially applied to the field of employees′ work. Researchers think it has strong situational nature from the psychological and cognitive perspectives. In this paper, combined with the role identification of technology entrepreneurs, according to the difference of role nature, entrepreneurial involvement is divided into two dimensions: Entrepreneurial context involvement and entrepreneurial industry involvement, which enriches the research of involvement theory in entrepreneurial context. Secondly, from the perspective of entrepreneurial learning, this paper discusses the mechanism of the dual involvement of technology entrepreneurs on entrepreneurial growth. As a unique cognitive way, entrepreneurial dual involvement can only affect the level of entrepreneurial growth through specific behaviors. Following the research logic of "impact behavior output", this paper proposes that entrepreneurial learning, as an act of accumulating knowledge and resources, can play a role of bridge and link between entrepreneurial dual involvement and entrepreneurial growth, thus opening up the entrepreneurial dual involvement and entrepreneurial growth. The action path of involvement provides a rich vision for understanding the action mechanism of involvement theory. Thirdly, it discusses the regulatory effect of absorptive capacity on the relationship between entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial growth. The existing research thinks that start-ups need to pay attention to the mining and optimal allocation of the value of resources at hand, but there is no corresponding discussion on how to mine and allocate. As a kind of dynamic knowledge and resource utilization ability, absorptive capacity can accelerate the internalization of new knowledge and resources into the core competence of enterprises in the process of entrepreneurial learning. Research shows that when the absorptive capacity of enterprises is high, the transformation effect of entrepreneurial learning is also good, and the intermediary utility of entrepreneurial learning is enhanced, highlighting the important position of deep mining and optimizing the allocation of existing resource value. The conclusion of this paper has important practical value in guiding scientific and technological entrepreneurial activities. Firstly, under the background of the continuous expansion of entrepreneurship and innovation, science and technology-based entrepreneurship has gradually become the mainstream. There are two kinds of positive psychological cognitive activities for scientific and technological entrepreneurship, namely, the involvement of entrepreneurial context and the involvement of entrepreneurial industry, which make them have unique entrepreneurial advantages. The industry and entrepreneurs need to constantly stimulate and maintain their cognitive advantages through various ways, such as actively participating in industry association exchange activities, participating in entrepreneurship training camps, the competent government departments can speed up the role transformation of scientific and technological workers by creating an entrepreneurial environment, enhancing their sense of situational representation, and accelerating the transformation of scientific research achievements from the laboratory to the market. Secondly, technology entrepreneurs should pay attention to the important role of entrepreneurial learning. In the current trend of specialization and complexity of technology entrepreneurial activities, more and more rely on the whole and team, rather than the individual entrepreneurs can complete. Technology entrepreneurs need to pass their professional technology, cognition and experience to entrepreneurial enterprises through effective channels, and entrepreneurial learning has been passed on resources and knowledge. It plays a key role in the process. Technology entrepreneurs need to constantly enhance their entrepreneurial learning ability in entrepreneurial practice. Through experience learning, trial and error learning, cognitive learning and other ways to achieve the accumulation of entrepreneurial knowledge and resources, so that technology entrepreneurs can overcome the weakness of new innovation as soon as possible and form the core ability of heterogeneity. Thirdly, absorptive capacity not only identifies and obtains external resources, but also emphasizes the creative allocation of resources at hand. At present, science and technology startups are faced with the weakness of new creation, such as the shortage of resources. Many entrepreneurs are keen on obtaining resources, adopt radical ways, even give up the control right of enterprises to get as many resources as possible, but due to the lack of absorption and integration ability, the start-ups fail with serious social consequences. Related Articles | Metrics

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The mechanism of action of dominant logic on business model innovation: A perspective based on dynamic resource management Chang Qing, Guo Songming, Ma Ping, Zhang Lu, Jiang Yuting, Liu Yuntao 2021, 42(12): 45-55.  Abstract ( 161 )       Along with the digital transformation and upgrading of local industries, the concept of business model innovation brings new development opportunities to the market. However, in the fierce market competition, how enterprises can quickly coordinate the relationship between opportunity situation and strategy execution so as to break through the established framework of business model to seize market opportunities through innovation has become a key concern in the practice and academic circle. This paper selects the enterprise of "M-Grass Ecology Corporation" as an exploratory single case study sample and explores the evolution path of business model innovation guided by the dominant logic driven by the window of opportunity from the perspective of dynamic resource management.     The results show that: (1) The changing window of opportunity in the external situation and the internal growth needs of enterprises influence the type of dominant logic constantly changing. Window of opportunity to trigger the external diffusion of large amounts of information, managers screen opportunity information construct various stages of the dominant logic to promote enterprise change resource capability and resources action pattern to grasp the external opportunity to continuously updated situation, and through the dynamic interaction of a series of enterprise adaptive behavior to reshape guided by the value proposition of the business model, the business model is highly consistent with the top-level management-led logic; (2) Dynamic resource management is a process in which the interaction between resource capabilities and resource actions under the guidance of dominant logic produces instantaneous actions that drive the generation of differentiated strategic results. As a core component of communication between managers′ cognition and business model innovation, dynamic resource management realizes the behavioral leap from management cognition to organizational strategy execution. Based on the perspective of capability, in the process of innovation, resource capabilities realize a transition from low to high, presenting an evolutionary path of "resource construction - resource extension - resource reconstruction", while affecting the continuous evolution of enterprise resource actions according to the pattern of "resource patchwork - resource arrangement - resource coordination". Based on the perspective of behavior, the manager′s adaptation window of opportunity forms a dominant logic to guide enterprises in resource allocation and help enterprises to quickly improve their analytical ability and then grasp the opportunity to achieve resource accumulation and ability improvement. Therefore, the organic coordination between capacity and resource actions can promote each other and produce different instantaneous actions to drive enterprises to produce different strategic results and enhance the efficiency of business model innovation promotion; (3) The dominant logic generated by the interaction between the manager and the external opportunities guides enterprises to change the cooperative mode of resource capacity and resource action, and promotes enterprises to form the business model innovation of "market-oriented -- technology-led -- shared and open" successively in the entrepreneurial process. The evolution of enterprises business model on managers to interact with external opportunity situation at any time, value propositions as the core elements of business model, its center of gravity in accordance with the guidance of dominant logic operations in ability and resources under the action of continuous adjustment, has experienced the "market + service" to the "product + technology" to "industrial and social responsibility" the evolution of the process. From the original more quickly adapt to the market by the high quality service, to build the core technology to subvert the market, eventually creatively integrate social responsibility into business model innovation to build a good relationship between government and enterprises to realize the sustainable development, the value proposition to guide enterprises to take corresponding action to complete the value creation and transmission and value, so business model to realize "the adaptive business model - market technology leading business model - sharing open business model" in the evolution process of innovation.     This study emphasizes the importance of executives′ dynamic perception of external situations and construction of flexible dominant logic to guide internal decision-making for enterprises to achieve success in business model innovation. Through the theoretical framework of building leading logic to guide the evolution and upgrading of business model, it clearly explains the guidance of enterprise strategic behavior by managers selecting opportunity information and the realization path of business model innovation based on dynamic resource management. It opens the "black box" of successful path of business model innovation from the source of organizational strategic thinking.It has a theoretical contribution to the internal mechanism of enterprises internalizing opportunity information and using managers′ cognition to reshape business models in turbulent situations, and also has a practical inspiration to Chinese enterprises on how to realize business model innovation and successfully complete market reversal. Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of patent securitization quality evaluation for technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises 2021, 42(12): 56-64.  Abstract ( 200 )      Although there are a large number of patent applications authorized in China, the application rate and industrialization level of the patent are low. According to the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO), only 55.4% of Chinese patents were applied in 2019, meaning only about half of them were implemented. The shortage of funds restricts the level of patent implementation and industrialization of technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises in China. Patent securitization can broaden financing channels of technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises and provide sufficient financial support for the transformation of patent achievements. On July 31, 2019, "The Special Plan for Patent Licensing Assets Support of Xingye Yuantong in Guangzhou Development Zone" was successfully approved, thus the first patent backed securities in China (hereinafter referred to as the "PBS") was issued. And that not only proves the feasibility of patent securitization in China, but also indicates that Chinese enterprises usher in patent securitization as a new financing method. The so-called patent securitization refers to the process of combining patent assets according to certain standards and using the future cash income of the asset portfolio as the support to issue securities for financing. In China, patent securitization faces the problems of lacking large-scale and high-quality patent pool, imperfect information disclosure, and uncertainty of patent value. These problems seriously hindered the development of patent securitization in China, and also put forward higher requirements on patent securitization quality evaluation. In order to fill in the blank of patent securitization quality evaluation, we start from the perspective of patent securitization quality evaluation, and construct an index system of patent securitization quality evaluation.     When determining the quality of patent securitization, we not only need to consider the impact of the profitability of patent portfolio as the underlying asset, but also need to consider the impact of securitization transaction structure on the underlying cash flow used to pay the principal and interest of the PBS. Therefore,the quality evaluation index system of patent securitization should not only consist of the influencing factors of the dimensions of traditional patent quality and fee of patent license, but also consider the impact of transaction structure of patent securitization on the quality of patent securitization, as is shown in Figure 2. First, the Patent Quality Analysis Indicator System Operation Manual of the State Intellectual Property Office (hereinafter referred to as the "Operation Manual") regards law, technology and economy as the three main factors affecting the quality of traditional patents. Therefore, we take these three influencing factors as one of the first level indexes of patent securitization quality evaluation. Secondly, considering that the brand recognition, operation ability, profitability and development ability of the patent customer also have impact on patent license fee, we incorporate the patent customer index as one of the first-grade indexes for the quality evaluation of patent securitization. Finally, due to the cash flow condition of PBS principal and interest repayment largely depends on the credit and experience of the participants in the securitization transaction structure, we take the securitization transaction structure index as the fifth first grade index of the quality evaluation of patent securitization. In general, the indicator system contains five basic indicators of legal, technical, economic, patent-owner and securitization trade structure and nineteen secondary indicators.      Patents from technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises from 2015 to 2019 are selected as research objects. Random forest and BP neural network methods are employed for empirical research. Random forest is used to determine important indicators of patent securitization quality and BP neural network is applied to quantitative prediction. Studies have shown that the evaluation index system can effectively measure the quality of patent assets for securitization, and is helpful for high-quality patent assets to be financed through securitization. Also, the random forest-BP neural network method is employed to quantitatively evaluate the quality of patent securitization, and we verify the feasibility of this method in the quality evaluation of patent securitization.     This article mainly has the following contributions. First, it can enrich relevant research of patent securitization. We define the connotation of patent securitization quality, and clarify the quality evaluation index system with five dimensions of "law - technology - economy - patent client - securitization transaction structure". Secondly, we use random forest classification algorithm to determine important indexes for the quality evaluation of patent securitization. And the BP neural network is used for quantitative prediction. The feasibility and reliability of the random forest and BP neural network method in the quality evaluation of patent securitization are verified empirically. Thirdly, it provides an effective quality evaluation model for patent securitization, which is helpful for technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises in China to better finance through patent securitization, so as to alleviate the capital shortage of patent research and implementation. Fourthly, the implementation of patent securitization can improve the application rate and industrialization rate of patents in China, enhance the innovation ability of Chinese enterprises, so as to promote the rapid development of economy and society. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the knowledge graph of design science——A perspective based on the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Xu Jiang, Ou Xifan, Sun Gang 2021, 42(12): 65-71.  Abstract ( 292 )      With the change of the structure of scientific knowledge, the scientific paradigm of seeking knowledge has been reconsidered and developed. Breaking the division of disciplines that are over-segmented and isolated, and responding to increasingly complex design sciences in an interdisciplinary and integrated approach is more than ever. In this case, relying solely on the designer′s experience and intuition can no longer effectively solve complex design practice problems, but more and more frequent and active "design science" are needed. In order to meet the needs of social development, it is necessary to explore the hotspots of design science from the existing literature research results, which is conducive to the systematic construction of design science. Design science combines scientific research paradigm with designer-style thinking, which has attracted many scholars′ attention. However, the current research results are basically based on qualitative and speculative methods, so far there is still a lack of multi-index, quantitative and systematic research on the "hot spot of design science and its evolution trend".     This paper uses the bibliometric method to visualize the literature results. On the one hand, it can effectively overcome the subjective one-sidedness caused by the single experience summary, solve the differences and confusion in the development of design research, and provide new ideas for the review of the discipline literature of design research. On the other hand, this paper studies the hotspots and frontiers of design science based on open and transparent authoritative data, which is conducive to clarify the inner theoretical framework and logical structure of design science, and then proposes new research perspectives and paradigms for the development of interdisciplinary theory. It takes the design science Chinese literature published by the National Natural Science Foundation from 1997 to 2017 as the research object, and uses the bibliometric method and the visual analysis software such as VOSviewer and CiteSpace V to conduct statistical analysis and content mining on the design scientific literature.      Firstly, it reflects the knowledge distribution rule of design research by mining the co-occurrence relationship between high-frequency words, and studies the hot spot and direction of design research based on cluster analysis of co-word network. Then the citation analysis is carried out by using the reference data. By drawing the citation time series map of design science, the frontier and trend of design discipline are studied intuitively and deeply. Finally, through comprehensive and comparative analysis, the design scientific knowledge graph system is constructed. In this paper, the macroscopic and microscopic knowledge structure, the evolution law and the development trend of the design science field are interpreted in the way of data visualization, and the reference for the scientific research direction and the research focus is provided for the scientific researchers.     The research results show that: firstly, in the past 20 years, the number of literature on design science in China has been increasing step by step with time, and the degree of design scientific research and the degree of attention have been increasing continuously. In the past 20 years, Northwestern Polytechnic University has produced the largest amount of literatures in this field, followed by Zhejiang University, Software Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan University, Tongji University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Hebei University of Technology，Hunan University and other institutions which have  established the first batch of design majors in China. Keywords such as conceptual design, product design, human-computer interaction, and innovative design have the highest frequency in design science.     Secondly, the six hot areas of design science research are design theory and methods, conceptual design, emotional design, intelligent design, interaction design, and ergonomics. Conceptual design and design theory and methods provide a core idea for the development of design science. The field of human-computer interaction and computer, network communication, anthropology and other fields are intertwined, which profoundly reflects the interdisciplinary nature of design science. Personalized emotional design is closely related to conceptual design, and it is a research hotspot in recent years. The field of intelligent design focuses on the expression of knowledge and the reasoning of concepts, and is strongly associated with the field of conceptual design. The knowledge base in the field of ergonomics mainly comes from engineering psychology, anthropometry, technology aesthetics and so on. The various fields of design broadly integrate the theories and methods of various disciplines, and realize the orderly inheritance and evolution of the internal knowledge of design, and the integration, reorganization, creation and appreciation of interdisciplinary knowledge. It reflects the cross-disciplinary and innovative nature of design.      Thirdly, the development of design science research has gone through four stages: research awareness awakening period, research foundation period, research expansion period and research depth period. During the awakening period of the research, the heat and attention of the design research began to rise, the conceptual design research was enriched and developed, and the characterization of the emerging design cognitive research direction began to awaken. It injects vitality into the development of modeling and reasoning technology applications and conceptual design studies for analyzing product information. In the research foundation period, design science research focuses on axiomatic design, which lays a foundation for the orderly inheritance and evolution of internal knowledge in design science research. In the research expansion period, design science research has gathered into emotional design. Grasping the user′s emotional tendency and humanistic care in design has become a new hot spot in design science. In the depth of the research period, scholars examine and reflect on the problems existing in the research, trace the source, and turn to new questions such as the inner cognition of design and the way of thinking. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Domestic studies on S&T societies need to be reintegrated urgently Meng Fanrong, Chen Zitao, Yuan Meng, Wang Huan 2021, 42(12): 72-79.  Abstract ( 145 )      S&T societies are a key force to cope with the risks of globalization, and also constitute an integral part of Chinese national governance system and national innovation system. After more than 40 years of development, a large number of relevant domestic studies have been accumulated although the content are fragmented, which need to be sorted out and summarized urgently. Taking 420 related literatures from CAJD as samples, this paper adopted the systematic literature review method to present the current situation of domestic studies  on S&T society from six perspectives, which are carrier of periodicals, institution of author, research object, research type, research content, and theoretical basis. The result indicated that the amount of domestic studies on S&T society published in journals is limited, and the number of papers published in high-level journals is relatively small. As for the institution of the authors, most of the research are produced by a single author or by multiple authors from the same institution, and more than half of the authors come from S&T society itself. In terms of research object, both domestic and foreign S&T society are involved. What′s more, studies on domestic S&T society covered three levels including national, local and individual. In terms of research type, domestic studies on S&T society contains 7 research types, including countermeasures suggestion, theoretical exploration, practical case study, working experience summary, historical review, foreign experience introduction and description of current status. The content of domestic societies on S&T study covers social function, academic function, S&T innovation function, organizational management, organization development, theoretical exposition and related policy. As for the theoretical basis, most domestic studies on S&T society do not rely on specific theories. Besides the commonly used governance theory, other scattered theories such as organization theory, evaluation theory and innovation theory are also adopted. However, high-level journal paper on S&T societies are still lacking which cannot construct a systematic theoretical framework to lead the field. On the other hand, the majority of relevant research are practice-oriented and lack of theoretical basis. The fundamental reason lies in the chaos of the core of the domestic S&T society research field.     To solve this problem, we proposed the "concept-element-theory" model to re-integrate related research.First of all, we take the connotation of concept as the core to grasp the essential attribute of S&T society as a specific organization. Second, we take the key elements as starting points such as the structure, function, ability and performance of S&T society. Third, we further integrate the organizational theory, the governance theory and the innovation theory as basic support.      Suggestions for the future studies are as follows. First, the research institutions and universities should full play to their theoretical advantages to help clarify the theoretical orientation and promote cross-theory integration. Second, it′s essential to strengthen the support of high-quality professional journals and cultivate to enhance the integration of theory and practice. Third, practitioners need to be encouraged to participate in the research dialogue actively, and more attention should be paid on the selecting and summarizing of the best practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Innovation factor flow and innovation ability of high-tech industries Wan Qunchao, Yuan Ling 2021, 42(12): 80-87.  Abstract ( 216 )        Innovation factors and foreign direct investments are the two key factors affecting the innovation capability of China′s high-tech industries. The high-tech industry is among the strategic leading industries with high knowledge density, high innovation and high profitability. Innovation factors (mainly R&D personnel and R&D capital, etc.) are key strategic resources to support the sustainable development of high-tech industries, that promote the steady implementation of innovative national strategies and China′s high-tech competitiveness. Under the State′s macroeconomic regulation and control, local governments in China have gradually lowered the threshold of household registration and actively promoted the "Internet +" process. The R&D elements have become increasingly mobile across regions, prompting high-tech industries to enter into an era of open innovation with free movements of innovative elements as the dominant feature. Since the reform and opening up, the use of foreign direct investment has become an important national strategy for China to promote economic and social development. FDI inflows contain capital, advanced technology, and management experience, and make heavy investments in high-tech industries. In the high-tech industry, FDI has significant competitive advantages. China′s high-tech industry has a large proportion of foreign investment. FDI inflows have a direct effect on high-tech industry innovation, and it may also affect the improvement of innovation capabilities by regulating the relationship between cross-regional flows of innovation factors and high-tech industry innovation. The answers to the above questions have reference value for the introduction of foreign investment by the government to improve the innovation capability of provincial high-tech industries.    This paper has two research features. First, taking provincial high-tech industry as an example, from the perspective of dynamic flow of innovation factors, this paper discusses the impact of innovation factor flow on innovation capability of high-tech industry, and considers the positive cumulative continuity of innovation capability and dynamic space abandonment mechanism. Second, the existing research on innovation capability of FDI and high-tech industry mainly regards FDI as innovation capability of high-tech industry. The explanatory variables of new capabilities, without considering the macro background of China′s implementation of innovation-driven transformation of new and old kinetic energy, FDI may have a moderating effect on the relationship between R&D inflow and local high-tech industry′s innovation capabilities. Third, most of the existing studies use the common panel model for empirical analysis. This paper considers spatial dependence and uses the spatial measurement model and threshold panel model to discuss the impact of innovation factor flow on provincial high-tech industries and the regulatory role of FDI inflow, and further consider the possible optimal intensity range of FDI inflow. The follow-up arrangement of this paper is as follows: the second part is the model construction, the third part is the empirical results and analysis, the fourth part is for further discussion, and the fifth part is the main research conclusions and implications.    In order to conduct an in-depth analysis of the impact of innovation factor flow on innovation capability of provincial high-tech industries and the regulatory role of FDI inflow embedded in it, this paper uses 30 provincial panel data of China from 2004 to 2016 to carry out empirical analysis. The results show that: (1) innovation factor flow, FDI inflow and innovation ability of provincial high-tech industries have significant spatial correlation, provincial high-tech industries have significant spatial correlation. Industrial innovation ability has significant positive cumulative spatial effect and path dependence, R&D personnel flow and R&D capital flow have significant leverage effect on provincial high-tech industry innovation ability, and R&D personnel flow has stronger innovation effect; (2) FDI inflow has a positive effect on the relationship between R&D personnel flow and provincial high-tech industry innovation ability, and has a positive effect on the relationship between R&D capital flow and provincial high-tech industry innovation capability. The endogenous evolution mechanism of FDI regulation has a double threshold effect. When FDI is below the first threshold, its regulation effect is not significant and fails to pass the significance test level. After crossing the first threshold, the regulation effect of FDI between the flow of two types of innovation factors and the innovation capability of provincial high-tech industries is significantly positive; but after crossing the second threshold, its effect intensity has weakened to some extent.    This study contributes in providing managerial implications for high-tech industry innovation capacity promoting policies aimed at fully utilize the inter-regional flow effects of innovation factors and the FDI′s regulatory role. First, based on the inter-regional flow of innovation factors, accelerating the development of high-tech industries is the key path for developing countries to play their comparative advantages in the context of strategic transformation. China′s high-tech industry should pay more attention to the improvement of independent innovation capability and the expansion of new product market. Through deepening the reform of household registration system, lowering the access threshold of science and technology financial market, focusing on the national macro-strategy, we should improve the system and mechanism of the flow of innovation factors among regions, especially encourage the free flow of R&D personnel and expand the radius of innovation spillover, so as to give full play to the leverage effect of the flow of innovation factors among regions and promote the sustainable development of China′s regional high-tech industries and promote inclusive growth of regional economy. Second, we will continue to implement the national strategy of "market for technology" to promote the breakthrough of "low-end lock-in" in China′s backward high-tech industries. When introducing FDI, more attention to the combination of R&D personnel and the inter-regional flow of R&D capital should be paid. The scale of FDI ought not to be blindly pursued, but those in different regions should be regulated and controlled and the quality of FDI be closely watched. While introducing foreign capital, the free flow of innovation factors among different regions should be speeded up, so as to better play the complementary effect of the two. Related Articles | Metrics

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A literature review on value co-creation:The bibliometric analysis and knowledge system development Zhang Hong, Lu Yaobin, Zhang Fengjiao 2021, 42(12): 88-99.  Abstract ( 615 )      Driven by the intersection trends of information technological changes and shifts in organizational structures and market conditions, co-creation has become a transdisciplinary, fledgling and significant research field. The researchers and practitioners have consistently argued that value co-creation among an enterprise and its primary stakeholders is a growing powerful trend in the current business environment. However, despite an increasing focus on value co-creation, a complete picture of value co-creation research remains little understood in the management and business literature. Thus, a comprehensive and systematic review analysis is needed to inform our understanding of this landscape of value co-creation research. This study reports the results of the literature analysis including the publication information, the research perspectives and a research framework, develops a knowledge system of value co-creation research, and discusses the research limitations and proposes research directions. We believe that this study can lay a foundation for future value co-creation research and practice.     This study conducts a systematic literature analysis on 493 English articles and 278 Chinese articles published between January 2000 and July 2018 in the management and business fields from the Core Collection database in Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. First, this study employs a statistics tool — SATI for the analysis of extant literature. The key variables: authors, title, source, abstract, keywords and cited articles are imported into SATI to observe the yearly publication information between January 2000 and July 2018, the citations of the sample articles, and the abstract information. The literature analysis generates three key findings. First, we find that the development of value co-creation research falls into three phases: Phase 1 representing a slow knowledge accumulation process in which only a few representative articles emerged; Phase 2 demonstrating as a rapidly developing process with an upward trend in publications; and Phase 3 representing a value co-creation age. With an increasing number of researchers jumping on this research bandwagon of value co-creation, the research in this area has gained new momentum and kept a continually growing tread. Second, drawing on a content analysis of 15 high cited articles, two overarching meta-theoretical foundations for value co-creation research are identified: customer experience and S-D logic. This lens of customer experience stimulates a rich body of studies on this area of value co-creation. Moving beyond the theoretical position, S-D logic serves as an alternative and transcending theoretical foundation for the development of value co-creation theory and practice. In this vein, the service logic perspective surfaced and has evolved into a service ecosystem view. Third, a preliminary taxonomy framework is developed. This framework includes four themes: co-creation pattern, customer experience, co-creation antecedent and consequence.    Next, through a systematic content analysis, a knowledge system of value co-creation research is developed. All representative, influential and latest articles in major management and business journals are read by the first author of this study to improve the rigor and completeness of content analysis. The insights from typical and latest value co-creation literature are included in the knowledge system as much as possible. Based on the preliminary taxonomy framework, this knowledge system of value co-creation research includes four components: value co-creation patterns and processes, antecedents and impacts of value co-creation, customer co-creation experience. First, given that value co-creation patterns and processes involve the participating actors (who), the channels (where) and the interaction forms and processes (how), our commentary focuses on these three aspects to provide a complete picture of the value co-creation mechanisms. The early studies mainly focus on the dyadic relationship between an enterprise and its customers. With the growing digital economy, the co-creation actors range from enterprises and customers to suppliers, platform operators/owners, sale channels, partners, and independent developers/inventors. These highly distributed and heterogeneous actors interact with each other within online social networks, thus building a network-based service ecosystem. This service ecosystem provides the new institutional logics for the value creation among a multitude of actors. In a service ecosystem, the digital service platform acts as a flexible architecture upon which multiple sets of actors interact with each other to codevelop complementary technologies, products, or services as well as dynamic capabilities. The interactions among actors are characterized as action collections of linking, interacting, resource integrating and restructuring. Second, since customers and core enterprises are the most crucial actors and interactions are the sources of value in the value co-creation process, our study analyzes the antecedents of value co-creation from these three aspects: the customer, the enterprise and the interaction environment. Third, drawing on an extensive literature review, this study summarizes the consequents of value co-creation from the individual, organizational and ecosystem level. Fourth, we review the studies on customer co-creation experience/value from three major aspects: the ways in which it is conceptualized, the levels at which it is analyzed and its roles in the existing co-creation research. A systematic review of the literature reveals that experience determines what is valuable to a customer; experience/value is characterized as contextual, networking, longitudinal, iterative, temporal, dynamic, and interactive; co-creation experience/value plays a notable role in the co-creation research; and almost all research treats co-creation experience/value at an individual-level. Based on a systematic analysis of these four themes, this study presents a complete knowledge system of the value co-creation research.      Finally, this study describes research limitations and presents five research directions: (1) to investigate the mechanisms of value co-creation based on new information technologies such as big data, mobile internet and social media; (2) to explore the government of value co-creation in a service ecosystem; (3) to investigate the antecedents of value co-creation from a dynamic perspective of service ecosystem; (3) to explore customer co-creation experience value in the current sociotechnical?environment; (4) to examine the impacts of value co-creation from the balanced perspective of service ecosystem. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of cluster evolution of intelligent media technology and international competition situation Cai Lin, Ren Jinluan 2021, 42(12): 100-107.  Abstract ( 125 )       How to integrate with industry is the key to the development of artificial intelligence technology. In view of the future scenario of "everything is media", understanding the development trend, core technology clusters evolution, and international competition situation of intelligent media technology are vital to the development of the media industry and related industries, and the improvement of the country′s core competitiveness. Most of the existing researches on intelligent media technology focus on interpretation of concepts or qualitative case studies, but there is a lack of research on intelligent media technology from the perspective of patents and other scientific and technological literatures. Patent data is the most objective basis for measuring technology development trends.     This paper searches patent data from 2008 to 2020 from Derwent patent database, and obtains 75,051 Derwent patent data as the basis for analysis. Three types of factors including keywords, Derwent class codes and subject areas have been adopted to recognize the clusters of intelligent media technology. From the dimensions of time series and technology cluster, the development of intelligent media technology is divided into four stages: steady development, rapid development, smooth development and swift development. Using co-word analysis of Derwent class codes, the co-occurrence relationships between different patents are established, and the co-word matrix is constructed. The co-word matrix is standardized by Jaccard similarity coefficient and then put into Ucinet, which is a social network analysis software. By social network analysis visualizing the standardized co-occurrence relationship, this paper identifies the main 10 technology clusters in four stages, such as "intelligent recording, storage and transmission system for multimedia content of video, voice and image", "intelligent media equipment materials, circuits and chip technology", "intelligent home equipment and its control technology", "high speed optical fiber network technology for media content transmission", "virtual reality related display, control technology", etc. From the number of patent applications of different companies and the countries they belong to, the international competition situation of intelligent media technology is analyzed. Samsung, Intel and Qualcomm are leading intelligent media technology companies in the world, while the United States, South Korea and China are leading countries. In China, ZTE, OPPO, and PING AN Technology are competitive companies in the global market.     Based on the above quantitative analysis, the intelligent strategy for media organizationsis put forward. Media organizations should seize the opportunity of rapid development to promote the integration of media business and intelligent technology, while intelligent technology enterprises should plan their research and development strategy according to the development trend of intelligent media technology cluster. Some policy recommendations for media industry intellectualization are put forward in the perspective of the development of virtual reality and other emerging technologies. Chinese government should promote the industry application of intelligent media technology through carrying out institutional reform and competition mechanism. National and industrial policies should support the research of key technologies according to the development direction of technology clusters, then to improve the international competitiveness of China′s intelligent media technology. Through patent measurement, this paper outlines the development trend of intelligent media technology, analyzes the evolution of intelligent media technology clusters, and compares the international competition situation. It provides a reference method system for the research on how to promote the industrialization of artificial intelligence technology. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the spatial effect of institutional environment on industrial green innovation Yang Chaojun, Wang Dongyu, Bi Kexin 2021, 42(12): 108-115.  Abstract ( 188 )      As a new innovation paradigm, green innovation has the dual externality characteristics of achieving both economic and environmental benefits. This dual externality feature requires green innovation to require stronger institutional incentives. In recent years, China has issued a series of policies and measures to support energy conservation and emission reduction and green environmental protection, especially the five development concepts of "innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing", which have pointed out the transformation of China′s development mode and sustainable development direction. As a powerful safeguard and restraint, the system has an important impact on China′s industrial green innovation. This influence not only reflects the direct impact of the system on industrial green innovation in the region, but also the spatial spillover effect on industrial green innovation in neighboring regions, that is, the green innovation activities in sensitive areas of the system will be affected by the adjacent regional system. At present, most of the literature studies the direct impact of institutional environment on innovation, but less on the spatial spillover effects of institutional environment.     Based on the panel data of 30 provincial-level units in China from 2005 to 2015, this paper uses the dynamic spatial Durbin model empirical test to explore the spatial effect of institutional environment on industrial green innovation. The spatial effect is embodied and divided into direct effects and spillover effects. Institutions are a multi-dimensional abstract concept that is difficult to measure in a comprehensive and complete manner. Following the principle of representativeness and typicality, this paper decides to discuss the influence of institutional environment on industrial green innovation from three aspects: environmental control system, market system and legal system, and puts forward research hypotheses, and then conducts empirical research from the national level and sub-regional level. The conclusions of this paper include: (1) At the national level, this paper mainly discusses the direct impact of environmental control system, market system, legal system and other institutional environment on industrial green innovation and spatial spillover effects. The conclusions of the study indicate that the environmental control system environment has a significant role in promoting local industrial green innovation, and the positive spatial spillover effect on adjacent areas is also very obvious. A strict environmental control system will drive the surrounding areas to improve the level of industrial green innovation, so as not to become a "pollution shelter". In the market system environment, the level of education support and non-nationalization has a significant role in promoting local industrial green innovation, and the positive spatial spillover effect on adjacent areas is obvious. This proves that the development of industrial green innovation in China is inseparable from the support of institutions of higher learning and non-state-owned enterprises. Science and technology support has a certain degree of negative impact on industrial green innovation. This shows that the lack of independent innovation capability is still an important issue that needs to be faced at present; financial support has a certain degree of negative impact on industrial green innovation. Since the projects related to industrial green innovation have great risks, the threshold for obtaining financial support is high; the positive spatial spillover effect of openness on industrial green innovation is obvious. The low human capital in non-central areas makes the region′s economic cooperation with the central region more frequent. The direct impact of the legal system environment on industrial green innovation and the spatial spillover effect are significant. Innovation can only be more motivated if it is adequately protected by law. The above conclusions passed the robustness test. (2) At the sub-regional level, this paper mainly discusses the regional heterogeneity of the institutional environment in the areas of the Belt and Road and non-Belt and Road areas. The conclusions of the study indicate that the non-nationalization level has a reverse spatial spillover effect on industrial green innovation in the area around the Belt and Road. Lack of government support is a major factor in the lack of motivation for non-nationalization. Financial support presents a positive spatial spillover effect in the Belt and Road region and a reverse spatial spillover effect in the non-Belt and Road region. Financial support is more inclined to projects and regions that are supported by national policies. The purpose of this is to reduce investment risks.    Compared with other researches, this paper not only explores the impact of various institutional environments on industrial green innovation, but also explores the impact of institutional environment on industrial green innovation on the overall level of the country, further from the Belt and Road region, non-Belt and Road areas. Two dimensions were explored. More importantly, this paper not only examines the direct impact of the institutional environment on industrial green innovation in the region, but also explores the spatial spillover effects of industrial green innovation in adjacent areas. This has important theoretical and practical significance for the targeted and tailored industrial green innovation capacity improvement policy. Related Articles | Metrics

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The nonlinear and heterogenous effect of corporate financialization on R&D investment in enterprises Wang Yu, Qiu Yongqin, Suo Shipeng 2021, 42(12): 116-124.  Abstract ( 179 )      At present, China′s economy is at a critical stage of transformation, and manufacturing enterprises are gradually shifting from arbitrage type to innovation. The success or failure of this transformation will directly affect whether China′s economy can successfully cross the middle-income trap. However, in recent years, with the high profit of financial investment and the decline of manufacturing profits, Chinese manufacturing enterprises have continuously broken through the main business and tried to make financial investment, displaying that the manufacturing industry has shown a trend of deepening financialization. Driven by the profit-seeking of capital, a large number of manufacturing industry capital began to flood into the lucrative financial and real estate industries. The result is that the allocation of financial assets in the balance sheet has become a very common phenomenon, which has caused the entity enterprises to deviate more and more from its main business. As mentioned above, the phenomenon that the manufacturing enterprises tend to be hollowed out is also called "entity enterprises financialization". When financial capital occupies a dominant position, industrial capital will lose its dominant power in the value chain, and then it is very likely to fall into the vicious circle of falling profits and corporate recession. Most of macro-level research results also provide negative opinions on financialization, while there are different conclusions (promote or inhibit) on the impact of financialization in micro-level research. Therefore, this paper takes the A-share listed companies in China′s Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges as the research objects, and uses the nonparametric quantile-regression model to quantitatively study the nonlinear heterogeneous impact of the financialization of manufacturing enterprises on R&D investment.      Theoretically, this paper refers to the concept of nonlinear heterogeneity and combines the theoretical conduction mechanism analysis, describing the nonlinear effects and the heterogeneous effects of the degree of financialization on the R&D investment of manufacturing enterprises, thus revealing in depth the differences in impact patterns caused by financialization of the enterprises at different levels of innovation capability (corresponding to the different quantiles).     And the results are as follows: (1) The impact of financialization on corporate R&D investment has "inverted U-shaped" nonlinear characteristics, and there is a moderate level of financialization to promote corporate R&D investment maximization. (2) There are significantly heterogeneous effects of financialization in different quantiles, indicating that the degree of financialization has different impact models on corporate R&D investment. With the increase of the quantiles, the impact models of financialization on enterprises R&D investment change from the simple inhibition effect to the "inverted U-type" relationship which means that financialization will promote corporate R&D investment firstly, and then inhibit corporate R&D investment. In addition, the sensitivity of the R&D investment to the financialization is reduced firstly and then increased. (3) Distinguishing research subjects according to the system of ownership, this paper finds that state-owned enterprises have smaller financing constraints and are less sensitive to financialization, while non-state-owned enterprises have the opposite direction, that is, non-state-owned enterprises have greater financing constraints and are more sensitive to financialization. Through research in different industries, the result shows that financialization has a stronger promotion effect on the R&D investment of high-tech enterprises which represent the "inverted U-shaped" feature at all three quantiles compared to other industries. (4) Non-state-owned enterprises and high-tech enterprises are more sensitive to financialization in high quantiles, and the level of optimal financialization is increasing with the increase of quantiles. For companies located at low quintiles, R&D investment is more likely to be restrained by financialization, suggesting that companies lacking innovative inputs are more motivated to use financial assets for arbitrage. The research in this paper shows that Chinese enterprises should not blindly pursue the degree of financialization. In contrast, enterprises should choose the degree of financialization that is compatible with their own innovation capabilities. (5) This paper also calculates the degree of financialization corresponding to the apex of "inverted U-shaped", in order to provide decision-making basis for enterprises which aim to increase R&D investment by selecting a reasonable level of financialization.     Based on the results of this paper, we propose the following suggestions: (1) Chinese government should strengthen financial supervision and guidance to improve the financial system including measures like formulate relevant policies to actively create a good financial ecological environment, curb financial speculation, encourage resources to flow to R&D and production, and give full play to the "reservoir" function of financial assets. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the tracking and monitoring of the direction and field of currency flow in order to guard against the phenomenon that enterprises put focus on arbitrage activities. In the process of implementing financialization, enterprises must choose moderate degree according to their own innovation ability and innovation level. Conversely, companies should not pursue financialization blindly in case it will cause more serious inhibitory effects; (2) It is the duty of Chinese government to guide enterprises to correctly view financial behavior, rationally allocate financial assets according to the company′s own business status. Also, the government should help enterprises avoid short-sighted behavior of operators and focus on the long-term development of enterprises and the long-term interests of stakeholders; (3) Increase the strategically structural adjustment of state-owned enterprises as soon as possible, continuously improve internal governance, and formulate scientific and reasonable salary incentive system with the purpose of absorbing innovative talents, and then promote the innovative spirit of state-owned enterprises. (4) For one thing, reduce the market entry threshold and reduce financing constraints for private enterprises with entrepreneurial spirit and strong sense of innovation. For another, cultivate enterprises with high-tech content and considerable market potential, restrict the expansion of financial assets of companies with low technology content and weak innovation awareness. Meanwhile, enterprises with high energy consumption and low technology should be eliminated gradually. (5) Accelerate the adjustment of industrial structure, increase support for high-tech industries, and improve the innovation capability and production efficiency of entity enterprises. Reduce the gap between the profit of the entity and the return on financial assets, thus guiding the company to refocus on the main business. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact and path of the Internet on the innovation efficiency of interprovincial industrial enterprises: The mediating effects of innovation openness Wang Yajie, Ma Shuqiang 2021, 42(12): 125-134.  Abstract ( 142 )      The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China puts forward in its report that "we will speed up the construction of a powerful manufacturing country, accelerate the development of advanced manufacturing industries, and promote the deep integration of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and the real economy". China has successively issued documents such as Made in China 2025, Notice on Continuing to Carry out Innovation Pilot Work on Integration of Internet and Industry and Guidance of the State Council on Actively Promoting Internet plus Action, providing important support for promoting the integration of Internet and industrial enterprises. The Internet is reshaping traditional industries, promoting the full integration of information technology and traditional industries, and has a significant role in promoting China′s technological progress and improving corporate performance. Then, what is the impact and the path of the Internet on innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises?    Previous studies have paid more attention to the impact of information technology on enterprise innovation. With the rise of the Internet, recent studies have gradually turned to the impact of the Internet on innovation, discussing the impact of the Internet on product model innovation and the impact of the Internet on business model innovation. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how the Internet affects the innovation of industrial enterprises. The Internet is conducive to resource integration, reducing innovation costs and increasing the speed of innovation. Therefore, it has significant positive impact on the innovation efficiency of provincial industrial enterprises. Moreover, based on the theory of innovation openness, it is proposed that the Internet significantly enhances the innovation efficiency of provincial industrial enterprises through innovation openness. On the one hand, the wide-area and near-infinite connectivity of the Internet can enhance the scope and frequency of contact between enterprises and their stakeholders, promote the flow and diffusion of innovation elements such as knowledge, talents and technology, and help to enhance the breadth of innovation openness. Moreover, the Internet breaks up geographical boundaries, enabling enterprises to obtain resources worldwide and expand the spatial scope of open innovation. On the other hand, the Internet is pushing the traditional production mode to a brand-new production mode. Under the Internet economy, the combination and utilization of resources are more important than the accumulation of resources. Network externalities are internalized through replication, sharing and cooperation, resulting in endogenous economies of scale, reducing innovation costs, improving innovation capability and efficiency.    Based on China′s provincial panel data from 2008 to 2016, the paper introduces the innovation openness into the research on the Internet and the innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises, and analyzes the impact of the Internet on the innovation efficiency of interprovincial industrial enterprises and its path of action. Furthermore, regional characteristic variables are introduced to distinguish the regional differences in this question. In theory, the paper shifts the research perspectives from the role of the Internet in product innovation and business model innovation to industrial enterprise innovation, and innovatively puts forward that innovation openness is the important path for the integration between the internet and industrial enterprises. In practice, the paper provides suggestions and enlightenment for the transformation and innovation of China′s industrial enterprises in the Internet era.     The results show that: (1) The Malmquist index method, which is a non-parametric method used more, is used to measure the innovation efficiency of provincial industrial enterprises. The innovation efficiency is subdivided into total factor innovation efficiency (TFP), technical efficiency (EFF) and technical progress (TECH), and these three indexes are taken as explanatory variables. The empirical results show that the Internet plays a significant role in promoting total factor innovation efficiency, technological efficiency and technological progress of interprovincial industrial enterprises. (2) The paper divides the innovation openness into the breadth of innovation openness and the depth of innovation openness, and tests the mediating effect of the breadth and depth of innovation openness in the Internet and the innovation efficiency of interprovincial industrial enterprises with the sequential regression test procedure. Through the breadth of innovation openness, the Internet has significantly promoted the total factor innovation efficiency, technological efficiency and technological progress of interprovincial industrial enterprises. Through the depth of innovation openness, the technological efficiency of interprovincial industrial enterprises can only be improved. (3) Based on the overall research, in order to investigate the Internet, innovation openness and innovation efficiency of interprovincial industrial enterprises in various regions, the whole country is divided into eastern and midwest samples for research respectively. The Internet has a significant role in promoting industrial innovation efficiency in the east and midwest, but there are differences in the ways of action. The Internet has mainly promoted the total factor innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises in the eastern region through the promotion of technological progress, and has mainly promoted the total factor innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises in the midwest regions through the promotion of technological efficiency. (4) The mediating effect of innovation openness is obviously different between the east and midwest. The mediating effect of breadth of innovation openness is not obvious in the east, and there is a significant mediating effect in the total factor innovation efficiency, technological efficiency and technological progress in the midwest. The mediating effect of depth of innovation openness is significantly different between the east and midwest, which mediating effect is all not significant in the east and only significant in the technological efficiency in midwest.    Compared with the existing literature, the possible innovation contributions of this paper lies in: first, expanding the research from examining the relationship between information technology and enterprise innovation to examining the relationship between the Internet and the innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises, revealing the role of the Internet in the innovation of industrial enterprises; Second, based on the theory of innovation openness, the breadth and depth of innovation openness are used as mediating variables to answer the path of the Internet to improve the innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises; Third, introduce regional characteristic variables to analyze the regional differences of the impact of the Internet on the innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises, and provide some policy implications for the integration strategy of the Internet and industry. Based on the research conclusions of this paper, the following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: first, speed up the deep integration of the Internet and industrial enterprises, and become a booster to improve the innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises; second, improve the innovation openness of industrial enterprises and continuously open up new paradigms of real economy innovation; third, encourage all regions to explore ways to integrate the Internet with industrial enterprises with differentiated Internet policies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A heterogeneous analysis of the impact of foreign-related patent litigation on the scale of patent application of defendant enterprises Li Liming 2021, 42(12): 135-144.  Abstract ( 118 )        Strengthening patent judicial protection is to encourage innovation, and it is an important topic to discuss whether patent litigation can promote technological innovation of enterprise in the field of patent management research. The existing literatures mainly examine the effect of patent litigation on enterprises′ R&D investment and number of patent applications, ignoring the changing trend of patent quality after patent litigation. This paper takes the foreign-related invention patent civil cases from 2000 to 2018 as a sample, and constructs a dynamic effect model to examine the differences in technological innovation decisions of defendants after the lawsuit was involved from the perspective of scale. Moreover; we use multiple indicators such as the number of claims, the width of patent protection, and the width of patent knowledge to describe the trend of changes in the quality of patent applications after patent litigation to ensure the reliability of the model.      In terms of the amount of infringement compensation, the amounts of compensation for foreign-related patent litigation cases are higher than that of domestic patent litigation cases. The average value of the actual compensation for foreign-related patent cases that published from 2000 to 2018 reached 420,000 Yuan. From the perspective of litigation strategy, foreign-related patent litigations present the characteristics of combined litigations and multiple litigations. More than a quarter of foreign-related invention patent cases are patent combined litigations, half of which are multiple litigations. From the perspective of the parties involved in the lawsuit, 80% of the enterprises that have applied for invention and utility model patents are small and micro enterprises. These characteristics of foreign-related patent litigations make the technological innovation decisions-making by Chinese defendant enterprises present the characteristics of heterogeneity of scale and heterogeneity of innovation ability after the lawsuit is involved.     The empirical results show that: (1) Foreign-related patent litigation will improve the quality of patent applications of Chinese defendants, and which has a more significant positive effect on the quality of patent applications of large and medium-sized enterprises; (2) Different from the changes in the quality of patent applications, the number of patent applications by small and micro enterprises has increased significantly after the acceptance of foreign-related patent litigation, while the impact of foreign-related  patent litigation on patent applications of large and medium-sized enterprises is not significant; (3) Considering the heterogeneity of innovation capabilities, the number of patents applications by small and micro enterprises after patent litigation shows an inverted U-shaped growth relationship. Small and micro enterprises with a weak innovation foundation are more active in patent applications after patent litigation, owing to the impact of economic efficiency; they would choose to give up improving the quality of patent applications from the fifth year after the lawsuit is closed. After controlling for endogenous influence and selection bias, the empirical estimation results are still robust.     According to the research conclusion and the actual situation, we put forward two policy suggestions on how to improve enterprises innovation capabilities and patent quality: (1) Introducing patent quality-oriented policies, building a number of high-quality patent cultivation centers and further improving intellectual property financial service innovation to support small and micro enterprises; (2) Continuing to promote the construction of intellectual property courts and local intellectual property courts, improving the standards and calculation methods of intellectual property infringement compensation, and further stimulating the enthusiasm of enterprises for technological innovation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Patent income distribution and patent commercialization in universities: A system dynamics analysis based on the samples of universities in the USA He Yingqi, Tang Heng, Zhang Xiaotian, Chen Shilin 2021, 42(12): 144-158.  Abstract ( 175 )      Economic incentives to encourage university inventors to disclose their inventions to universities and participate in patent commercialization have been widely used in various countries. The law of the People′s Republic of China on Promoting the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements, amended in 2015, stipulates that the share of profits to those who make contributions should not be less than 50%. Some provinces and cities in China raised the inventor share to no less than 70% and even up to 99%. The performance of increasing the inventor share in promoting the patent operation output of universities is in question.     Patent commercialization in universities is a complex dynamic process, which includes three main stages: invention-creation, value-added, and value realization. From the perspective of a dynamic system, this paper analyzes the impact of income distribution on different stages of university patent commercialization by taking US universities as samples. Meanwhile, this paper comparatively analyzed the influence of the inventor′s patent income and the scientific research expenditure on patent commercialization.      The main findings are as follows:firstly, in over 70% of the sample universities, the inventor′s income is not significantly related to the amount of invention disclosure; secondly, while in the universities that the inventor′s income closely correlates to invention disclosure, the inventor share has an obvious effect on the invention-creation stage, and the influence of the inventor share on the value-adding stage varies with the samples, but the inventor share has little effect on the value realization stage; thirdly, when there is a marked difference between the distribution base of patent income and the scientific research expenditure, compared with increasing the inventor share to increase the inventor′s patent income, increasing the scientific research expenditure has a more impact on the various stages of patent commercialization. It reflects that simply increasing the inventor share has a limited effect on promoting of university patent commercialization.     The possible contributions of this paper are as follows: firstly, this paper combs the influencing path of the inventor share on patent commercialization from the perspective of the dynamic system, considering the intermediate effect of the inventor′s patent income, which deepens the understanding of the role of the inventor share in patent commercialization in theory and practice; secondly, this paper analyzes the impact of the inventor share on different stages of university patent commercialization by applying system dynamics analysis method, which expands the methodology in the research field of patent commercialization.     The main policy implications of this study are as follows:firstly, universities should refine the income distribution scheme and can design the inventor share according to the amount of patent income because the one-size-fits-all revenue distribution method cannot meet inventors′ expectations in all cases, especially when patent revenue is not high and the financial incentive effect is not evident; secondly, because of inventors′ different perceptions and recognition of various incentive methods, universities should make comprehensive use of incentive methods, such as honor award, career development, financial incentive, to bring into play the synergistic incentive effect of policies; thirdly, universities should further refine the patent income distribution scheme of stakeholders such as the inventor′s department to support the scientific research of inventors.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Can stakeholder′ environmental orientation promote green innovation?——A moderated mediation model Xiao Xiaohong, Tian Qinghong, Wang Zhanjie 2021, 42(12): 158-166.  Abstract ( 256 )       Due to the traditional pattern featured high-energy consumption and heavy contamination, resource-based enterprises are confronted with internal and external environmental pressures. In this context, green innovation has become a global issue and been regarded as the panacea to relieve the stress concerning stakeholders′ environmental orientation and to solve environmental pollution since it enables enterprises to save energy and reduce emissions. Although current literature discusses the impact of external stakeholders′ environmental orientation on green innovation, the stakeholder theory highlights that each stakeholder who is bond with the organization (e.g., shareholders, suppliers, and employees) should be integrated into a research frame in a holistic view. Furthermore, existing researches ignore the ambiguity of internal mechanism between stakeholders′ environmental orientation and corporate green innovation so that the process remains unclear in terms of value delivery and boundary situation. All such problems are urgent to be solved. Thus, our study aims to discuss the effectiveness of stakeholders′ environmental orientation on green innovation and its boundary conditions.     A questionnaire survey that concentrates on resource-based enterprises in western China was conducted to test the proposed hypotheses. Our questionnaire adopted a five-point Likert scale from 1 ("strongly disagree") to 5 ("strongly agree") with options to measure all the variables. Based on the survey data of 423 resource-based enterprises, the impacts of internal and external stakeholders′ environmental orientation on green innovation were discussed by using the hierarchical regression method. The results show that internal and external stakeholders′ environmental orientation both have a positive impact on corporate green innovation, and organization environmental culture plays a partially mediated role in the relationship between them. Green organization identity positively moderates the relationship between organization environmental culture and green innovation and positively moderates the mediation effect of organization environmental culture.      This study has several theoretical implications. First of all, we took the internal and external SEOs into account simultaneously and examined their positive impacts on green innovation, shedding light on studies regarding green innovation under the stakeholder theory and expanding the theoretical system of CSR. Secondly, our research examined the moderating role of environmental culture, which enriches the application range and scenarios of the environmental culture and helps scholars as well as managers to comprehend the mechanism. Thirdly, we provide a new perspective to promote green innovation of resource-based enterprises by introducing green organization identity and identifying its boundary effect.      This study also provides resource-based enterprises the following management implications: Firstly, local governments can enhance the supervision on resource-based enterprises, improve relevant environmental assessment mechanism, and monitor the pollution emission of plants; Secondly, resource-based enterprises should dive into the transformation of green innovation rather than follow the old pattern of developing first and harnessing later with the cost of ecological degradation or environmental damage. Meanwhile, enterprises relying on natural resources should encourage stakeholders to express their appeals or preference by building an online platform or offline meeting to promote green innovation. Thirdly, strengthening cultural self-confidence to create a strong cultural environment is beneficial to strengthen green innovation. For instance, the reward for outstanding employees with environmentally friendly awareness and behavior will display the "demonstration effect" on green innovation in terms of the function ofthe corporate culture. Finally, making the most of the "leverage effect". Enterprises should instill the minds of personnel with organization environmental culture systematically during the period of stuff training and then strengthen these values through regular propaganda meetings. Besides, utilizing the digital communication platform, informal organizations, and social networks among employees is imperative for incorporations to enhance employees′ green organization identity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Can "Internet +" accelerate convergence of regional innovation efficiency? Han Xianfeng, Li Boxin, Dong Mingfang 2021, 42(12): 167-174.  Abstract ( 109 )       In the new era, the firm implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy and the acceleration of an innovative country construction has become the major strategic ways to promote socialism with Chinese characteristics. Theoretically, in order to accelerate the construction of an innovative nation, in addition to continuously improving the level of independent innovation and efficiency, how to effectively narrow down the regional innovation gap is also a practical problem deserving attention, and the existing research focuses more on the former than the latter. In fact, in recent years, China′s regional innovation activities have shown a maddening development trend, but the phenomenon of regional innovation gap is still quite obvious at this stage, which seriously hinders China′s "innovative nation construction".    Under this circumstance, China has put forward the "Internet +" strategy, and eagerly wishes to give full play to the innovation-driven role of "Internet +". 〖BP(〗General Secretary Xi points out that it is necessary to make good use of the major opportunities brought by the Internet and implement the innovation-driven development strategy in depth, which proposes new propositions for related research on the construction of "innovative nation" driven by "Internet +".〖BP)〗 However, the existing literature on the relevance between "Internet+" and regional innovation is still rare, especially the study on whether "Internet+" helps to narrow the regional innovation gap. Then, is there a convergence in China′s regional innovation efficiency at this stage? Can "Internet +" become an "accelerator" for the convergence of regional innovation efficiency? If yes, what will be the acceleration effect and what will be the difference? Answering the above questions is of great significance for further understanding of the strategic value of "Internet+" which driving the construction of "innovative nation" in China and promoting the coordinated development of regional innovation activities.    The literature analysis finds that the existing theoretical conclusions have not yet reached a consistent conclusion on whether the regional innovation efficiency is converging. However, the existing literature considers that the relevant factors of regional innovation efficiency convergence are concentrated and limited. In particular, few literatures consider the "Internet+" drive in regional innovation research, and the study of whether "Internet+" helps to accelerate the convergence of regional innovation efficiency is widely blank. Different from the past, this paper puts "Internet +" into the analysis framework of regional innovation, from the new perspective of "Internet +", and uses the convergence theory to empirically examine the impact of "Internet +" on the convergence of regional innovation efficiency in China, answering whether "Internet+" can become the "accelerator" of regional innovation efficiency convergence, in order to provide a valuable policy reference for China′s "Internet +" strategy and innovation-driven development strategy in the new era.    This paper explores how to accelerate the convergence of regional innovation efficiency from the new perspective of "Internet+". Using the panel data empirical test of 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2015, the study shows that: Firstly, there is significant innovation efficiency in both nationwide and the three regions. Random convergence, σ convergence, and β convergence. The convergence rate is in the western region>the central region>the country>the eastern region; secondly, the "Internet+" helps to accelerate the convergence of innovation efficiency at the national level, that is, after considering the "Internet+" drive, the innovation-inefficient regions catch up with innovation. The time required for higher efficiency regions is shortened by more than 5 years compared with the "Internet +" drive, and the convergence speed is relatively 0.26% higher. Thirdly, it focuses on "Internet +" and FDI, integration of FDI and financial development can further accelerate the convergence of "Internet+" on regional innovation efficiency. Fourthly, "Internet+" has the most obvious acceleration on the convergence of innovation efficiency in the central region, followed by the western region and eastern region.    The conclusions of this paper have the following policy implications: First, it is feasible and effective to adopt the growth level theory to promote the construction of "innovative nation". At this stage, China′s innovation activities still face the embarrassing situation of "low-level clubs". In particular, it is necessary to build innovative growth poles for the central and western regions with low levels of innovation efficiency, and implement advanced development strategies for advanced provinces to drive backward provinces. At the same time, we cannot ignore the spread of technology exchange, sharing, joint and innovation achievements in the eastern and backward areas of high-innovation clubs, and further accelerate the convergence of innovation activities at the national level. Second, "Internet +" is a new era. Under the acceleration of innovation efficiency convergence and narrowing the regional innovation gap, the government should reconstruct the regional innovation system based on "Internet +", more effectively promote "mass entrepreneurship, innovation" and actively eliminate the space-time barriers that hinder the diffusion of innovation. Accelerate the integration of innovative information and cyclical value-added, and continue to narrow the regional innovation gap through the "Internet +" spillover bonus; third, the impact of "Internet+" on the convergence of innovation activities in different regions is different, and the government must co-ordinate In the development of regional innovation activities, it is necessary to formulate differentiated "Internet+" regional innovation guidance or support policies, especially the implementation of the "Internet+" innovation support policy or compensation strategy to the central and western regions, and accelerate the release. The overflow of "Internet+" innovation in the central and western regions dividends and "post-emphasis", as far as possible to break the predicament of "low-level traps" of innovation activities in the central and western regions; Fourth, the unbalanced development of regional innovation efficiency is a long-term and outstanding problem, not only to solve this problem considering the "Internet +" drive, we must fully realize its synergy with the factors of "going out", "bringing in" and financial development to accelerate the convergence of regional innovation efficiency, and constantly adjust and optimize the "Internet +" regional innovation. Strategy, different regions should also combine their own endowment conditions in foreign direct investment, foreign direct investment and financial development level, implement the "Internet +" innovation strategy in a step-by-step, planned and phased manner, and continue to strengthen the Internet as much as possible "accelerator" function that drives the innovation efficiency of the region. Related Articles | Metrics

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Knowledge network density, geographical dispersal and product innovation capability——An empirical study based on intra-group whole knowledge network Zheng Xiaoyong 2021, 42(12): 175-184.  Abstract ( 149 )      The prior researches show that the density of knowledge network has positive effects on product innovation. Does that mean the higher density of intra-group knowledge network within the group, the higher capability of product innovation the group has? After reviewing the extant literatures, we find that the answer to the above question is not clear. As a matter of fact, the related literatures in this field are still comparatively rare although business groups offer the perfect scenarios for whole network research. Consequently, we know little about the effect of intra-group knowledge network structure on the capability of product innovation from the perspective of whole network up to date. In order to make up the aforementioned gap in the extant literatures, this research has been designed and done.    With the aim to explore the contingent effects of the density of intra-group knowledge network on the group′s capability of product innovation, this paper carefully decomposes the focal constructs, identifies the key contextual variable, develops corresponding hypotheses and tests them so as to reveal the underlying mechanism. Firstly, we decompose the independent variable, the density of intra-group knowledge network, into two dimensions, the density of intra-group technology knowledge network and the density of intra-group market knowledge network. We also decompose the dependent variable, the capability of product innovation, into two dimensions, the capability of incremental product innovation and the capability of radical product innovation. We demonstrate the possible effects of technology network density and market knowledge density on the capability of incremental product innovation separately, and the effects of technology network density and market knowledge network density on the capability of radical product innovation as well. Four hypotheses of main effects are developed subsequently (H1a, H1b, H2a and H2b). Secondly, based on the extant literatures and the practices of business groups, we identify a key contextual variable of geographical dispersal that may impact on the aforementioned effects, and view it as a moderator in this research. The possible moderating roles of geographical dispersal are discussed in detail, and four corresponding hypotheses of moderating effects are developed as the results (H3a, H3b, H4a and H4b).     In the empirical analysis, we have done the following three aspects. First, for the measurement, the density of technology knowledge network and the density of market knowledge network are calculated by the formula of density of whole network, and all the other variables are measured by the items developed and used in the extant literatures. The testing shows that the measurements of variables are reliable, they have high reliability and validity. Second, in the implementation of data collection, many precautions are taken to prevent and reduce the undesirable negative effects of common method biases as possible as we can. Third, after that, we analyze the correlations of the focal variables and use hierarchical regression model to test those hypotheses with the unique data of 173 samples.     After doing all these, two major findings emerge as follows. (1) Both the density of intra-group technology knowledge network and the density of intra-group market knowledge network formed by group affiliated firms can contribute significantly to the group′s capability of incremental product innovation, and geographical dispersal positively moderates the aforementioned relations. The results show that H1a, H1b, H3a and H3b are empirically supported. That means a group with high density of intra-group technology knowledge network and high density of intra-group market knowledge network usually has stronger capability of incremental product innovation. Especially, for those groups whose affiliated firms are geographically dispersed, they can benefit more from the high density of intra-group technology knowledge network and the high density of intra-group market knowledge network in terms of groups′ incremental product innovation. (2) There is an inverted U shape of relationship between the density of intra-group technology knowledge network and the group′s capability of radical product innovation, and so is the relationship between the density of intra-group market knowledge network and the group′s capability of radical product innovation. However, geographical dispersal only plays positive moderating role in the latter. The results show that H1b, H2b and H4b are empirically supported, while H4a has not passed the test. So, this finding reveals that it′s not always the higher of density the better of radical product innovation. Only when the density of whole knowledge network is below the threshold, can the increase of density and geographical dispersal make the groups more capable of radical product innovation.     This research has three theoretical implications. The first, it expands the researches on knowledge network and innovation from the perspective of whole network in business groups by exploring relationship between the density of intra-group knowledge network and the group′s capability of product innovation. The second, it helps us to understand the controversial results of the prior researches on the relationship between the density of knowledge network and innovation. It reveals one of the reasons that probably results in the controversial opinion is due to the distinct attributes of different dimensions of knowledge and innovation. If we discuss them at the level of dimensions separately, the divergence maybe will not be so significant any more. The third, it offers an alternative explanation of the geographical dispersal of a group′s R&D network. The effect of geographical dispersal on product innovation can′t be discussed in an isolation way. It should be discussed according to situation of knowledge network structures.     Lastly, there are two limitations and the related future research. First, the moderating role of geographical dispersal in between the density of intra-group technology network and the capability of radical product innovation is not supported. Although this paper makes the explanation about the reason why it′s not supported, it′s better to make further testing if there is sound condition in the future. Second, this paper focuses relationship of the density of intra-group knowledge network and the capability of product innovation. However, network density is only one the characteristics of network structure. There are still many effects of other network structure characteristics (e.g. structural hole, centrality, and clan) on groups′ capability of product innovation left for future researches. Related Articles | Metrics

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"Rice in the south and wheat in the north" culture, group trust and cooperative innovation Pei Zhen, Peng Fei, Yang Guohao 2021, 42(12): 185-194.  Abstract ( 132 )      Planting history influences regional culture, while different regional cultures influence group trust and collaborative innovation. Based on the theory of "rice versus wheat agriculture" to explain cultural differences, this paper empirically examines the impact of regional cultural differences on corporate collaborative innovation, using patent data of 16795 listed companies in China from 2007 to 2014.Empirical results show that the group trust formed by rice culture is of great help to enterprise innovation. But compared with invention patents and utility patents, this positive effect is mainly reflected in design patents, especially in long-term accumulation of effective patents and innovation of private listed companies. The general trust formed by wheat culture promotes utility model patents of state-owned listed companies, and the government′s support for innovation has a stronger cumulative effect. The contribution of R&D subsidies to invention patents of provincial and regional governments is higher than utility model patents and design patents in turn, and the contribution to innovation of state-owned enterprises is higher than that of private enterprises. Various tests show that the conclusions are robust. Therefore, the government should constantly strengthen cultural construction and inherit culture to promote innovation. The government should also encourage collaborative innovation and attach importance to the role of cultural factors in enterprise innovation as well as insist on increasing investment in innovation, R&D and improve the stable growth mechanism of scientific and technological input, and continue to increase innovation support for emerging enterprises. In the aspect of innovation and creation related to national innovation ability, the central government and local government should work together to support large-scale state-owned enterprises, and enhance the sense of crisis and mission of state-owned enterprises with their managers, so that to stimulate their innovative spirit.     This paper summarizes the rice planting proportions in 1916, 1934, 1949, 1992 and 2008 in different provinces and regions. Secondly, the proportion of provincial R&D in GDP from 2007 to 2014 is calculated as the representative variable of government R&D input. In order to compare the proportion of rice in different periods as a cultural index, this paper selected the years with historical significance and key points from 1916 to 2016, such as the founding of The People′s Republic of China in 1949, Reform and Opening in 1978, the building of a socialist market economy in 1992 and the global financial crisis in 2008.The main explanatory variable is the proportion of rice planting in the provinces where listed companies are registered. After comparing the rice planting proportions in different periods, the rice planting proportions in 1916 is treated as the cultural indicators. Another main explanatory variable is the proportion of R&D in GDP of each province and region, which fluctuates between 0.17% and 6%. This shows that there are great differences in the input of R&D by the provincial and regional governments. Other controlling variables include: the ownership form of listed companies and the age of listed companies. We describe the age and its square of listed companies by the difference between the year of assessment and the year of listing. It shows that the relationship between age and innovation of listed companies may be U-shaped or inverted U-shaped, and the company′s age may no longer promote innovation to a certain extent.    Firstly, the empirical results show that the proportion of rice planting in 1916 has a significant positive effect on the number of patent applications of Listed Companies in that year. In 1916, the proportion of rice in the provinces and regions where listed companies are located increased by 1%, and the number of patent applications in that year increased by 0.201%. Therefore, it proves that the more prosperous the rice culture is, the stronger the collectivism culture is, as well as the faster the cooperative innovation system of short radius group trust can be formed, and the more innovative patents and technologies of listed companies in the locality are.      Secondly, the empirical results prove that with the changes of climate, technology, population, industrialization and market factors, the group trust role of rice planting area on behalf of rice culture is declining, which is reflected in the smaller and smaller impact on collaborative innovation. It can be explained that as time goes to modern times, many factors such as climate, technology, population, industrial impact and market factors change more and more. The impact of these factors on the traditional rice culture areas in the original history is also greater, and the rice planting areas in China are also undergoing tremendous changes.     Thirdly, if the explanatory variable is replaced by the cumulative number of valid patents, and the regression analysis is made by the equation, then the results show that rice culture has a significant positive effect on the total number of effective patents of listed companies. By comparing the results of the data, it can be concluded that the effect of rice culture on the cumulative validity of patent rights of listed companies in China is greater than that of the number of applications in that year. The cumulative effect of collaborative innovation caused by long-term group trust is greater than that of short-term effect.    Fourthly, we classify the number of patent applications and the cumulative number of valid patents by invention patents, utility model patents and design patents, and then use logarithmic linear equation to make regression analysis. The results show that rice culture has a significant positive effect on the number of applications for three types of patents and the cumulative number of valid patents of listed companies in the same year. Moreover, the positive effect of rice culture on appearance design patents (the number of applications and the cumulative valid number) is more significant than that of invention patents and utility model patents. On the contrary, the positive effects of provincial R&D investment and state-owned enterprise ownership on the application and accumulation of invention patents and utility model patents are higher than that of design patents. However, state-owned holding has more prominent effect on the promotion of invention patents and utility patents, and even inhibits the cumulative effect of design patents.     Finally, we classify the number of patent applications by patent type and ownership, and then use logarithmic linear equation to make regression analysis with the rice planting proportion in 1916 as the main explanatory variable. The number of patent applications of private listed companies in that year is higher than that of state-owned listed companies. Therefore, the positive effects of rice culture on the three types of patents of private listed companies are far higher than those of state-owned listed companies. For utility model patents of state-owned listed companies, wheat culture that promotes general trust may have a more positive effect. On the contrary, the proportion of provincial R&D in GDP has increased by 1%, and the number of patent applications of state-owned listed companies has increased by about 12%, which is higher than that of state-owned listed companies and private listed companies. Southern rice culture can promote short-term market innovation with single returns, but northern wheat culture, especially with the government′s R&D investment and state-owned enterprises′ investment in innovation, has a positive contribution to long-term invention-creation patents with broad social returns.    This paper empirically examines the impact of regional cultural differences on corporate collaborative innovation. The empirical results show that the group trust formed by rice culture is of great help to innovation. Therefore, the government should continue to strengthen cultural construction, actively inherit culture, encourage collaborative innovation, and attach importance to the role of cultural factors in enterprise innovation. At the same time, the cumulative effect of collaborative innovation caused by long-term group trust is greater than the short-term effect of that year, so the government should insist on increasing investment in innovation and R&D. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the subsidy standard model of commercial organic fertilizer and its application Wang Xian, Xu Hanhong, Zhang Xinming 2021, 42(12): 195-203.  Abstract ( 129 )        As organic-inorganic fertilization (that is, reducing chemical fertilizer and increasing organic fertilizer) has many advantages, such as realizing the fertilizer utilization of agricultural waste and reducing the application of chemical fertilizer at the same time, it has become an agricultural environmental protection measure actively advocated by many countries, and the Chinese government has also promoted it as a new agricultural planting technology. However, in order to prevent the formation of new pollution, it is necessary to transform farm manure into higher quality and safer commercial organic fertilizer. However, due to the high price, high labor intensity and poor economic benefits of commercial organic fertilizer, farmers′ application enthusiasm is restricted. As a result, the Chinese government proposes to provide farmers with reasonable subsidies for the application of organic fertilizer. At the same time in accordance with the principle of "who benefits, who compensates", conservationists can also obtain benefits through the transaction of ecological products. Subsidy standard is a key scientific issue in the design of commercial organic fertilizer subsidy policy, which is related to the enthusiasm of subsidy objects and the affordability of subsidy subjects. It is generally believed that the opportunity cost, as the lower limit of the subsidy standard, is the method with the highest subsidy benefit. In agricultural ecological compensation, the opportunity cost is often measured by the different utilization value of land and human resources.    Firstly, under the conditions that the agricultural planting use of the land remains unchanged, the crop planting system remains unchanged, other planting technologies except fertilization remain unchanged, and fertilization can only be selected between organic-inorganic fertilization and single fertilization of chemical fertilizer, the opportunity cost of organic-inorganic fertilization is defined. Then, a micro-economic dynamic subsidy standard theoretical model for commercial organic fertilizer is established by using the cost-benefit analysis method. The theoretical model points out the core train of thought and key steps to improve the subsidy benefit of commercial organic fertilizer. Then, taking meeting the common concerns and objective reality of the government and farmers as the starting point, avoiding the unpredictable factors, unmeasurable components and complex factors that are difficult to calculate accurately in the theoretical model, an operational and executive subsidy standard calculation model is established. Finally, taking the rice wheat rotation experiment with organic-inorganic fertilization as an example, the application of the theory and calculation model was explained.    At the same time, under the condition of stable output of agricultural products, the fertilization cost of reducing chemical fertilizer by 30% and 50% and increasing organic fertilizer is about 1.5 times and 2 times of that of single chemical fertilization; among the increased fertilization costs, the actual purchase price of fertilizer, transportation and miscellaneous expenses of organic fertilizer and field fertilization costs account for 55.7%, 7.3% and 37% respectively; the amount of organic fertilizer applied per unit area of cultivated land doubled, and the subsidy per ton of organic fertilizer increased by only 0.1 times; the agricultural products with 50% reduction of chemical fertilizer and increased application of organic fertilizer have a series of data such as the best input-output ratio. These data are of great significance for in-depth understanding of the key links of improving commercial organic fertilizer subsidies. The establishment of corresponding supporting systems, organizations and services can also help realizing the "government + society" joint compensation at the same time, so as to realize the stable yield and income growth of farmers with organic-inorganic fertilization.     According to the above research conclusions, in order to improve the subsidy benefits of commercial organic fertilizer and realize social participation compensation, this study puts forward the following policy suggestions: (1) Efforts should be made to reduce the market price of commercial organic fertilizer through improving production process and expanding production scale. (2) The linkage mode of raw materials, production and consumption of organic fertilizer should be established to reduce the transportation and miscellaneous expenses of organic fertilizer. (3) Mechanical fertilization should be popularized as soon as possible. (4) Establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the subsidy standard of commercial organic fertilizer. (5) Create conditions for the realization of "government + society" joint compensation. References | Related Articles | Metrics