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Science-based innovation: A research review and prospects Li Xinrong, Zhang Qingzhi, Lei Jiasu 2022, 43(1): 1-13.  Abstract ( 552 )    Schumpeter, the originator of innovation theory, defined innovation as the process of obtaining potential profits by introducing new combinations of production factors into things and activities in the production system. At present, according to the knowledge sources of industrial technological innovation, innovation could be divided into "technology-based (promotion) innovation" and "scientific-based (discovery) innovation". Science refers to the knowledge system that reflects the essence and law of objective things, and is the rational understanding of objective world things on the basis of practice and verification or logical reasoning. However, science-based innovation is not a simple combination of science and innovation. According to Coriat′s definition in 2003, science-based innovation refers to the industrial technological innovation that is strongly dependent on scientific progress and driven by cutting-edge scientific knowledge, including the whole process of new ideas generation, research, development, trial production, manufacturing and first commercialization. Up to now, science-based innovation research has attracted the attention of foreign scholars, who have carried out a large number of theoretical discussions and empirical analyses. However, the concept of science-based innovation was not contextually defined until 2012 in China. This innovation paradigm has not received enough academic attention and peer discussion in Chinese context due to the scattered research, the differences in research perspectives, levels and issues, especially lack of systematic literature review.      Therefore, this paper adopted systematic literature review method. In February 2021, using the Science Citation Index Expanded Edition (SCIE) and Social Sciences Citation Index Edition (SSCI) within Web of Science Core Collection database (WOS) as well as the Peking University Core Index (PKU Core) and Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) databases within China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI), 258 English literatures and 52 Chinese literatures were identified. It was found that the relevant research on science-based innovation started in 1986, and in the following 34 years, the number of literatures increased year by year, showing that scholars′ interest in this filed has been continuously maintained and enhanced.      On the basis of these literatures, this paper carried out a follow-up review study, which is arranged as follows: The first part of this paper analyzed the basic situation of the 310 literatures and compares them from four aspects of time, space, journal distribution and research field to find out the current research status domestically and internationally. The second part of this paper combed the research context, including related concepts, characteristics, subjects, processes and models, and summarized the four stages of the evolution of science-based innovation paradigm since the 19th century. The third part of this paper constructed a knowledge framework for science-based innovation research, and summarized relevant researches and main conclusions from two different dimensions of innovation and enterprise dimension separately. Innovation dimension included individual, organizational and environmental factors while enterprise dimension included the creation, growth and governance of the enterprise.     Finally, this paper proposed several future research directions, such as nonlinear process model, institutional orientation, technology recombination and corporate governance, in order to provide reference for future research of science-based innovation.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Academic entrepreneurship: A literature review and prospects Zhou Wei, Lin Nan, Zhang Qian 2022, 43(1): 14-21.  Abstract ( 434 )   With the development of technological economy, academic entrepreneurship plays an increasingly prominent role in improving the efficiency of technological achievements transformation and promoting technological and product innovation. In this context, the public is increasingly urgent to explore the characteristics, mechanism and influence of academic entrepreneurship under the background of China, while there are few relevant studies. Therefore, based on the relevant literature published from 1980 to 2020, this paper sorts out the following research contents of academic entrepreneurship.        (1) Clarifying the concept and categories of academic entrepreneurship. In a narrow sense, academic entrepreneurship refers to the behavior of individual scientists within the universities to create their own firms to exploit their own discoveries for profit. In a broad sense, academic entrepreneurship refers to the behavior of academic institutions or individual scientists to transfer technology or knowledge for profit. There are many types of academic entrepreneurship, including entrepreneurship education, knowledge transfer, joint research/ publication with industry, licensing, patent application, spin-off incubators, new firm creation, and so on.       (2) Integrating the research achievements of academic entrepreneurs from the perspective of entrepreneurial subjects. Founders of academic start-ups can broadly be divided into two categories: a) Academic institutions, such as universities, colleges, or research institutions; b) The individual scientist within the academic institution. Based on the differences between academic entrepreneurs and ordinary entrepreneurs, this paper then gives a detailed introduction to the research on academic entrepreneurs.         (3) Summarizing the commonly used theories in academic entrepreneurship research and their application fields, with emphasis on role identity theory, academic life-cycle model and imprinting theory. Role identity theory, which comes from social psychology literature, is mainly used in the field of academic entrepreneurship to explain the difficulties encountered by researchers in the process of transition to entrepreneurs, and what types of entrepreneurial activities researchers choose at different stages. Academic life-cycle model provides an explanation for the relationship between the age of scientists and their entrepreneurial decisions. Imprinting theory explains how founders transfer and adapt their career imprints from their previous jobs to their startups, and how these career imprints then shape the startup′s structure, culture and routines.         (4) The impact of academic entrepreneurship is discussed from socio-economic and fundamental scientific perspectives. On the one hand, academic entrepreneurship can promote economic development by accelerating technology transfer, promoting entrepreneurship and increasing employment opportunities. On the other hand, numerous scholars have raised concerns that the increasing: first, does academic enterprise occur at the expense of the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge, materializing itself as decreases in the volume or quality of publications, or as publication delays? Second, does the growing focus on industry and enterprise force, or entice, scientists to undertake more applied research, at the expense of more fundamental scientific research?           (5) Based on the existing research, this paper puts forward some future research directions: close attention to the changes in types of academic entrepreneurship, enrich the theoretical perspective of academic entrepreneurship research, expand the research topics of academic entrepreneurship. In addition, domestic academic entrepreneurship research needs to engage in the following contents: a) To construct the research system of academic entrepreneurship and form a dialogue with international academic entrepreneurship research as soon as possible; b) To explore the issue of academic entrepreneurship in the context of Chinese. For example, the entrepreneurial motivation of academic entrepreneurs under the background of Confucian culture, and the differences of academic entrepreneurship in different provinces. Related Articles | Metrics

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China′s science and technology security vision: Achievements, problems and the future Huang Guangping, Xu Xiaolin 2022, 43(1): 22-31.  Abstract ( 524 )      Since the concept of Science and Technology (S&T) security was put forward in 1998, some research has been conducted by scholars in terms of its understanding, strategies, and evaluation. As a result, research findings not only have an influence on the academia, but serve as a driving force for the S&T security practices conducted by China′s government. In 2014, the S&T security was listed into the Holistic View of National Security. And in 2015, it was written into the newly-amended National Security Law of People′s Republic of China.     Dynamicity is a vital feature of S&T security. Compared to the past, the environments, both domestic and international, that Chinese S&T security faces now have dramatically changed. Therefore, studies and practices related to S&T security should be adjusted accordingly. Internationally, intensified change in Sino-U.S. relationship has already exerted some influence on science and technology. Tech war between China and the U.S. has now become a topic for academia, renowned U.S. think-tank and media (including Reuters, Time, The Wall Street Journal etc.).  Science and technology will be a crucial factor in the game between China and the United States and the international relationships. In April, 2020, Minister of the Ministry of Science and Technology has pointed out in his signed article in People′s Daily that the enhancement of independent innovation and of S&T security has been the major mission of technology work in the new era to provide strong technological support for maintaining and shaping the nation′s security.     However, there are only more than 100 papers concerning S&T security. So this is pretty difficult to effectively support the practice of the nation′s major missions in the new era in terms of quantity rather than quality. In addition, S&T security seems to be the exclusive research field in China, and there is hardly any experience in other countries to refer to.  Therefore, the lack of understanding and the scarcity of reference make S&T security a "no-man area". To take the responsibility of this era of strengthening S&T security, the "compass" that guides us to pass the "no-man area" should be found in the first place. Besides, it is of necessity to summarize and tease out relevant research findings, to understand thoroughly the status quo and existing problems of studies and practices, and to predict the crucial problems in the future development. In this regard, no research that systematically summarizes relevant findings has ever been conducted except for the investigation by Sun Zhixin et al. that looks back on the history of China′s S&T security issues.    Based on the meticulous analysis of all papers concerning S&T security and the knowledge and information the author has, this paper summarizes the overall situation, findings, status quo and existing problems of Chinese S&T security research, and predicts crucial problems that need to be solved in the follow-up studies and practices. Therefore, the picture of China′s S&T security research has been presented to the decision-makers, researchers, and readers who care about China′s science and technology. The main findings in this paper are:      The overall situation of China′s S&T security research. China′s S&T security research dates back to 1998. Until May 9th, 2020, there are 142 relevant papers in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (known as CNKI), with 7 papers annually published in average. Therefore, a feature of low-popularity, slow-growth, and fluctuated-development is presented. The fluctuation of the amount published papers concerning S&T security is in connection with social demands and popular events, reflecting the demand-oriented feature of research itself. Besides, the emphasis on S&T security research is still neither enough nor stable. The research topics have formed 4 core groups including S&T security, national security, national S&T security, and S&T security strategies, covering the entire processes of general activities from recognition, to practices, and finally to the evaluation of practice results and adjustments.     Specific research findings are as follows: (1) In terms of cognition, S&T security, mainly featured by systematicity, dynamicity, and complexity, has 3 types of definitions: capability, status, and situation, covering matters including purposes, main part, foundations etc., and safeguarding contents concerning S&T security such as talents, system, biology, information and so on. Challenges that China is facing now in S&T security are mainly divided into two aspects: international challenges and domestic challenges. The international challenges mainly refer to the technological edges in other countries, the targeted S&T competition strategies formulated based on them and the corresponding measures, while the domestic ones refer to problems including awareness, systems and mechanism, laws and regulations, policies, funds, talents training etc. Specifically, the challenges are, in terms of fields, about information and biology, and, in terms of technologies, about key core technologies, game-changing technologies, and technologies mainly mastered by other countries other than China. (2) There are 2 aspects of the solution to safeguarding the national S&T security - the principle and the specific solution. The latter is in close relation with the cognitional results. (3) There is still no official definition of S&T security evaluation, and there is no system formed to connect the research objects, scale, and methods. Therefore, the dependability, practicability, and applicability of the achievements have not yet been verified. (4) The research method of S&T security centers on learning from the mature theories or qualitative methods in other fields.    The status quo and the existing problems in China′s S&T security research are as follows. (1) In China′s S&T security research, further improvements should be made in the abundance of achievements, the perfection of theories, practices, and the construction of academic ecology. (2) Without the guidance of top-level policies, professional management organizations and management mechanism, supporting law system and continuous investment in both human and funds, the system of China′s S&T security is still imperfect.     There are also some key issues that need to be addressed in China′s S&T security research and practices. (1) The significance of S&T security research and practices. (2) The establishment and practices of S&T security system. (3) The establishment of S&T security research. (4) The development of S&T security education and the popularization of relevant knowledge. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of national innovative cities and their regional innovation capability Cui Xinlei, Liu Huan 2022, 43(1): 32-40.  Abstract ( 243 )        Innovation is the main driving force that enables our country′s rapid growth economy to transform to high quality development and key core technology to develop into the forefront of innovative countries, but at present the development has fallen into the innovation predicament of "sufficiency in quantity but lack in quality". To this end, China has set up a number of pilot innovative cities and expected to promote the regional integral innovative development by taking the surface with the point.      The research around innovation-oriented cities has attracted much attention from scholars. This paper summarizes the innovation measurement methods and related research literature of innovation-oriented cities. Then the overview finds that the existing methods to measure innovation level focus on the measurement of comprehensive innovation performance and innovation quantity level, and the research on innovation quality is not comprehensive enough. Moreover, there is a lack of research on the policy effect of innovation-oriented cities based on the perspectives of innovation quantity and innovation quality.     Through research and analysis, this paper puts forward some theoretical hypotheses from three aspects: the establishment and innovation ability of innovative cities, the heterogeneity of innovation effect and the internal mechanism of influencing innovation, and constructs quasi natural experiments based on the panel data of cities at prefecture level and above in China, respectively with patent application number of innovation quantity, material innovation, sustainable innovation and collaborative innovation of industry-university-research as the dependent variable, taking whether to be an innovation-oriented cities as the independent variable. After using the multi-period differential model to conduct research, the results show that the establishment of innovation-oriented cities not only increases the quantity of innovation, but also promotes the improvement of innovation quality. By a series of robustness tests, the results are still robust.      The heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of the establishment of innovative cities on the quantity and quality of urban innovation is different between different locations and different levels of cities. The pilot policies have a significant positive impact in the east and south regions, and a low significant impact in the central and western regions, but no significant impact in the northern regions. In the first-tier and second-tier cities, the effect is significantly positive, while in the third-tier cities, the effect coefficient is positive but not significant, and the effect coefficient gradually decreases with the decrease of the city level. Further analysis shows that the establishment of innovative cities has a significant spatial spillover effect, which can not only improve the innovation capacity of local cities, but also promote the innovative development of surrounding areas.      In order to test the internal mechanism of innovation-oriented cities policy, this paper explores the mediating effect of attracting high-quality human resources and upgrading industrial structure as the mediating variables. The empirical results show that they play a certain role in transmission, but the effect only accounts for 40%.     In the future, we should continue to support the construction of innovation-oriented cities, develop innovation capacity according to local conditions, and promote diversified development of innovation paths. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The technological innovation of central cities and advancement and diversification of urban agglomeration industries Li Hongtao, Wang Lili 2022, 43(1): 41-48.  Abstract ( 159 )       Summarizing China′s development experience, the establishment of a systematic and complete industrial structure system under the government′s planning and the continuous innovation, supplementation and improvement of modernization under the influence of the market have made China the only country in the world with all industrial categories. Taking the technological innovation of central cities as the driving force to promote the development of the urban agglomeration industry toward the advanced and diversified model is an important practice path to realize the development of a modern industrial system and promote the optimization and upgrading of the economic system in the new era. However, due to the endogenous and external effects of technological innovation, whether the central city technological innovation agglomeration effect under government guidance and policy empowerment can effectively promote the advancement of the urban agglomeration′s industrial foundation and the development of industrial diversification, and form a reasonable industrial division system. There is still uncertainty. The research attempts to carry out a systematic analysis of this problem.     The research takes urban agglomerations as the research object, analyzes the relationship between technological innovation in central cities and the advanced and diversified industries of urban agglomerations, and uses historical-geographic materialism time-space restoration theory and evolutionary economic geography theory to compare the endogenous and external technological innovations. The role of endogenous and externality are incorporated into a unified framework, and the theoretical construction and analysis of the relationship between technological innovation in central cities and the advanced and diversified industries of urban agglomerations are carried out from the perspectives of time restoration and space restoration from the three dimensions of macro, medium and micro.     On this basis, the study examines the relationship between technological innovation in central cities on the advancement and diversification of urban agglomeration industries through a combination of two-way fixed effect nonlinear estimation, endogenous testing, threshold effect model, and moderating effect model. The use of historical dimensional instrumental variables (quantified data from Chinese historical officials, data on ancient Chinese city walls) to carry out endogeneity testing and identification of technological innovation in central cities has enhanced the accuracy and credibility of the research conclusions. The threshold system effect model is used to more accurately identify and estimate the U-shaped structural change points of the central city′s scientific and technological innovation, and the effect and influence mechanism of the moderating effect model on the central city′s scientific and technological innovation are estimated and analyzed, which enhances the scientificity and application of the research conclusions value.     The research found that: First, the technological innovation of central cities presents a U-shaped effect on the development of urban agglomeration′s industrial advancement and diversification, indicating that the technological innovation of central cities inhibits and then promotes the development of urban agglomeration′s industrial upgrading and advancement. The role relationship: when the number of patent applications for technological innovation and development in central cities exceeds 11,442, it will promote the development of advanced and diversified urban agglomeration industries. Second, the impact of technological innovation in central cities on the advancement and diversification of urban agglomeration industries is restricted by the level of scientific expenditure. The increase in the level of scientific expenditure can further expand the marginal effect of technological innovation in central cities on the advancement and diversification of urban agglomeration industries. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the relationship between manufacturing servicization and productivity of enterprises under the supply side structural reform Gao Zhaojun, Zhang Hongru 2022, 43(1): 49-60.  Abstract ( 185 )       The manufacturing servicization becomes a trend of world manufacturing industries. Many manufacturing firms access their competitive advantages trough technology standards or strategic alliances. However, the development of modern services weakens the above advantageous. Some service industries like e-commerce create more spaces and provide competitiveness to firms. Therefore, more and more manufacturers select servicization as their way of competing in the markets. These phenomena create new research questions, particularly for emerging market firms. For example, during the process of supply side structural reform, will the manufacturing servicization improve the productivity of firms? Aiming at solving these issues, this paper investigates the co-influencing effects of the energy consumption per capita, industrial chain upgrading and innovation capability on productivities of firms in the context of supply-side structural reform. It mainly emphasizes the following questions. First, during the process of supply-side structural reform, does the manufacturing servicization improve the productivity of manufacture firms? Second, how some key factors, such as the energy consumption per capita of enterprises and industrial restructuring influence the firm productivity? Third, in the context of supply-side structural reform and adjustment of industrial structure, what is the role taken by firm innovation capabilities?      This paper incorporates the industrial organization theories (IO) and firm innovation and employs a firsthand dataset of firms in emerging markets of China. It focuses on the process of manufacturing servicization and it influences to firm productivities by emphasizing several key issues: context, trajectories and consequences. The main failure of previous studies is not to successfully provide logic of understanding the above issues. To fill this gap, we propose a theoretical framework incorporating the determinants, processes and outcomes of servicization together with consideration of the influences from the supply-side structural reform. First, we argue that the supply-side reform and industrial restructuring are two interplayed processes. They exert their mutual influences to firm productivities. Second, we try to find and analyze the trajectories of improving firms′ productivities in the process of their servicization. This paper is to figure out and the most efficient way to enhance productivities of firms as to their servicization. It captures the consequences of trajectories and analyzes the influencing mechanism of key factors such as the energy consumptions per capita, industrial chain upgrading and innovation capabilities in those trajectories. Employing a dataset from manufacturing firms in the emerging markets of China, we adopt the ordinary linear regression to test our hypotheses.      It finds that the degree of manufacturing servicization is positively related to the firm productivity (H1). It indicates the process of servicization actually improves firms′ productivities, which provides evidences that manufacturers could select the strategy of servicization to strengthen their competitive positions in emerging markets. The underlying mechanisms, we believe, might be that the servicization could make manufacturers access benefits of knowledge similarity. Besides technological advantageous, many manufacturing firms also have accessed other knowledge such as experiences of market expansion. Those firms could utilize the technology and non-technology knowledge together for servicization. At the same time, the servicization also creates more opportunities for manufacturing firms to collaborate and learn from the service industry firms, which in turn accumulates and creates strong competitiveness. However, such positive relationship is negatively moderated by the energy consumption per capita of a firm (H2). It indicates the determinant role taken by the energy consumption of firms for improving their productivities. Under the circumstances of supply-side structural reform, firms′ energy consumption becomes more important, and determines the final consequences of industrial upgrading. This predication is strongly supported by our empirical results. For those manufacturing firms who are adjusting their industrial structures, the positive relationship between the degree of servicization and firm productivity is strengthened (H3a). Moreover, the higher degrees of industrial structure adjustment, the higher strengthen effects (H3b). And the innovation capability also affects the above associations. We find that it positively moderates the positive relationship between the servicization and firm productivities (H4). That is to say, the positive association of the servicization and firm productivities is strengthened by firm innovation capabilities, which is consistent with the general argument that the innovation of firm is one of the drivers of manufacturing servicization. Our findings cast a light on studies of manufacturing servicization of emerging market firms.      Conclusions demonstrate theoretical significances and practical implications for the transformation and upgrading of Chinese firms in the context of supply-side structural reform. Theoretically, we expand the boundaries of industrial organization and firm innovation by incorporating them into interpreting processes of servicization and industrial upgrading. We conclude that the manufacturing servicization improve firm productivities. However, such positive association is weakened by the energy consumption per capita of a firm. This argument has some indications to the energy consumption of firms in supply-side reform. It emphasizes the importance of the balance between energy consumption and firm outcomes. Practically, we propose some suggestions for enterprises in the actual businesses. Our paper shows the industrial restructuring and firm innovation capability strengthened the positive relationship between the manufacturing servicization and firm productivities. It implies the important decision of accepting the restructuring of industries to which manufacturers belong. Meanwhile, during that restructuring process, the innovation capabilities of firms play a determinant role in maintaining and improving firms′ productivities. The above arguments contribute a lot to the industrial upgrading and firm innovation in emerging markets.    Even though, our study has some limitations. First, our dataset is constructed based on the representative manufacturing firms in the emerging markets of China. Therefore, our conclusions are constraint into the servicization of emerging markets of China. We hope more general datasets and representative manufacturers could be included in the further discussion. Second, we mainly investigate the trajectories of servicization on the basis of some factors such as the energy consumption per capita, industrial chain upgrading and innovation capabilities. It might neglect some other factors influencing firm productivities such as geographical or institutional elements from other perspectives. Of course, answering such issues might go beyond scopes of this paper. However, it creates the spaces for future research.  Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the government-subsidy effect on the impact of financial misallocation on technological innovation:  A study from the perspective of enterprises′ ownership difference Liu Binbin, Zuo Yonghua 2022, 43(1): 61-69.  Abstract ( 133 )       It is important for financial institutions to bring such functions as financial intermediation, risk diversification and revenue assessment into play to improve a nation′s technological innovation capacity, and whether or not to be able to finance enough external equity funds and debts will have an important impact on enterprises′ technological innovation activity and their according technological innovation strategies. However, there exists serious binary ownership financial misallocation under the background of binary ownership economic structure and government′s dominance on financial resource allocation. As misallocation of limited and scarce financial resource appears, not only does it make those enterprises with stronger innovation aspiration and higher innovation efficiency fall into financing dilemma, it always results in the distortion of capital price and the loss of financial system′s risk diversification and revenue assessment functions, which will hider enterprises from conducting technological innovation and thus improving their technological innovation capability.      As an important measure to encourage enterprises to innovate, subsidies are often used by many governments. Although previous studies have paid much attention to discuss the influence mechanism, conducive pathway and the policy effect of government subsidies on enterprises′ R&D and innovation outputs under the hypothesis of financial resource being allocated reasonably, and further attention has been paid to discuss the influence of government subsidies on encouraging  enterprises with different ownership to innovate, there exist few studies discussing government subsidies′ policy effect under the background of financial resource being misallocated. Accordingly, this paper is aimed to discuss the policy effect and conducive mechanism of government subsidies on technological innovation of enterprises confronted with financial misallocation constraints from the perspective of different enterprise′s ownership.      After analyzing the impact of financial misallocation on enterprises′ technological innovation with different ownership and the according government subsidy effect theoretically, this paper constructed enterprise′s financial misallocation degree measuring model firstly. And then a specific measurement was conducted using the data of listed companies in China′s A stock market from 2012 to 2019 as a sample, which was used to continue the following empirical test. As is found out: (1) Although financial misallocation can improve state-owned companies′ technological innovation outputs, it decreases private companies′ technological innovation outputs and hinders the improvement of both state-owned and private companies′ original invention capability seriously. (2) Not only can government subsidy help to alleviate the negative effect of financial misallocation on private companies′ technological innovation outputs and their original invention capability, but stimulate them to increase their R&D under financial misallocation circumstance. (3) Government subsidies can not do any help to improve state-owned companies′ R&D and their technological innovation outputs yet.        Compared with the existing literature, the possible margin contributions of this paper lie in: (1) A model to measure enterprises′ financial misallocation degree was constructed based on financing need theory creatively. Not only does it enrich existing financial misallocation measuring method, it also provide references for further research concerning enterprises′ financial misallocation problems. (2) The policy effects of government subsidies on encouraging enterprises to innovate were discussed from both financial misallocation constraint and enterprises′ ownership difference perspectives, which will complement the previous literature concerning the relationship between government subsidies and enterprises′ technological innovation. (3) The results acquired in this paper can help regional governments to optimize their financial resource allocation and perfect their government-subsidy mechanism in order to improve local enterprises′ original invention capability.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the key influencing factors of technological innovation efficiency in high-tech industries: An empirical study based on the DEA-Malmquist and Bayesian Model Averaging approach Fan Decheng, Gu Xiaomei 2022, 43(1): 70-78.  Abstract ( 235 )        Technological innovation in high-tech industries is an important driver for adapting and leading the new normal of economic development. In view of the low efficiency of technological innovation in Chinese high-tech industries, the government will inevitably solve the problem by increasing the number and intensity of innovation strategies and policies. Therefore, identifying the key factors affecting the efficiency of technological innovation in high-tech industries is of great significance. It is crucial to the effective formulation of strategies, the full release of policy dividend, and the sound and rapid development of industry.      However, although the existing literature has conducted in-depth research on the influencing factors of technological innovation efficiency in high-tech industries, there is still room for improvement. On one hand, scholars usually select one or a few influencing factors subjectively based on existing literature. It is easy to cause mission and omission of factors. On the other hand, most studies apply the traditional single equation regression model to examine the influence of selected factors. Because of inherent uncertainty problems existing in model, the empirical results will vary considerably depending on different influencing factors chosen and different model settings, resulting in reduction in the guiding value of research conclusions.  Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) is a method that is suitable for large information sets, and thus can be used to screen explanatory variables and solve the uncertainty problem effectively. Based on above all, this paper adopts the method, trying to make up for the lack of the existing literature.       First, this paper uses the DEA-Malmquist method to measure the technological innovation efficiency of 29 provincial high-tech industries in China from 2011 to 2016. The results show that EFFCH has risen in the fluctuation and TECH has decreased slightly in the fluctuation. When EFFCH rises from the previous year, TECH decreases from the previous year, and vice versa. In other words, there is no good balance between the improvement of technological efficiency and the promotion of technological progress. As a result of the unbalanced innovation status, the overall technological innovation efficiency of Chinese high-tech industries has increased slightly in the six years, not achieving significant improvement. From the results of the provincial efficiency estimation, it can be seen that the level of technological progress of most provinces has declined slightly, but due to the improvement of technological efficiency, the efficiency of technological innovation has improved. Therefore, the slight decline in the level of technological progress is the main reason hindering the efficiency of technological innovation.     Then, based on a comprehensive review of relevant empirical literature in recent years, this paper selected 22 potential factors that may affect the efficiency of technological innovation from the perspective of direct and indirect participants in technological innovation, regional internal innovation environment and external international environment. To find out the precise influence of potential factors, taking the Malmquist index, EFFCH and TECH as explanatory variables respectively while establishing regression equation.      After estimation using the Bayesian Model Averaging method, it can be concluded that: (1) The key influencing factors in the direct participants in technological innovation include innovation atmosphere, the tendency of independent innovation and ownership structure. The innovation atmosphere is the key negative influencing factor of Malmquist index, also has negative impact on EFFCH and TECH as well. The tendency of independent is the key negative influencing factor of EFFCH, also has negative impact on Malmquist index and positive impact on TECH. The ownership structure is the key factor affecting the three indices. It has negative impact on EFFCH and positive impact on Malmquist index and TECH. (2) The key influencing factors in the indirect participants in technological innovation include the level of cooperation between enterprises and universities and scientific research institutes, government support and R&D tax. The level of cooperation between enterprises and universities and scientific research institutes is the key positive influencing factor of EFFCH, also has negative impact on Malmquist index and positive impact on TECH. Government support is the key positive influencing factor of Malmquist index and EFFCH, also has the negative impact on TECH. R&D tax is the key positive influencing factor of Malmquist index and TECH, also has the positive impact on EFFCH. (3) The key influencing factors in regional internal innovation environment include the level of economic development and industrial structure. The level of economic development is the key positive influencing factor of Malmquist index, also has negative impact on EFFCH and positive impact on TECH. Industrial structure is the key positive influencing factor of Malmquist index and EFFCH, also has positive impact on TECH. (4) The key influencing factor in external international environment is the degree of openness. It is the key positive influencing factor of Malmquist index and TECH, also has positive impact on EFFCH. (5) Ranking the key influencing factors of the three indices according to posterior probability. The results show that: the key influencing factors of Malmquist index are innovation atmosphere, the degree of openness, industrial structure, the level of economic development, R&D tax, ownership structure and government support; the key influencing factors of EFFCH are ownership structure, government support, the tendency of independent innovation, the level of cooperation between enterprises and universities and scientific research institutes and industrial structure; the key influencing factors of TECH are ownership structure, the degree of openness and R&D tax. When formulating relevant strategies and policies to promote technological innovation in high-tech industries, the government should not simply treat all the key factors equally, nor pay full attention to the important factors while ignoring the minor ones. It is well advised to focus separately on the key influencing factors according to their ranking. Since the level of technological progress is the main reason hindering the efficiency of technological innovation, the key influencing factors of TECH should be given priority control. In particular, since each key factor has different influence directions and degrees on the three indexes, the different influence should be considered comprehensively when formulating targeted policies. Otherwise, it is easy to get half the results with double the effort. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Has de-capacity promoted corporate innovation? Ma Yongqiang, Zhang Zhiyuan, Gong Yalin 2022, 43(1): 79-88.  Abstract ( 187 )       As the main strategy of leading economic development currently, the supply-side structural reform is implemented, throughout innovation, to achieve economic transformation. De-capacity is one of the main tasks of the supply-side structural reform. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the impact of de-capacity on innovation for achieving high-quality economic development. However, existing literatures about de-capacity only explore the measures of cutting overcapacity and investigate the causes of cutting overcapacity difficultly, which are lack of the discuss about economic consequences of de-capacity on micro firm level.      At present, China′s traditional investment-driven force of economic growth has been gradually weakening, while new economic growth drivers have not yet been effectively formed. The contradiction of overcapacity in many industries is prominent. What is more, the innovation level of enterprises is not high enough. The supply-side structural reform is implemented to achieve the transforming of economic development pattern and the converting of economic growth drivers, which means that this Reform needs to be deepened not only by cutting overcapacity simply, but also attaining de-capacity and shifting innovation-driven development synchronously. Capacity occupies production resources in micro enterprises, leading to crowd out innovative activities. Therefore, de-capacity releases these occupied resources, which alleviates the crowding-out effect of capacity on innovation, so that R&D investment can be increased due to the reflow of resources to innovation activities. Under the policy environment of encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship, enterprises are more motivated to use these resources released by de-capacity for innovation activities.     This paper takes annual data of China′s A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2019 as samples, and investigates the impact of de-capacity on innovation. The result documents a significantly positive relationship between de-capacity degree and R&D investment growth rate, which means de-capacity has a promotion effect on innovation. Besides, this promotion effect becomes stronger in enterprises with higher financing constraints, less government subsidies and less cash flow. Using the national policy of de-capacity as an exogenous shock to alleviate endogenous problems, the conclusions are basically unchanged. Further analysis shows that the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy and the supply-side structural reform had enhanced the promotion effect of de-capacity on R&D investment. Finally, the impact of de-capacity on R&D investment become more obvious in provinces with lower economic growth speed and higher unemployment rate. In addition, in order to ensure stable economic growth and lower unemployment rate, governments have incentives to encourage state-owned enterprises to increase R&D investment after cutting capacity.      The contribution of this paper may lie in the following aspects. Firstly, this paper expands literatures about the microeconomic consequences of de-capacity, and provides theoretical support for the advance of the supply-side structural reform and economic transformation. Secondly, this paper argues that capacity occupies productive factors so that de-capacity provides resource basis for innovative activities, which is consistent with the resource dependence theory and extends the application boundary of the resource base view. Finally, this paper investigates the differentiation effect of de-capacity on innovation based on economic growth and employment, which deepens research about the functional roles of governments in the realization of economic transformation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Who has greater impact on the performance of TBIs?——A comparative analysis of cities, incubators and incubating enterprises Yuan Xiangfei, Guo Hongcheng, Liu Yanping 2022, 43(1): 89-97.  Abstract ( 171 )       After 30 years of development, especially since Chinese government proposed the "Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation" initiative in 2014, the number of China′s Technology Business Incubators (TBIs) has gained a dramatic growth. In 2017, the total number reached 4,069, making China the largest country in the world with the number of TBIs. Also, China′s TBIs have helped 40,000 technology companies to obtain 194 billion yuan of venture capital. The number of listed incubatees after graduation reached 2,777 which accounts for 1/7 of the listed companies on the GEM, and 1/10 of the listed companies in the New Third Board in 2007. However, the incubator research theory on China′s and global TBIs is still in its youth stage, and academic research lags far behind the practice due to the shortage of data.      The performance of TBIs depends on three main factors: the city, the incubator and the incubator. Existing research has the most adequate understanding of the role of incubators in incubation performance, and the importance of physical assets, service capabilities, knowledge reserves, financial support, and social networks has been confirmed. In recent years, studies have begun to focus on the impact of cities on incubation performance, especially the impact of factors such as urbanization, urban wealth, human capital, and technological development on technology business incubators. However, as far as we know, the literature on the effect of incubatees′ quality on hatching performance is quite limited. The comparative analysis of the three factors is even rarer.      Therefore, this paper hopes to use the latest large-scale statistical data of China′s technology incubator to enrich the incubator research theory and bridge the gap between theory and practice by answering three questions: First, whether cities, incubators and incubators have a positive impact on incubation performance? Second, the impact of the three main factors on the incubation performance is weak and weak? Third, which specific variables have the greatest impact on incubation performance? Through the research in this paper, in addition to supplementing existing theoretical research, it can also provide some reference for the work of policy makers, incubator managers and start-up entrepreneurs.      Based on the resource-based theory, this article compares the effects of resources of cities, TBIs and incubatees on incubation performance with the application of the data of 857 TBIs from 33 biggest cities in China from 2015 to 2017. We use Fisher discriminant analysis approach to conduct our research. First, we adopt research variables, both dependent and independent ones, on the basis of the literature research. Second, we test the effective predictive ability of the independent variables and construct the general discriminant equation. Third, we compare the discriminant equation models of the three types of high, medium and low results. Eventually we can obtain the final intensity comparison of the impact of the resources of the city, TBI and incubatees on incubation performance.      The study found that the resources of cities, TBIs and incubated enterprises all have positive impacts on the performance of incubation. Among them, the impact of incubated enterprises′ resources is the strongest, the TBIs′ is second, and the impact of cities′ resources on incubation performance is the weakest. The impact of incubated enterprises′ resources on incubation performance is the strongest, consistent with the conclusions of the relevant research literature on incubatee selection, which confirms the practical significance and value of the incubator setting in the selection indexes. Meanwhile, this also gives us another inspiration, that is, simply looking at the performance of the TBIs may not accurately reflect the level of their operations. We should consider to introduce some new evaluation methods which can eliminate the impact of incubatees as much as possible.       Second, TBIs′ resources also have an important influence on incubation performance, and the impact is only slightly lower than the incubatees′. This is consistent with the conclusions of previous large-scale incubator studies which proves the value of TBIs and provides a theoretical basis for incubator managers to improve the TBIs′ qualities of physical and consulting services. In addition, the combination of the above two conclusions confirms that the incubator and the incubatee can only achieve better results if they complement and work with each other.      Interestingly, the impact of urban innovation resources on incubation performance is the weakest which indicates the impact of urban macro factors on incubators and incubatees is not so strong as people intuitively imagined. Taking into account the data set used in this paper, maybe it also shows that the gap of the innovation environment among China′s largest cities has been converging. Furthermore, from the perspective of specific variables, human resources are the most important. Human resources variables are the most powerful indicators of prediction to incubation performances. Incubator service personnel including the number and quality of entrepreneurial instructors, and the reserves of technicians in the incubatees are very effective indicators of incubation performance.      This paper has some policy implications. First TBIs must establish screening and selecting indicators on incubatees. Establishing indicators for incubating enterprises is conducive to optimizing the allocation of resources, avoiding the phenomenon of "bad money drives out good", and promoting the positive interaction and development between enterprises within the incubator. Second, TBIs managers must upgrade the incubators′ resources and capabilities. While paying attention to physical assets and hardware configuration, they should pay more attention to the configuration and upgrade of "software" and strengthen the service capabilities of management and service personnel training, entrepreneurial tutors, and external networks. The third is to accumulate the human capital of TBIs and incubatees. It is necessary to establish effective talent introduction, incentive, training and service mechanisms to continuously improve human capital. TBIs should strengthen the training of employees and continuously improve the professional ability and professional level of the employees.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of incubator knowledge services on innovation incubation performance Liang Qi, Su Taoyong 2022, 43(1): 98-104.  Abstract ( 117 )       By forming and operating knowledge networks, incubators can help incubating enterprises fill their knowledge gaps and achieve innovation incubation performance. However, the practical scenarios are quite different. Some incubators have successfully shaped the brand of knowledge service and become the industry benchmark, but some of them are trapped in the dilemma of homogenization and fail to provide satisfactory function of innovation incubation.  In this study, we believe that the differentiated innovation incubation performance is not only related to the type of incubator knowledge service, but also depends on the behavioral choice and trait attributes of the incubator. Based on the perspective of active feedback to knowledge services, this study distinguishes knowledge services into two types: normative and endorsement. Among them: in the normative knowledge service, the incubator plays the role of controller, monitors the participants′ knowledge cooperation process, and ensures that the knowledge flow conforms to the preset rules and procedures. In the endorsement-type knowledge service, the incubator plays the facilitator role, emphasizing the autonomous interaction between the incubating enterprises and the key knowledge holders. Moreover, with the acquisition learning as the mediator variable and the entrepreneurial alert as the moderator, this study constructs a model of incubator knowledge service impact innovation incubation performance, trying to clarify the differential impact of different knowledge service types on innovation incubation performance from the perspective of knowledge service affecting the process mechanism of Innovation incubation performance.     This study collected empirical data by conducting a questionnaire survey of 376 incubators in 54 incubators in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province. The sample selected technology-based business incubators and technology-based incubators with more prominent knowledge service activities. After testing the reliability and validity of the sample data, this study used cross-level regression and Bootstrap methods to make hypothesis tests on the direct, mediating, regulatory, and regulated mediating effects of the study by SPSS and MPLUS software. The results showed that: There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between normative knowledge services and the innovation incubation performance while the endorsement knowledge service has a positive impact on the innovation incubation performance; The acquisition learning of the incubating enterprises play an intermediary role, which not only enhances the inverted U-shaped relationship between normative knowledge service and innovation incubation performance, but also convey the positive impact of endorsement knowledge services on innovation incubation performance; Entrepreneurial alert not only positively regulates the relationship between acquisitive learning and innovation incubation performance, but also regulates the mediating effect of acquisitive learning.      This study has important enlightenment for the incubator to improve the quality of knowledge service: First, incubators should not give too much intervention to incubating enterprises in the process of knowledge service. The intervention is easy to be considered as noise, or the relationship breaker. In contrast, incubators should highlight the identity of third-party mediators and focus on enhancing interaction between participants in the incubation network. However, what is important is not the choice of normative knowledge service and endorsement knowledge service, but how the incubator can successfully complete the identity switch between the leader and the intermediator in the innovation incubation according to the needs of the incubator innovation.      Secondly, the incubator should implant professional help for the knowledge absorption and secondary information process of incubating enterprises in form of knowledge services. Taking the acquired learning of incubated enterprises as an opportunity, incubators can help incubating enterprises correctly use the decentralized innovative learning resources in the network to complete their own leveraged growth.      Finally, the role of entrepreneurial alertness should be paid more attention. The new-born weakness of the incubating enterprises makes it difficult to identify effective entrepreneurial opportunities by their own vigilance. Therefore, the incubator should strive to promote the interaction of knowledge and information among members by the special improvement of sharing atmosphere, communication channels and maintenance of relationships. Related Articles | Metrics

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The research on the nonlinear relationship among slack resources, resource bricolage and entrepreneurial opportunity identification Sun Yongbo, Ding Yixin, Du Shuang 2022, 43(1): 105-113.  Abstract ( 224 )      The focus of entrepreneurial research is to answer "how, by whom, and with what effects opportunities to create future goods and services are discovered, evaluated, and exploited". Identifying the business opportunity is one of the most important abilities of a successful entrepreneur. The resource-based view shows that corporate resources drive value creation by developing competitive advantage. However, the possession of resources does not guarantee the development of competitive advantage or value creation. In order to achieve value creation, enterprises must integrate and use resources.     Slack resources are a possible source of enterprise innovation, including the company′s available resources beyond business demands, funding guidelines or target requirements, which both relieve resource demands of enterprises and provide new opportunities for enterprise construction. On the one hand, slack resources cushion corporate innovation or change, and these resources help companies mitigate internal conflicts and adapt to internal pressures. On the other hand, this "buffer" that can enhance the competitiveness of enterprises and become a source of funding for innovation activities may also be seen as a "stumble" for corporate innovation activities. It can be seen that slack resource is a double-edged sword. Entrepreneurs reorganize and creatively use existing resources, and share and mobilize practical knowledge in a way that challenges general theoretical methods. These theoretical methods indicate how entrepreneurs use resources to discover new business opportunities.     Based on this, this paper analyzes the impact of slack resources on entrepreneurial opportunity identification and the non-linear relationship between slack resources and resources bricolage from the perspective of resource orchestration, and uses empirical data from China in an empirical analysis. This paper is an important extension of the resource orchestration theory and the resource bricolage theory. It helps to break the research gap in the resource bricolage that pay too much attention to the resource constrain, and enhances the universality of resource bricolage (it is also suitable for startups with some resources). At the same time, this paper also helps to interpret the types of enterprise identification resources from the perspective of resource orchestration. Enterprises can integrate and employ resources, and identify business opportunities.      This survey lasted 4 months from March to July in 2018. We collected data in two ways from research companies and projects and 201 valid questionnaires are returned. In order to ensure the effectiveness of the measurement tools, this paper tries to adopt existing mature scales and make appropriate adjustments according to the research purpose and situation to improve the validity of concept and content in the research. The empirical results show that both absorbed and unabsorbed slack resources can help enterprises identify entrepreneurial opportunities. As for unabsorbed slack resource, it has a positive impact on resources bricolage. But when more than one certain node is involved, unabsorbed slack resource has a negative impact on resource bricolage. Resource bricolage has a positive role on entrepreneurial opportunity identification.     This paper has obtained three important theoretical results. First, the absorbed slack resource is related to the opportunity identification, because idle resources that can be developed are an advantage for companies. Unabsorbed slack resources is easier to redeploy elsewhere, and the flexibility could bring greater management discretion, which is valuable to the opportunity identification process of organizations. Second, the accumulation of absorbed slack resource tends to increase the operating costs of enterprises and crowd out production resources, because the potential to activate fixed assets requires constant trial and error, which undoubtedly increases the cost of failure. Therefore, as the cumulative absorbed slack resource has increased, it will bring a series of negative effects to the enterprise′s resource bricolage. Although unabsorbed slack resources can make companies more flexible and increase the ability of resource bricolage, over unabsorbed slack resources allows business managers to meet the status and over-optimism, thus these managers could give up the pursuit of new opportunities through resource bricolage. Third, new companies need to try new solutions to restruct and reconfigure resources and address new threats and opportunities. By combining and reusing resources to solve new problems and opportunities, entrepreneurs use their experience to develop new products or services and capture new opportunities in management. The resource bricolage focuses on the social construction nature of the new enterprise resource environment, and explains why some entrepreneurs can achieve "out of nothing" to achieve opportunities.      This paper has also some management implications. First, companies need to be dexterous to enhance the ingeniousness configuration of slack resources. Enterprises should stimulate the potential of slack resources while fully accepting slack resources, so as to obtain solutions to find problems. By ensuring that enterprises have a considerable pool of resources, thereby weakening the resource constraints encountered in the development process and mobilizing the resource capacity to identify entrepreneurial opportunities. Second, enterprises need to rely on their powerful resource bricolage capability to make use of the resource allocation effect of flexible acquisition, configuration and utilization. By understanding resource elements and building resource allocation capabilities with unique characteristics, enterprises can seize some key elements that enable breakthrough and promote enterprises′ productions, model, service innovation, and incite resource advantages hidden in the organization, and generate endogenous thrust to identify opportunities.     Needless to say, this paper has inevitably some limitations. First, the sample of the study is insufficient. We finally collected 209 valid questionnaires for hypothesis verification. In particular, in the study of the curve relationship between absorbed slack resource and resource bricolage, the inverted U-type relationship is not found. However, according to Figure 2, it can be seen that the increase of absorbed slack resource, the effect of resource bricolage is weakened. In the future, the sample size can be increased for research. Second, the choice of dimensions of resource bricolage is also insufficient. This paper selects the one-dimensional method proposed by Senyard et al. for model verification. Multi-dimensional resource bricolage measurement methods can improve type selection of resource bricolage methods, and obtain the advantages and disadvantages of the selection results through comparisons. Future research can use multi-dimensional measurement methods. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The research on the reciprocity of inter-firm perceived commitment and effect mechanism in the cooperative innovation Gao Mengli 2022, 43(1): 114-123.  Abstract ( 140 )       Enterprises begin to actively seek customers′ opinions and suggestions, invite customers to participate in the research and development of new products, put forward the mode of co-creation between enterprises and customers, no longer regard customers as receivers of innovative value, but as co-creators of innovative value. Knowledge-intensive business service enterprises (KIBS enterprises for short) have highly interactive activities such as continuous communication and communication with organizational customers in the process of service innovation. At the same time, their products have specificity and uniqueness. Therefore, value creation between KIBS enterprises and organizational customers is particularly evident in KIBS service innovation. KIBS enterprises′ service innovation activities have broken through the traditional unilateral innovation paradigm of "enterprise-centered" and entered the value co-creation paradigm of "enterprise-customer interaction".      In the study of cooperative innovation of KIBS enterprises, customers, specific investment especially of KIBS enterprises for its customers in the aspects of resources, processes, relationships with the first input, the specific investment not only has the nature of the mortgage, but also is regarded as cooperation in the process of KIBS enterprises commitment to the partnership of an act of expression. The occurrence of specific investment in KIBS enterprises in cooperative innovation may enhance the degree of organizational customers′ perception of KIBS enterprises′ commitment. Meanwhile, according to the reciprocity theory, organizational customers′ commitment perception may further promote the degree of KIBS enterprises′ commitment perception. In addition, KIBS may be influenced by some other factors in the process of reciprocity influence of customer commitment perception between enterprises and organizations. Therefore, the focus of research in this paper is mainly as follows: Is there mutual influence between KIBS enterprise commitment perception and organizational customer commitment perception in cooperative innovation? If there is reciprocity influence, what is the specific influence mechanism? Are there any factors affecting the process?     Based on the survey data of 245 KIBS enterprises′ cooperative innovation projects, this paper uses empirical analysis method and embeds it from the perspective of commitment perception, explores the interaction between KIBS enterprises′ commitment perception and organizational customer commitment perception, and deeply analyses the intermediary role of KIBS enterprises′ specific investment and the regulation of KIBS enterprises′ interpersonal trust. The following conclusions are drawn from the research: (1) In cooperative innovation, there is a significant interaction between the perceived commitment of enterprises. In the process of cooperative innovation, KIBS enterprise′s commitment perception can positively affect organizational customer′s commitment perception. At the same time, organizational customer′s commitment perception can also positively affect KIBS enterprise′s commitment perception. From the empirical results, the interaction between them is almost the same; (2) Specific investment plays a full mediating role in the positive impact of KIBS corporate commitment perception on organizational customer commitment perception, and partially mediates the positive impact of KIBS corporate commitment perception and interpersonal trust interaction on organizational customer commitment perception; (3) KIBS corporate interpersonal trust plays a positive moderating role in the process of KIBS corporate commitment perception′s impact on its specific investment, that is, KIBS corporate interpersonal trust will strengthen KIBS corporate commitment perception′s positive impact on KIBS corporate specific investment; and (4) KIBS corporate interpersonal trust plays a negative regulatory role in the process of organizational customer commitment perception affecting KIBS corporate commitment perception, that is, KIBS corporate interpersonal trust weakens the positive impact of organizational customer commitment perception on KIBS corporate commitment perception.      Based on the theory of reciprocity, this paper takes KIBS enterprises and organizational customers as the carrier to carry out cooperative innovation projects, and takes the relationship between cooperative enterprises as the research object, expands and enriches the existing cooperative innovation theory, and provides new theoretical basis and practical guidance for KIBS enterprises to carry out service innovation activities. The following specific theoretical contributions are also made in the research: (1) This paper reveals the reciprocity influence between KIBS corporate commitment perception and organizational customer commitment perception in cooperative innovation. It not only confirms the influence of commitment perception on each other in cooperative innovation, but also confirms the reciprocity influence of commitment perception between KIBS enterprises and organizational customers, expanding the theoretical extension of service innovation research; (2) This paper reveals the black box of inter-firm commitment perception reciprocity influence in the process of cooperative innovation, clarifies the specific mechanism of inter-firm commitment perception reciprocity influence, and helps to better understand the path of inter-firm commitment perception impact; (3) This paper reveals the impact of KIBS corporate commitment perception on its specific investment under different levels of interpersonal trust, and to some extent expands the theoretical scope of service innovation research. It also reveals the influence of organizational customer commitment perception on KIBS corporate commitment perception at different levels of interpersonal trust. It is surprising to find that KIBS corporate interpersonal trust weakens the influence of organizational customer commitment perception on KIBS corporate commitment perception. To a certain extent, this expands the research scope of inter-organizational relationship theory and reveals the regulatory mechanism of interpersonal trust in the interaction of perceived inter-organizational commitment in cooperative innovation.     This paper is of great practical significance for the construction, maintenance and development of a good relationship between KIBS enterprises and organizational customers in cooperative innovation. In cooperative innovation, the perception of commitment between KIBS enterprises and organizational customers has reciprocity influence, that is, the commitment of KIBS enterprises will positively affect the perception of commitment of organizational customers, and the commitment of organizational customers will positively affect the perception of commitment of KIBS enterprises. Therefore, in the process of cooperative innovation, the interpretation of each other′s commitment by KIBS enterprises and organizational customers is of great practical significance for the development of the relationship between the two organizations. Due to the increasingly fierce market competition environment, KIBS enterprises must firmly stick to customers through their dedicated investment to enhance the good cooperative relationship between cooperative innovation and organizational customers. KIBS enterprise′s perception of organizational customer commitment will affect KIBS enterprise′s specific investment, which in turn will further trigger organizational customer′s perception of KIBS enterprise commitment. Therefore, the cooperative sincerity of KIBS enterprises in cooperative innovation can be correctly interpreted by their specific investment level. To develop good inter-organizational relations in cooperative innovation, it is necessary to pay attention to the cultivation of interpersonal trust among boundary personnel. KIBS enterprises′ interpersonal trust in organizational customers will strengthen the positive impact of KIBS enterprises′ commitment perception on their specific investment. Therefore, in the process of cooperative innovation, it is necessary to strengthen the communication and communication between KIBS enterprises and organizational customer boundary personnel, so as to enhance the interpersonal trust between the two sides, so as to enhance organizational trust between enterprises, enhance KIBS enterprises′ specific investment in organizational customers, and then enhance the organizational customer′s commitment perception level. Related Articles | Metrics

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Ambidextrous innovation leap and enterprise failure: The moderating role of social relationship network Zhao Wen, Zhao Huihui, Ji Yingdong 2022, 43(1): 124-133.  Abstract ( 156 )       Sequential focus on exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation is the basic path of enterprise innovation. Sequential innovation means the leap between exploratory and exploitative innovation. What is the impact of this leap on enterprises? In recent years, it has been gradually concerned by scholars. Previous studies have shown that innovation leap is conducive to the improvement of enterprise performance, but whether it is the leap from exploitative to exploratory innovation (positive leap) or the leap from exploration to exploitative innovation (negative leap), it has a significant positive impact on enterprise failure. This research conclusion makes enterprises in a dilemma: sequential focus on ambidextrous innovation is the basic path of enterprise innovation, but the leap between exploitative and exploration may make enterprises fall into the abyss of failure. However, what is the universality of this conclusion? Is the conclusion still valid in China? If it is true, how to resolve the dilemma? All these are theoretical problems worthy of further study. Moreover, the discussion of this issue has much realistic meaning for the current Chinese enterprises.      Based on the data of A-share listed companies from 2006 to 2018, this paper uses panel logistic regression model to study the impact of the leap between exploratory and exploitative innovation on enterprise failure, and the moderating effect of social relationship network. The results show that: (1) Different from the existing research results, the leap from exploitative to exploratory innovation has a negative impact on enterprise failure. The possible reasons are: on the one hand, enterprises will actively overcome the impact of structural inertia on the positive leap under the promotion of environmental change and the traction of cognitive inertia. On the other hand, under the background of advocating reform and innovation and China′s unique economic system which is "the market plays a decisive role in resources allocation and the role of the government is better played ", enterprises will get more external support to carry out positive leap. So it will reduce the risks enterprises faced in innovation, and thus reduce the possibility of failure. (2) Different from the existing research results, the leap from exploration to exploitative innovation has no significant impact on enterprise failure. The possible reason is that the market competition is becoming increasingly fierce. The negative effects of negative leap, such as missed opportunity window and lack of external resource support, cannot be underestimated, which may offset the positive effects brought by negative leap; (3) When the social relationship network is lower than a certain threshold, it has a significant negative moderating effect on the relationship between positive leap and enterprise failure. When the social relationship network is higher than the threshold, the impact of the positive leap on enterprise failure is not significant, and the moderating effect of social relationship network no longer exists. (4) Social relationship network has no moderating effect on the relationship between the negative leap and enterprise failure.      Finally, according to the research results, this paper puts forward the following practical suggestions: (1) The government should actively play the role of "visible hand" to make up for market failure, and save the enterprises that are in trouble to carry out exploratory innovation from the perspective of national interests. (2) Enterprises should be fully aware of the difficulties that may exist in the positive leap, so as to prevent "death before success". (3) Enterprises should be cautious when they make a negative leap, and should not miss the window of opportunity, especially in the increasingly fierce market competition. (4) Enterprises should build a rich social relationship network to provide information for innovation, alleviate financing constraints, and weaken the negative impact of organizational inertia, so as to improve the positive impact of positive leap on the survival and development of enterprises. Of course, it is not that the more social relationship network, the better. As for the shareholder relationship network, enterprises should introduce institutional investors prudently and try to avoid trading institutional investors who only focus on immediate interests. (5) In order to reach the strategic consensus of innovation leap, enterprises should first lobby the shareholders with rich social relationship network. Related Articles | Metrics

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The impact of political connections on digital transformation of SMEs——The mediating role of policy-sensing capability and market-sensing capability 2022, 43(1): 134-142.  Abstract ( 419 )      Today, when digital transformation has become a global consensus, governments of all countries have vigorously promoted their own firms to carry out digital transformation. Many SMEs facing resource constraints have sought to build political connections in the process of digital transformation, but the political connections of SMEs have shown very different impacts on their digital transformation. In theoretical studies, there is a significant gap between political connections and digital transformation, and the existing literature has mostly focused on emphasizing the positive or negative effect of political connections, while the effect of political connections on the digital transformation of SMEs has been less analyzed from the integration of both positive and negative perspectives. Therefore, the top priority for theoretical research is to explore whether political connections can promote the digital transformation of SMEs and how the connections work to influence the process. In view of this, based on the subdivision types of political connections and starting from the antecedent variable of political connections, this research focuses on SMEs to explore "the effect and mechanism of direct and indirect political connections on the digital transformation of SMEs", which strives to reveal the dual effect of the "helping" and "grabbing" hands of political connections on the digital transformation of SMEs, in order to uncover the black box of the complex mechanism between political connections and the digital transformation of SMEs.     Starting from the perspectives of resource reconstruction and capability remodeling of digital transformation, based on resource-based theory and firm capability theory, this research, through literature research and theoretical deduction, and based on the double-edged sword effect of political connections, constructs theoretical model of the digital transformation of SMEs. This theoretical model is influenced by the mediating role of direct and indirect political connections in policy-sensing capability and market-sensing capability, and it also reinterprets the effect of two different types of political connections and their conflicting political connections.     In this research, data were collected through questionnaire survey, and valid questionnaires were obtained from a total of 315 Chinese SMEs. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed on the data to test the hypotheses, and the mediation effect was further tested using Bootstrap method as suggested by Preacher and Hayes. The empirical results show that, on the one hand, direct political connections positively affect SMEs′ policy-sensing capability and negatively affect SMEs′ market-sensing capability, and that the above two capabilities play a completely mediating role between direct political connections and the digital transformation of SMEs. Direct political connections can only better promote the digital transformation of SMEs when they are transformed into policy-sensing capability of SMEs without affecting their market perception capabilities; On the other hand, indirect political connections positively affect SMEs′ policy-sensing capability and market-sensing capability, and these two capabilities play a partially mediating role between indirect political connections and the digital transformation of SMEs. The effect of indirect political connections on the digital transformation of SMEs is partly achieved through policy-sensing capability and market-sensing capability, and both are beneficial to the digital transformation of SMEs.     The theoretical significance of this research lies in: firstly, this research, starting from the antecedent variable of political connections, clarifies the effect of direct political connections and indirect political connections on the digital transformation of SMEs and its mechanism, which provides a new perspective of political connections for the digital transformation of SMEs; Secondly, this research deepens the understanding of the effect of double-edged sword effect of political connections on the digital transformation of SMEs from the segmentation perspective of direct and indirect political connections. Direct political connections have a double-edged sword effect, but indirect political connections do not; Finally, by introducing policy-sensing capability and market-sensing capability as parallel mediating variables, this research explains how the helping hand and grabbing hand of political connections can ultimately affect the digital transformation process of SMEs by effecting their policy-sensing capability and market sensing capability, and thus reveals the complex mechanism of the role of political connections on the digital transformation of SMEs.      The practical value of this research lies in: firstly, SMEs need to realize that direct political connections have an extremely strong double-edged sword effect on their digital transformation. In the process of digital transformation, SMEs need to make full use of the facilitating effect of direct political connections on policy-sensing capability, and circumvent the inhibiting effect of direct political connections on market-sensing capability as much as possible, so as to maintain the vitality of enterprises while obtaining resources; Secondly, SMEs need more indirect political connections in the process of digital transformation by keeping close to the government, staying away from politics, and building a cordial and clean relationship between government and business, to obtain policy support through indirect political connections and avoid excessive inhibition of direct political connections on market-sensing capability; Finally, government agencies need to avoid excessive direct intervention in the digital transformation of SMEs.     This research only uses cross-sectional data for quantitative analysis from the perspectives of resources and capabilities. Future studies can introduce moderating variables and use other perspectives or use longitudinal case studies to explore the impact of political connections on the digital transformation of SMEs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Enterprise knowledge governance and tacit knowledge sharing from the perspective of openness Bai Jingkun, Li Sihan, Li Hongyan 2022, 43(1): 143-152.  Abstract ( 222 )       Tacit knowledge provides support for technological innovation and sustainable development of enterprises. Research on sharing, integrating and utilizing tacit knowledge inside and outside the enterprise has received wide attention from scholars. However, in the existing research, there is little attention on how to promote tacit knowledge sharing among enterprises.       This paper selects 186 companies in knowledge-intensive industries in the eastern coastal areas of China as samples, and explores the relationship between knowledge governance of core enterprises and tacit knowledge sharing among enterprises in the open situation. The study found that knowledge governance and tacit knowledge sharing between organizations are significantly positively correlated. Organizational openness plays a positive moderate significant role in the relationship between market-based knowledge governance and tacit knowledge sharing among organizations, hierarchical knowledge governance and tacit knowledge sharing among organizations, but the moderate of social knowledge governance and organizational knowledge sharing relationship is not significant.     This paper makes a theoretical analysis and empirical research on the impact of corporate knowledge governance on tacit knowledge sharing, and discusses the role of organizational openness in the impact of knowledge governance on tacit knowledge sharing, and draws the following conclusions:     First, market-based knowledge governance has a positive impact on tacit knowledge sharing among organizations, that is, market-based knowledge governance based on contract or transaction control can promote the occurrence of tacit knowledge sharing between organizations. This conclusion is contrary to the hypothesis of this paper. The reason may come from two aspects. First, the long-term orientation of contract control may reduce the possibility of opportunism in cooperation, thus promoting tacit knowledge sharing. Second, the changes in the situation of Chinese organizations in the Internet era may lead to changes in the opposite direction. With the cost reduction of knowledge sharing in the Internet context, institution-based trust has gradually become the basis for building an ideal partnership. Formal contracts are no longer understood as "a signal of distrust", thus leading to market-based knowledge governance to organizations. The sharing of tacit knowledge has an impact from suppression to promotion.     Second, social knowledge governance has a positive impact on tacit knowledge sharing. In the process of inter-organizational cooperation, social mechanisms such as trust can not only create self-discipline awareness among the partners, but also inhibit their own opportunistic behavior. It will also give the partners a sense of security and willingness to share their tacit knowledge and gain enough confidence to benefit from it.      Third, hierarchical knowledge governance has a positive impact on tacit knowledge sharing. That is, core enterprises can reduce the opportunistic behavior in the cooperation process, maintain the overall interests of the network and coordinate the conflicts between partners through their knowledge power advantages, achieve the purpose of promoting tacit knowledge sharing between core enterprises and partners.     Fourth, organizational openness has achieved a significant level of positive moderate in the impact of both market-based knowledge governance on tacit knowledge sharing and hierarchical knowledge governance on tacit knowledge sharing. At the same time, organizational openness has a positive role in the influence of social knowledge governance on tacit knowledge sharing, but the moderate effect is not significant. When the breadth of the company′s access to external knowledge is expanded maybe because the openness of the enterprise increases, the increase of new cooperation opportunities is usually not conducive to the formation of trust among business partners. It is especially important that the virtual partnerships built by enterprises with the help of Internet information technology are mainly based on institutional trust. Therefore, the improvement of organizational openness will not increase the degree of interpersonal trust between partners, or even weaken social mechanisms, so that the moderate of the relationship between the social knowledge governance and tacit knowledge sharing is not significant.      The conclusion of this paper is that knowledge-intensive enterprises in the Internet context promote the sharing of tacit knowledge among organizations through knowledge governance, thus improving the efficiency and effectiveness of knowledge activities. On the one hand, companies can promote the sharing and utilization of tacit knowledge among organizations by establishing formal contractual relationships with partners, a high degree of trust, and the use of core companies. On the other hand, although different types of knowledge governance have different influence mechanisms on tacit knowledge among organizations, organizational openness has a positive moderate effect in the influence of knowledge governance on tacit knowledge sharing among organizations. Enterprises can appropriately improve the openness of enterprises under the premise of perfecting the knowledge governance mechanism. Furthermore, this study also finds that the impact of market-based knowledge governance based on contract control on the tacit knowledge sharing between organizations has been transformed from inhibition to promotion. Enterprises should pay full attention to the positive role of formal contracts and rules in the process of cooperation on tacit knowledge sharing between organizations.      This study only selects enterprises with knowledge-intensive industries in the eastern coastal areas of China as samples. Although it can better reflect the influence mechanism of corporate knowledge governance on tacit knowledge sharing among organizations in the Internet context, it cannot reflect the influence of regional factors. Subsequent studies can take this factor into account. At the same time, this study only explores the impact of three different knowledge governance mechanisms on tacit knowledge sharing among organizations. It does not explore the impact of the interaction of different knowledge governance mechanisms on tacit knowledge sharing among organizations. Therefore, the results are worthy of attention for follow-up studies. Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of real estate market on enterprise R&D investment Yang Zan, Yang Hongjie 2022, 43(1): 153-160.  Abstract ( 203 )      In recent years, with the increase of R&D investment, the innovation ability of Chinese enterprises has been significantly improved. However, compared with developed countries, China still has a significant gap in R&D investment.     Real estate market in China maintains relatively strong growth over the last 20 years. The marketization of China′s housing market and land market has attracted more and more investment from non-real-estate enterprises. Like R&D investment, real estate investment requires large amount of time, money and expertise. Therefore, investment in R&D and real estate may be mutually exclusive, competing for limited resources.       Many studies have found that real estate has become an important and attractive investment opportunity for non-real-estate enterprises in China. However, existing literatures that research the correlation between real estate investment, R&D investment and operating efficiency are limited. In addition, macro data is used in most of existing studies, which restrict deep understanding of enterprise behavior.     The paper focuses on enterprise innovation behavior, exploring the relationship between real estate investment and enterprise innovation and R&D investment. The empirical analysis is based on micro panel data of listed industrial enterprises in China from 2000 to 2016, including 2249 enterprises. The regression results show that the housing price growth rate has a significant impact on real estate investment decisions of non-real estate enterprises, among which the real estate development and sale business is more affected. The result is robust after selective bias is alleviated by Heckman method. Furthermore, empirical analysis separates the two approaches of investing in real estate with the help of propensity score matching method and grouped regression. Result shows that both investing approaches have significantly reduced the intensity of R&D input. However, operating efficiency is not influenced in this case. Lastly, it is demonstrated that the above crowding-out effect exists for a long time, even when real estate has become one of the most dominant business for non-real-estate enterprises.      Conclusions of the paper provide a theoretical foundation for government to take targeted measures to encourage innovative R&D investment and regulate real estate market. In order to achieve the goal of Made-in China 2025, the government should guide enterprises to invest reasonably in research and development. For strategic emerging industries, the government should adopt incentive policies such as widening financing channels and reducing financing costs to enhance the motivation of enterprises to carry out research and development projects. On the basis of abiding by laws, standards and regulations, enterprises can normally carry out real estate investment activities, which should be recognized by the public. However, the government should review the qualifications of these companies in transition. If they lack a competitive advantage in the real estate industry and only pursue short-term profits while ignoring long-term value, they should stop. Only through this process can we make more effective use of social resources and coordinate the real estate market with other industries. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A game study of management of hazardous cargoes in ports based on CSV Han Zhen, Wang Han, Yang Li 2022, 43(1): 161-167.  Abstract ( 112 )      Due to the urgent needs of China′s rapid economic development, the amount of hazardous cargoes shipped by sea is increasing year by year, and safety accidents of port hazardous cargoes also show a tendency of frequent occurrence, which has caused great harm to the social environment. How to prevent accidents effectively and realize the sustainable development of port area is a hot issue to be solved urgently.     In general, there are two types of problems in the management of port hazardous cargoes in China: (1) The motivation and behavior of port corporations to assume safety responsibility. (2) The relationship and positioning between port corporations and the government. This makes all parties of the port hazardous cargoes management only emphasize the formal compliance, ignoring the mutual coordination under the unified goal, which eventually leads to the accident under the lack of responsibility. Thus, it is difficult to effectively balance the interests of all the parties only from a single perspective of administrative supervision or enterprise management. The effective way to solve this problem is to systematically discuss the relationship and demand between decision-makers, and to construct a management system for port hazardous cargoes that achieves the dual goals of economic benefit and social responsibility.      At present, the relevant studies on port hazardous cargoes are mainly carried out from the aspects of facility layout, risk assessment, shipping safety and port operation process, etc., but there are few discussions on the port corporation behavior and government supervision from the perspective of CSR, and the relevant empirical studies are particularly lacking. As a deepening of the connotation of CSR, CSV emphasizes that corporations achieve both social and economic goals by creating shared values. In view of this, firstly, from the perspective of CSR, a research and analysis framework based on the theory of CSV is constructed, aiming at responsibility, development and benefits. Secondly, based on the analysis of port supply chain, the function positioning of port operators, port logistics providers and government is determined. Thirdly, a two-stage leader-follower game is established, and variables such as the expected safety factor and the supervision cost base are set to model and solve the behavior of each subject.      The results show that the expected safety factor set by the government can significantly affect the order volume of port operators. When the expected safety factor is set according to the CSV target, the order volume will jump to a high level, and port operators can actively undertake the collaborative development of CSR and the region. In addition, the government can effectively control the security state of port logistics providers by supervising the setting of cost base.      From the perspective of CSR, this paper puts forward a research and analysis framework with development, responsibility and benefit as the systematic goals, which makes up for the shortcomings of previous related studies and broadens the application scope of CSV theory. The results of the empirical research also provide a decision for reference for ensuring the safety of the port area, promoting the parties to actively assume social responsibilities, and realizing the coordinated development of the port and society. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The centrality of paid knowledge community and its motivational effect：An empirical study based on the micro-data of "Zhihu Live" Liu Zhengchi, Gu Fang, Zhou Sha 2022, 43(1): 168-175.  Abstract ( 193 )        According to the internalization and identification mechanism in the social influence theory, in the knowledge community, the community, as a whole, hopes that the capable knowledge provider can provide knowledge, that is, the inducing behavior is the knowledge providing behavior, and the knowledge providing behavior will be reflected as the community contribution of the provider. For knowledge providers with obvious community centrality, on the one hand, they need more community contributions to maintain their authority image; on the other hand, knowledge offering behavior is the embodiment of their core position in the community, that is to say, knowledge offering behavior is also beneficial to the provider. Since knowledge providers clearly know that community promotion behavior (knowledge provision) is not only beneficial to the overall interests of the community, but also to their own interests, they will realize their own value optimization while achieving community goals, therefore, knowledge providers will actively internalize community promotion behaviors.      In the knowledge community, the knowledge providers with obvious community centrality show strong personality charm, which is shaped by community interaction. These communities are clearly knowledge-centric providers. They will value their relationships with other people. In order to obtain good interpersonal relationships, the knowledge provider will demonstrate the homogeneity of you and other members as much as possible. Simply put, the knowledge provider will actively recognize the community or advocate the behavior of other members, thereby providing knowledge-related information.      That is to say, the centrality of community is reflected in the two aspects of "knowledge authority" and "personality charm". The centrality of community is measured by "community contribution" and "community interaction" respectively, and the internalization process of community contribution and the identification process of community interaction are used to stimulate the behavior of knowledge providers. Therefore, this paper proposes the hypothesis that H1: the community-centered position of knowledge providers has a positive impact on their knowledge-providing behavior.     The existing research confirms that the economic reward is not complete to the knowledge provider behavior incentive. This paper argues that the spiritual satisfaction gained from "community centrality" is another important driving force for knowledge sharing. While payment for knowledge brings economic benefits to knowledge providers, it has been shown that only a small number of knowledge providers make a living from it, and the influence of price fades when the community is sufficiently attractive. For knowledge providers, the image of authority and personal charm created by community contribution and interaction is more important, which is the embodiment of the core status of their community. In other words, the centrality of community partially replaces the incentive effect of economic reward on knowledge provision. Therefore, this paper proposes hypothesis H2: the community-centricity of knowledge providers has a more pronounced effect on their knowledge-providing behavior than economic rewards. H3: There is a partial substitution effect between community centrality and economic rewards. The more obvious the community centrality is, the smaller the influence of economic reward on the behavior of knowledge providers. And vice versa.     In this paper, by writing python crawler, data of knowledge products and community relations from May 16, 2016 solstice and May 13, 2018 were collected, and 4248 valid data were obtained after collation. In this paper, exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis were used to measure the main explanatory variable of community centrality, and regression analysis was used to demonstrate the influence of community centrality on the behavior of knowledge provision, as well as the incentive substitution effect between community centrality and economic reward. The results show that: community centrality has obvious incentive effect on knowledge provider′s behavior; the incentive effect of community centrality on the supply behavior of knowledge providers is more obvious than the economic reward, and there is a limited substitution effect between them.       The theoretical contributions of this paper mainly include three aspects: first, different from traditional communities, gathering for "things". This paper proposes the concept of "community centrality" of knowledge payment, and decomposes and measures it based on the two dimensions of "community contribution" and "community interaction". Secondly, based on social influence theory and incentive theory, this paper discusses the influencing factors and mechanism of knowledge provider′s behavior in the Internet environment, and confirms the effect of community centrality. Third, through crawling the historical micro-data of "Zhihu live" platform, we empirically tested the incentive intensity and substitution effect of community centrality and economic reward.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of keywords of research achievements based on time series clustering Li Hailin, Lin Chunpei 2022, 43(1): 176-183.  Abstract ( 286 )       Keyword is an important part of scientific research literature and related references. Limited keywords can describe clearly some aspects of scientific research achievements including the main research objects, problems to be solved, methods to be used, conclusions and other related information. Meanwhile, it also reflects the research theme of scientific research achievements to some extent. Academic papers are the main forms of scientific research achievements at present. By analyzing the keywords of academic papers, we can find out the themes that the research objects are currently concerned about and their evolutionary trends in the research field at a certain time. Keyword-based topic research and analysis is necessary to establish similarities between keywords and combine clustering analysis method to find and track hot topics. To establish the similarity between keywords, co-word analysis is often used, which considers that there is a certain relationship between keywords appearing in the same document. We use statistical analysis to define a similarity method between keywords appearing together many times. The higher the frequency of keywords appearing together, the greater the similarity they are. Hierarchical clustering is one of the most commonly used methods in the field of scientific literature. It can observe and discover the similarity of key words or themes intuitively so as to divide hot issues and topics. However, hierarchical clustering needs to classify subject categories artificially, which makes clustering analysis results vulnerable to subjective factors. At the same time, the traditional method neglects the importance of time. It only divides all keywords in a general way based on statistics and only considers the frequency and location of keywords. It also ignores the importance of time to the classification of keywords. In view of the limitations of the traditional methods, which fail to consider and analyze the time factor of keyword, this paper proposes keyword analysis of research achievements based on time series clustering.     Firstly, keywords are collected from many academic papers according to a special topic. The collected keywords of relevant scientific research achievements are parsed and incorporated into a database. With the ranking order and the frequency of keywords appearing together in all relevant scientific research achievements, the importance of the keyword is obtained by calculating the weight according to the order. In addition, the time series data of keyword importance value is formed according to the distribution of keyword importance in time sequence. Secondly, dynamic time warping (DTW) is used to measure the distance between keyword time series, the obtained distance matrix can be transformed into the corresponding similarity matrix that can used to start affinity propagation clustering (AP). AP based on the similarity matrix and hierarchical clustering method based on the distance matrix in traditional literature analysis were used to cluster the keyword time series. Once the keyword time series with the same trend are clustered together, the clusters have the characteristics of large similarity in the changeable trend of inter-cluster keywords and small similarity in the changeable trend of intra-cluster keywords.  We also compare the effects of the different clustering results obtained by the two methods for keyword analysis. Finally, the clustering results are combined with visualization technology to realize the analysis of the keywords of scientific research achievements.     The keywords of scientific research achievements published in an important journal of scientific and technological innovation management from 2008 to 2017 are regarded as the research object. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested and its application in the analysis of key words of scientific research achievements is further elaborated. On the one hand, the proposed method in this paper can adapt to divide multiple clusters. Meanwhile, the influence of time on the division of keyword clusters is taken into consideration. The method divides the keywords with similar changeable trends in the same cluster. There may be interaction or mutual promotion between these words in a cluster and some close relationships between them can be found. At the same time, they may not only have some practical effects on keywords belonging to the same cluster, but more importantly, they may describe the same topic together. We can test and observe the effect of the proposed method on keyword analysis of scientific research achievements from a new perspective of time change. On the other hand, the changeable trend of the main keywords concerned by the published papers of the target journals is analyzed and studied. It can discover some knowledge including the main research topics of this journal from 2008 to 2017, the changeable trend of main keywords and the subject to which these keywords belong, as well as the overall change trend of these topic categories. All the knowledge is benefit for finding out the attention degree and evolution law of the published topics.     The main contributions of this study are as follows: (1) It is considering that when the authors give keywords, they usually give more important keywords at the first position, which means that the order of keywords reflects the importance of keywords. This study confirms this conjecture that the importance of a keyword is related to the order the author listed. According to the order of keywords given in the literature, the weight of keywords is designed and converted into a time series data. The correlation between keywords is studied from the perspective of time series. (2) Affinity propagation can be used to cluster keyword time series data adaptively. It avoids subjective factors impact on the clustering results caused by the given number of clusters. The center object is good at representing the themes reflected by all the members of a cluster, which provides a theoretical basis for topic extraction and evolutionary analysis. (3) Dynamic time warping method is used to measure the similarity of keyword importance time series. The changeable theme using time series data are studied from the perspectives of numerical value and morphology, respectively. Furthermore, the numerical characteristics and the changeable trends in different clusters can be analyzed, which provides a feature description method and visualization technology for scientific research topic analysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of perceived overqualification on the innovation behavior of the new generation of employees in the post-1990s 2022, 43(1): 184-191.  Abstract ( 364 )        Based on the relative deprivation theory and the person-job fit theory, this paper aims to explore the relationship between perceived overqualification and innovative behavior with the hierarchical regression method, and analyze the chain mediating effect of turnover intention and job involvement by means of Bootstrap method through the survey data of 523 new-generation employees born in the 1990s. The results show that perceived overqualification has a significant negative impact on the innovative behavior of the post-90s employees, turnover intention and job involvement play chain mediating role in the relationship between perceived overqualification and innovative behavior.      The theoretical significance of this paper includes the following two aspects. First, few previous studies make an organic connection between the perceived overqualification and the innovative behavior of new generation of employees. This study examines the relationship between the perceived overqualification and the innovative behavior of new generation of employees through constructing model and testing hypothesis, which further enriched the systematic cognition of the antecedent variables of their innovative behavior.       Second, this study clarified the influence path of the perceived overqualification on the innovative behavior of the new generation of employees, and illuminated the individual and chain mediating effects of turnover intention and job involvement in this influence path, which is helpful to deeply understand the influence mechanism of the perceived overqualification on the innovative behavior of the new generation of employees.     This paper has three implications for practice management in business. First of all, considering the many negative effects of overqualification, it is recommended that in the process of external social recruitment and campus recruitment, enterprises should set the selection criteria around the actual needs of different positions as far as possible, instead of deliberately raising the selection and employment criteria, in order to truly achieve "the best of talent, the best of use".    Secondly, companies must pay close attention to the possible "over-utilization" of their employees, and try to reduce their burnout and self-exhaustion due to their high sense of overqualification by enriching their work content, etc.      Finally, enterprises can clarify the inner demands of employees through regular and in-depth communication, bring more suggestions about career development to new generation employees through developmental feedback from direct leaders, or give new generation employees appropriate stimulation through regular job rotation to enhance their work passion. Of course, more importantly, in the face of the new generation of post-90s employees, organizations and managers must make efforts to adapt their own management value and management methods based on the requirements of "person-job fit" and compatibility between people and organizations, in order to better adapt to such a group that has distinctive personality characteristics and is also increasingly taking on more important innovative responsibilities in the enterprise.       The shortcoming of this research is that the survey data is mainly through online self-evaluation by interviewees. Although the deviation of the same source method is controlled within an acceptable range, there are limitations that the data is non-dynamic and the source of the data sample is relatively single. Future research can try to use multiple sources to collect data to enhance its scientificity and preciseness. In addition, in future research designs, more valuable variables at different levels can be introduced to better clarify the mechanism of influence of perceived overqualification on the innovative behavior of the post-90s employees. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Can overseas experience speed up career advancement? ——An empirical study on Changjiang Scholar Program Li Feng, Tang Li 2022, 43(1): 192-199.  Abstract ( 312 )       Against the backdrop of global talent war, the international mobility of the highly-skilled is heatedly debated and receives growing attention from academia and policy makers.  With the "Sending out and Attracting back" policy, an increasing number of domestically trained researchers go broad sponsored by the Chinese central or regional government, university or foreign hosting institutions as visiting scientists, postdoc fellows, or joint doctoral students. The growing phenomenon of different types of researcher mobility across national borders has made the demarcation line between returnees and locals increasingly murky. Yet such heterogeneous impacts, if any, due to various types of overseas experiences and characteristics of recruiting institutions have not captured sufficient attention in the extant literature. To fill in some research gap, this study utilizes a novel vitae dataset of Changjiang Distinguished Scholars (hereinafter CJS) to further explore this topic. We investigate the impact of different types and levels of overseas experiences on the speed of Chinese scholars′ career advancement moderated by recommending universities′ status when CJS titles were awarded.       Our finding reveals heterogenous impact of overseas experience on the speed of Changjiang Scholars′ career advancement. Overseas PhD training experience alone does not speed up scientists′ career progression. Only when overseas PhD training experience is combined with other types of overseas experience, the positive catalyst role of overseas experience can be observed. The impact of temporary overseas experience is insignificant either. The study also finds that ceteris paribus fulltime overseas experience speeds up scholars′ career advancement. Changjiang Scholars with more types of fulltime overseas experience tend to obtain the prestigious title at younger ages holding the other confounding factors in the model constant. Established returnee scholars who had got tenured abroad demonstrate slower career advancement than early-career returnee scholars. And finally, academic reputation of recommending universities matters. Scholars at dual first-class universities tend to be awarded with titles at younger ages.      This paper ends with a discussion of its implications on talents policies at both country and institution level.  Our analyses suggest that the extant visiting scholar programs may involve negative self-selection of researchers. Scholars encounter career bottleneck period may be more likely to apply for and thus be selected into visiting scholar programs. Secondly, we argue at institutional level, the recruiting department should have a leveled playing field for applicants regardless where they got their Ph.D. degrees. Thirdly, in addition to attract the established highly-skilled, Chinese universities may also consider how to bring in early-career returnees with great potentials. In contrast with the high cost of attracting and retaining the established overseas scholars, recruiting early-career overseas scholars seems more cost effective. Last but not least, we appeal that Chinese universities should adjust their talent recruiting policies according to institutional status of research excellence.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the mechanism of entrepreneurial passion from the perspective of "emotion-behavior-output" Zhou Jian 2022, 43(1): 200-208.  Abstract ( 271 )         "Passionate Entrepreneurship, Rational Action" has become a consensus in the field of entrepreneurial practice and an important means to enhance the level of entrepreneurial growth. Based on the "Emotion-Behavior-Output" framework, this paper constructs a mechanism model of entrepreneurial passion on the performance of new ventures, and analyzes the moderating role of learning from event failure. Through the analysis of 225 entrepreneurs questionnaire data, the results showed that: (1) Entrepreneurial passion helps to improve the entrepreneurial resource bricolage; (2) Entrepreneurial resource bricolage helps to improve the new venture performance, and it plays a mediating role between entrepreneurial passion and new venture performance; (3) Failure from event learning moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial resource bricolage, entrepreneurial resource bricolage and new venture performance.     Entrepreneurial activities are considered as an important driving force to promote economic and social development. In recent years, with the introduction of a series of policies and measures, the enthusiasm of national innovation and entrepreneurship is constantly ignited, "entrepreneurship craze" has become one of the key words of current social economy. However, not all entrepreneurial passion can be transformed into growth motivation, and achieve "passion entrepreneurship, rational action". Therefore, exploring the mechanism of entrepreneurial passion and how to enhance the effectiveness of entrepreneurial passion has always been a hot and important topic in the field of entrepreneurship research.       In fact, the growth process of new ventures is a complex decision-making analysis process from emotional beliefs to behavior and constrained by internal and external situational factors. In recent years, on the one hand, the weakness of new ventures hinders the value evaluation of resource owners, which makes it difficult for new ventures to obtain external resources through financing or borrowing. On the other hand, in the process of the development of new ventures in China′s transition period, due to the lack of perfect institutional market elements, it is difficult to obtain and utilize external entrepreneurial resources, and the cost of using them is very high. Existing studies have found that resource pooling behavior can improve new venture performance, have a positive impact on enterprise innovation behavior, and to some extent affect the novelty of enterprise technology and market.       This paper will use the classical research logic "Emotion-Behavior-Output" in the field of entrepreneurship to explore and analyze the mechanism of entrepreneurial passion on the performance of new ventures. Specifically, this paper will first analyze how the positive emotions of entrepreneurial passion affect the behavior variable of entrepreneurial resource bricolage, and how the bricolage behavior of entrepreneurial resources affects the performance of new ventures as a result variable, and further test the intermediary role of entrepreneurial resource bricolage between entrepreneurial passion and new venture performance. In addition, this paper will test and analyze the moderating effect of failure event learning in these two processes, with a view to deepening and expanding the field of entrepreneurial emotion and behavior research.      The data of this study were collected from March to June 2018, mainly from Shandong, Zhejiang and Beijing. According to the research results of Zahra (1996), Li and Atuahene (2001), the research object of this study is the senior management who participates in the creation and management of new ventures under eight years of establishment, and the number of respondents per new venture is not more than three. The data collected in this paper are mainly in the following three forms: firstly, directly to the business incubator, with the assistance of staff, directly to the entrepreneurs to issue anonymous questionnaires; secondly, relying on the research team and its friends for rolling sampling; thirdly, entrusting well-known domestic data companies to issue questionnaires. About 350 questionnaires were distributed through the above three channels. After screening and eliminating the questionnaires, 225 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 64.29%. In terms of sample structure, there are 155 male entrepreneurs (68.9%) and 70 female entrepreneurs (31.1%), which is roughly consistent with the overall distribution of gender ratio of entrepreneurs in China. In terms of age distribution, 101 entrepreneurs under 30 years old (44.9%), 112 entrepreneurs between 30 and 40 years old (498%) and 12 entrepreneurs over 40 years old (5.3%). The majority of entrepreneurs (181, 80.4%) and 44 entrepreneurs (196%) with bachelor degree or above are entrepreneurs. By the time of the survey, 117 entrepreneurs (52%) were engaged in the industry for 5 years or less and 108 entrepreneurs (48%) for more than 5 years.      Based on the framework of Emotion-Behavior-Output, this paper investigates the influence mechanism of entrepreneurial passion on new venture performance, and analyses the mediation and moderating effects of resource bricolage and failure event learning. Firstly, the positive emotions of entrepreneurs represented by entrepreneurial passion can help to improve the performance of new ventures. Based on the self-regulation theory, the conclusion of this study confirms that entrepreneurial passion is an effective positive emotion in the context of entrepreneurship, which can improve the performance of new ventures by overcoming resource constraints, promoting opportunity development and enhancing resource capacity.       Secondly, the entrepreneurial resource bricolage behavior plays a part of intermediary role between entrepreneurial passion and the performance of new ventures. This is consistent with the findings of existing research that bricolage can improve new venture performance, and further verifies that resource bricolage can support the growth of new ventures from three aspects: resources, opportunities and capabilities. This research deeply excavates the important role of entrepreneurs in the survival and growth of new ventures, and clearly points out that the positive emotions of entrepreneurs play a role in promoting the positive behavior of entrepreneurship. Furthermore, it helps new ventures alleviate resource constraints, promote the integrated development of entrepreneurial opportunities and resources, enhance the ability to acquire entrepreneurial resources and form unique competitive advantages, thus ensuring the smooth survival and growth of new ventures.      Thirdly, failure event learning plays a moderating role in the framework of Emotion-Behavior-Output analysis. Taking failure as learning opportunity for effective learning can induce unique cognitive and behavioral logic. The conclusion of this study shows that failure event learning can not only change the emotional experience of entrepreneurs, but also affect the emotional perception of entrepreneurs in the positive emotional state. It can also affect the behavioral performance of entrepreneurs through accumulated knowledge structure and negative feedback, thus playing a dual regulatory role in the "Emotion-Behavior-Output" analysis framework.      The theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, this study reveals the impact of entrepreneurial passion on the bricolage of entrepreneurial resources. Based on self-regulation theory and social network theory, this paper analyses the influence of entrepreneurial passion on the bricolage of entrepreneurial resources. It holds that enhancing the positive emotions of entrepreneurs is an effective means to influence the bricolage of entrepreneurial resources, which can help entrepreneurs solve entrepreneurial problems creatively and expand the research on the positive emotions of entrepreneurship represented by entrepreneurial passion. Secondly, this paper explores the impact of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurial resource bricolage, which not only enriches the antecedents of entrepreneurial resource bricolage, fills the gaps in related research on resource patchwork, but also expands the impact mechanism of entrepreneurial passion, highlights the role of positive emotion on entrepreneurial behavior, and enriches the research framework of Emotion-Behavior-Output. Thirdly, considering the situation of entrepreneurial failure, this paper chooses the special type of learning, failure event learning, to explore its moderating effect in the process of entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial resource bricolage, and finds that failure event learning can not only affect the effectiveness of entrepreneurial passion, but also promote entrepreneurial resource bricolage. Related Articles | Metrics