Planting history influences regional culture, while different regional cultures influence group trust and collaborative innovation. Based on the theory of "rice versus wheat agriculture" to explain cultural differences, this paper empirically examines the impact of regional cultural differences on corporate collaborative innovation, using patent data of 16795 listed companies in China from 2007 to 2014.Empirical results show that the group trust formed by rice culture is of great help to enterprise innovation. But compared with invention patents and utility patents, this positive effect is mainly reflected in design patents, especially in long-term accumulation of effective patents and innovation of private listed companies. The general trust formed by wheat culture promotes utility model patents of state-owned listed companies, and the government′s support for innovation has a stronger cumulative effect. The contribution of R&D subsidies to invention patents of provincial and regional governments is higher than utility model patents and design patents in turn, and the contribution to innovation of state-owned enterprises is higher than that of private enterprises. Various tests show that the conclusions are robust. Therefore, the government should constantly strengthen cultural construction and inherit culture to promote innovation. The government should also encourage collaborative innovation and attach importance to the role of cultural factors in enterprise innovation as well as insist on increasing investment in innovation, R&D and improve the stable growth mechanism of scientific and technological input, and continue to increase innovation support for emerging enterprises. In the aspect of innovation and creation related to national innovation ability, the central government and local government should work together to support large-scale state-owned enterprises, and enhance the sense of crisis and mission of state-owned enterprises with their managers, so that to stimulate their innovative spirit.
This paper summarizes the rice planting proportions in 1916, 1934, 1949, 1992 and 2008 in different provinces and regions. Secondly, the proportion of provincial R&D in GDP from 2007 to 2014 is calculated as the representative variable of government R&D input. In order to compare the proportion of rice in different periods as a cultural index, this paper selected the years with historical significance and key points from 1916 to 2016, such as the founding of The People′s Republic of China in 1949, Reform and Opening in 1978, the building of a socialist market economy in 1992 and the global financial crisis in 2008.The main explanatory variable is the proportion of rice planting in the provinces where listed companies are registered. After comparing the rice planting proportions in different periods, the rice planting proportions in 1916 is treated as the cultural indicators. Another main explanatory variable is the proportion of R&D in GDP of each province and region, which fluctuates between 0.17% and 6%. This shows that there are great differences in the input of R&D by the provincial and regional governments. Other controlling variables include: the ownership form of listed companies and the age of listed companies. We describe the age and its square of listed companies by the difference between the year of assessment and the year of listing. It shows that the relationship between age and innovation of listed companies may be U-shaped or inverted U-shaped, and the company′s age may no longer promote innovation to a certain extent.
Firstly, the empirical results show that the proportion of rice planting in 1916 has a significant positive effect on the number of patent applications of Listed Companies in that year. In 1916, the proportion of rice in the provinces and regions where listed companies are located increased by 1%, and the number of patent applications in that year increased by 0.201%. Therefore, it proves that the more prosperous the rice culture is, the stronger the collectivism culture is, as well as the faster the cooperative innovation system of short radius group trust can be formed, and the more innovative patents and technologies of listed companies in the locality are.
Secondly, the empirical results prove that with the changes of climate, technology, population, industrialization and market factors, the group trust role of rice planting area on behalf of rice culture is declining, which is reflected in the smaller and smaller impact on collaborative innovation. It can be explained that as time goes to modern times, many factors such as climate, technology, population, industrial impact and market factors change more and more. The impact of these factors on the traditional rice culture areas in the original history is also greater, and the rice planting areas in China are also undergoing tremendous changes.
Thirdly, if the explanatory variable is replaced by the cumulative number of valid patents, and the regression analysis is made by the equation, then the results show that rice culture has a significant positive effect on the total number of effective patents of listed companies. By comparing the results of the data, it can be concluded that the effect of rice culture on the cumulative validity of patent rights of listed companies in China is greater than that of the number of applications in that year. The cumulative effect of collaborative innovation caused by long-term group trust is greater than that of short-term effect.
Fourthly, we classify the number of patent applications and the cumulative number of valid patents by invention patents, utility model patents and design patents, and then use logarithmic linear equation to make regression analysis. The results show that rice culture has a significant positive effect on the number of applications for three types of patents and the cumulative number of valid patents of listed companies in the same year. Moreover, the positive effect of rice culture on appearance design patents (the number of applications and the cumulative valid number) is more significant than that of invention patents and utility model patents. On the contrary, the positive effects of provincial R&D investment and state-owned enterprise ownership on the application and accumulation of invention patents and utility model patents are higher than that of design patents. However, state-owned holding has more prominent effect on the promotion of invention patents and utility patents, and even inhibits the cumulative effect of design patents.
Finally, we classify the number of patent applications by patent type and ownership, and then use logarithmic linear equation to make regression analysis with the rice planting proportion in 1916 as the main explanatory variable. The number of patent applications of private listed companies in that year is higher than that of state-owned listed companies. Therefore, the positive effects of rice culture on the three types of patents of private listed companies are far higher than those of state-owned listed companies. For utility model patents of state-owned listed companies, wheat culture that promotes general trust may have a more positive effect. On the contrary, the proportion of provincial R&D in GDP has increased by 1%, and the number of patent applications of state-owned listed companies has increased by about 12%, which is higher than that of state-owned listed companies and private listed companies. Southern rice culture can promote short-term market innovation with single returns, but northern wheat culture, especially with the government′s R&D investment and state-owned enterprises′ investment in innovation, has a positive contribution to long-term invention-creation patents with broad social returns.
This paper empirically examines the impact of regional cultural differences on corporate collaborative innovation. The empirical results show that the group trust formed by rice culture is of great help to innovation. Therefore, the government should continue to strengthen cultural construction, actively inherit culture, encourage collaborative innovation, and attach importance to the role of cultural factors in enterprise innovation. At the same time, the cumulative effect of collaborative innovation caused by long-term group trust is greater than the short-term effect of that year, so the government should insist on increasing investment in innovation and R&D.
Key words
"rice in the south and wheat in the north" culture /
group trust /
cooperative innovation
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
References
[1]张佑林, 陈朝霞.区域文化精神与区域经济发展的理性思考———兼论浙江工业化模式的形成机理[J].浙江社会科学, 2005,(3):14.[J].
Zhang Youlin, Chen Zhaoxia.Rational thinking on regional cultural spirit and regional economic development -- on the formation mechanism of Zhejiang industrialization model [J]. Zhejiang Social Sciences, 2005, (3):14.
[2]Guiso L, P Sapienza, and L Zingales.Long Term Persistence [J] Journal of the European Economic Association, 2016, 14(6), 1401-1436.
[3]Fukuyama, F.Trust: the social virtues and the creation of prosperity [M]. penguin London, 1995.
[4]尼克拉斯·卢曼.?信任:一个社会复杂性的简化机制 [M]. 上海：上海人民出版社, 2005年.
Niklas Luhmann.Trust:a simplified mechanism for social complexity [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai People Press, 2005.
[5]Arrow K.J.?The Limits Of Organization [M]. Norton:1974.
[6]Coleman J.Foundations of Social Theory [M]. Cambridge International Symposium on Mobile Agents, 1990.
[7]Putnam R D, Leonardi R, Nonetti R Y.?Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy [M]. Princeton University Press:1994.
[8]费孝通.《乡土中国(1947)》 [M]. 上海:上海人民出版社, 2013年.
Hsiao Tung Fei.《From the Soil:The Foundations of Chinese Society》 [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai People Press, 2013.
[9]Weber M.The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism [M]. New York: The Free Press, 1951.
[10]布罗代尔.《文明史：人类五千年文明的传承与交流》 [M]. 北京:中信出版社, 2014.
Braudel.《A History of Civilizations》 [M]. Beijing:CITIC Publishing House, 2014.
[11]Hofstede G.Motivation, leadership, and organization:Do American theories apply abroad? [J] Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42–63.
[12]Guiso L, Sapienza P, Zingales L.Long‐term persistence [J]. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2008, 14(6), 47.
[13]Kagit?iba?i ?, Berry J W.Cross-cultural psychology: Current research and trends[J].Annual Review of Psychology, 1989, 40(1):493-531
[14]苏红, 任Kagit?iba?i ?, Berry J W孝鹏.个体主义的地区差异和代际变迁 [J]. 心理科学发展, 2014年, Vol22, No .6.
Su hong, Ren xiaopeng.Regional Difference and Cross-generational Change of Individualism [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2014, Vol22, No.6.
[15]Triandis H C, Gelfand M J.Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism[J].Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 1998, 74(1):118-
[16]Vargas J H, Kemmelmeier M.Ethnicity and contemporary American culture: A meta-analytic investigation of horizontal–vertical individualism–collectivism[J].Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 2013, 44(2):195-222
[17]杨建君, 杨慧军, 马婷.集体主义文化和个人主义文化对技术创新方式的影响 [J]. 管理科学, 2013(12)1-11.
Yang Jianjun, Yang Huijun, Ma Ting.The influence of collectivist culture and individualistic culture on technological innovation [J]. Journal of Management Sciences, 2013(12)1-11.
[18]Cross S E, Hardin E E, Gercek-Swing B.The what,how,why,and where of self-construal[J].Personality & Social Psychology Review An Official Journal of the Society for Personality & Social Psychology Inc, 2011, 15(2):142-
[19]Kolstad A, Horpestad S.Self-construal in Chile and Norway: Implications for cultural differences in individualism and collectivism[J].Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2009, 40(2):275-281
[20]T Talhelm, X zhang, S Oishi, C Shimin, D Duan, X Lan, S Kitayama.Large-scale psychological differences within china explained by rice versus wheat agriculture [J], Science 344.
[21]Dwight H Perkins.Agricultural development in China 1368-1968 [M]. Edinburgh university press, 1969.
[22]Alesina A, P Giuliano and N Nunn.On the origins of Gender: Women and the Plough [J]. Quarterly Journal of Economic, 2013, 128(2), 469-529
[23]Ebenstein A .Patrilocality and missing women [OL], http://ssrn.com/abstract=2422090, 2014.
[24]马欣然, 任孝鹏, 徐江.中国人集体主义的南北方差异及其文化动力 [J]. 心理科学发展, 2016 vol 24.
Ma xinran, Ren xiaopeng, Xu jiang.The difference of collectivism between north and south China and its cultural dynamics [J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2016 vol 24.
[25]冀朝鼎.《中国历史上的基本经济区》 [M]. 上海：商务印书馆, 2014年.
Ji chaoding.《The basic economic zone in Chinese history》 [M]. Shanghai: Commercial press, 2014.
[26]丁从明, 周颖, 梁甄桥.南稻北麦、协作与信任的经验研究 [J]. 经济学(季刊), 17(2)：579-608.
Ding Congming, Zhou Ying, Liang Zhenqiao, Empirical research on cooperation and trust of rice in south China and wheat in north China, China Economic Quarterly, Volume 17, issue 2, January 2018.
[27]史建云.浅述近代华北平原的农业劳动力市场[J]. 中国经济史研究, 1998(4):76-83.
Shi jianyun.On the agricultural labor market in the North China Plain in modern times [J]. 《?Researches In Chinese Economic History》, 1998, issue 4, 76-83.
[28]黄宗智.明清以来的乡村社会经济变迁》 [M]. 北京：法律出版社, 2014年.
Huang zongzhi.《Rural social and economic changes since Ming and Qing Dynasties》 [M]. Beijing: Law Press China, 2014.
[29]Greif A, Tabellini G.Cultural and institutional bifurcation:china and Europe compared [J].?American Economic Review, ?100(2), 135-140.
[30]Thomas Talhelm, Xuemin Zhang, Shigehiro Oishi.Moving chairs in Starbucks: Observational studies find rice-wheat culture differences in daily life in china [J]. Science Advances, 2018, 04.
[31]Aguinis H, Henle CA.The search for universals in cross-cultural organizational behavior [M]. In organizational behavior: the state of the science. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, 1999.
[32]Vissa B, Chacar AS.Leveragingties: the contigent value of entrepreneurial teams’ external advice networks on Indian software venture performance[J].Strategic Management Journal, 2009, 30(11):1179-1191
[33]Xiao Z, Tsui AS.When brokers may not work: the cultural contingency of social capital in Chinese high-tech firms [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2007(52):1-31.
[34]Goncalo J A, Staw B M.Individualism-collectivism and group creativity[J].Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 2006, 100(1):96-109
[35]鲁西奇.?中国历史的空间结构 [M]. 广西师范大学出版社, 2014年.
Lu xiqi.The spatial structure of Chinese history [M]. Guangxi Normal University press, 2014.
[36]van de Vliert E, Yang H D, Wang Y L, Ren X P.Climato-economic imprints on Chinese collectivism [J]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(4), 589?605.
[37]刘珍环, 李正国, 唐鹏钦, 等.近年中国水稻种植区域与产量时空变化分析[J].地理学报, 2013, 68(5):680-693
Liu zhenhuan, Li zhengguo, Tang pengqin et.al. Spatial-temporal changes of rice area and production in China during 1980-2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(5):680-693
[38]Cohen W M, Nelson R R, Walsh J P.Links and Impacts,the Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D[J].Management Science, 2002, 48(1):1-
[39]Romijn H, Albaladejo M.Determinants of innovation capabilityin small electronics and software firms in Southeast England[J].Research Policy, 2002, 31(7):1053-
[40]曹勇, 赵莉.专利获取、专利保护、专利商业化与技术创新绩效的作用机制研究[J].科研管理, 2013, 34(8):42-52
Cao yong, Zhao li.Study on action mechanism between patent acquisition,patent protection,patent commercialization and technological innovation performance[J].Science Research Management, 2013, 34(8):42-52
[41]Ng K Y，Chua R Y J.Do I contribute more when I trust more? Differential effects of cognition and affect-based trust[J].Management and Organization Review, 2006, 2(1):43-66
[42]李民祥, 杨建君.领导风格对组织创新模式的影响——集体主义导向的调节作用[J]. 软科学, 2015(10):83-87.
Li Mingxiang, Yang Jianjun.The influence of leadership style on organizational innovation mode -- the regulating function of collectivism orientation [J]. Soft Science, In October 2015, issue 10:83-87.
[43]朱平芳, 徐伟民.政府的科技激励政策对大中型工业企业R&D投入及其专利产出的影响——上海市的实证研究 [J]. 经济研究, 2003(6):45-53.
Zhu Pingfang, Xu Weiming.The impact of government science and technology incentive policy on R&D investment and patent output of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises -- an empirical study of Shanghai [J]. Economic Research Journal, 2003(6):45-53.
[44]许治, 师萍.政府科技投入对企业&支出影响的实证分析[J].研究与发展管理, 2005, 17(3):22-26
Xu Zhi, Shi Ping.Empirical analysis of the impact of government science and technology investment on enterprise R&D expenditure[J].R&D Management, 2005, 17(3):22-26
[45]赵付民, 苏盛安, 邹珊刚.我国政府科技投入对大中型工业企业&投入的影响分析[J].研究与发展管理, 2006, 18(2):78-84
Zhao Fuming, Su Shengan, Zou Shangang.The impact of government science and technology investment on R&D investment of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises[J].R&D Management, 2006, 18(2):78-84
[46]师萍, 许治, 张炳南.政府公共R&D对企业R&D的效应分析 [J]. 中国科技论坛, 2007(4) : 24-28.
Shi Ping, Xu Zhi, Zhang Bingnan.Analysis of the effect of government public R&D on enterprise R&D [J]. Forum on Science and Technology in China, 2007(4):24-28.
[47]程华, 肖小波, 倪梅娟.政府科技投入对企业&投入的影响及因果分析——基于我国大中型工业企业的实证研究[J].浙江理工大学学报, 2008, 25(2):219-223
Cheng Hua, Xiao Xiaobo, Ni Meijuan.The impact of government science and technology investment on enterprise R&D investment and causality analysis--based on the empirical study of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in China[J].Journal of Zhejiang university of science and technology, 2008, 25(2):219-223
[48]解维敏, 唐清泉, 陆姗姗． 政府R&D资助, 企业R&D支出与自主创新———来自中国上市公司的经验证据 [J].金融研究, 2009(6):86-99.
Xie Weiming, Tang Qingquan, Lu Shanshan, Government R&D funding, enterprise R&D spending and independent innovation--empirical evidence from China's listed companies [J].Journal of Financial Research, 2009 (6) : 86-99.
[49]白俊红.中国的政府&资助有效吗?来自大中型工业企业的经验证据[J].经济学季刊, 2011, 10(4):1375-1400
Bai Junhong.Is China's government R&D funding effective? Empirical evidence from large and medium-sized industrial enterprises[J].China Economic Quarterly, 2011, 10(4):1375-1400
[50]栾强, 罗守贵.资助、企业创新和技术进步——基于国有企业与民营企业对比的实证研究[J].科学学研究, 2017, 35(4):625-632
Luan qiang, Luo shougui.R&D subsidies，innovation and technological progress:An empirical study of state-owned enterprises and private enterprises based on comparison[J].Studies in Science of Science, 2017, 35(4):625-632
[51]Peng F, Kang L and Jiang J.Selection and Institutional Shareholder Activism in Chinese Acquisitions [J]. Management Decision, 51(1): 141-162.
[52]Peng F, Anwar, Sajid and Kang L.Institutional Monitoring, Coordination and Corporate Acquisitions in China [J]. North-American Journal of Economics and Finance, forthcoming.
[53]Lewis, Paul, Peng F and Ryner, Magnus.Welfare Capitalism in Post-Industrial Times: Trilemma or Power Over Rents? [J]. New Political Economy, 2018, 23:6, 748-767.
[54]Falk M, Peng F.Impact of the intellectual property tax regime on FDI activities in R&D activities at the city level [J]. Review of Policy Research, forthcoming.
[55]方修琦, 盛静芬.从黑龙江省水稻种植面积的时空变化看人类对气候变化影响的适应[J].自然资源学报, 2000, 15(3):213-217
Fang xiuqi, Shengjingfen.Human adaptation to climate change : a case study of changes in paddy planting area in Heilongjiang Province[J].Journal of natural resources, 2000, 15(3):213-217
[56]高宏伟．政府补贴对大型国有企业研发的挤出效应研究 [J]．中国科技论坛, 2011(8):15-20．
Gao Hongwei.Research on large state-owned enterprises crowding effect against goverment subsidies [J]. China Science and Technology Forum, 2011(8):15-20.
[57]王一卉．政府补贴、研发投入与企业创新绩效 [J]．经济问题探索，2013(7)：138-143．
Wang Yihui.Government subsidy, R&D investment and enterprise innovation performance [J]. Inquiry Into Economic Issues, 2013(7)：138-143．
[58]Lindbeck A, Snower D J.Cooperation, harassment, and involuntary unemployment: An insider–outsider approach [J]. American Economic Review, 1978, 167–188.
[59]Lindbeck A, Snower D J.Insiders versus outsiders [J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, 165–188.
[60]Guido Tabellini.Culture and institutions: economic development in the regions of europe [J]. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8, 677-716.?
[61]张川川, 李涛.文化经济学研究的国际动态[J]. 经济学动态, 2015(1):96-108.
Zhang chuanchuan, Li tao.International trends in the study of Cultural Economics [J]. ?Economics Information, 2015, Issue 1:96-108.
PDF(391 KB)
