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Responsible innovation: The practice and theoretical analysis Zhao Qing, Yu Mei, Li Jing, Meng Yuzhu, Xiao Xiaohong 2021, 42(11): 1-7.  Abstract ( 461 )      In the strategy of innovation and development, we should not only focus on the promotion of faster and more efficient innovation practice in various forms, but also encourage to take a more forward-looking and introspective way, that is, the responsible innovation (RI) strategy. It is an elementary proposition that scholars should clarify in "the new stage of development in China", who is responsible for innovation? Who is innovation responsible for and what responsibility? This is the core of China′s challenge of "kicking the ladder". The RI strategy should make innovation subjects of responsible for the interests of the state (our country-China), enterprises and people at each innovation stage, break the "Decoupling" risk, and maintain the advantages of enterprises (including state-owned enterprises and private enterprises) in global competition. According to the new proposal in the study, we emphasize that the implementation of RI strategy needs to build new concepts and policies at first; give completed play to the essential functions of the government in leading and promoting the formulation and implementation of RI industrial policies, and pay special attention to actively exploring new models of the national industrial systems; give full consider to the leading role of enterprises and market decisions; maintain and consolidate the channel to absorb the worldwide knowledge spillover; to build an independent and controllable innovation chain and form a new pattern of scientific and technological security among the major countries.Whether it is the experience that has created many economic miracles in the past, or the performance in this new coronal crisis, the strategy of responsible innovation has shown its advantages in economic growth, national security, economic security, human health, and environmental optimization. The implementation of such strategies was one of the reasons for the success of the first-mover countries, which, following the implementation of responsible innovation strategies with a country-specific character, not only had a tendency to "kick down the ladder", but were also committed to requiring the latter countries to assume responsibility for innovation for all humankind. This should cause our vigilance, but also gives us many important enlightenments, that is, China should also promote responsible innovation at the level of national strategy, and implement in the actual action of enterprises and industries, so that it can become a successful development of economic strategy.More importantly, this strategy is attributed to the national strategy that China urgently needs to establish, which helps us to accurately grasp the successful experience of the past and reduce or even avoid the possibility of failure in the global innovation chain in the new stage of development. We further put forward that the discussion on responsibility is still relatively narrow, especially the lack of in-depth discussion on innovation subjects. This article argues that the discussion of more value subjects should be included, such as the state, local governments, industries, and other value subjects. Therefore, responsible innovation opens a new research perspective and clues for the theory and practice of corporate social responsibility, and expands the original understanding of enterprises, "society" and "responsibility". However, what is the relationship between CSR and responsible innovation, whether CSR should be included in the framework of responsible innovation, which need to be more in-depth verification and summary. Related Articles | Metrics

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Responsible innovation: A research review and prospect Su Yi, Wang Wenjing 2021, 42(11): 8-15.  Abstract ( 301 )      The transformational and complex technological development around the world has brought about some innovation ethical problems in the application of technology. The rapid development of many new and high technologies is actually a double-edged sword while promoting development, innovation will also bring a series of negative impacts on nature and society. Responsible innovation is a process that engages the public and all stakeholders in innovation research and attention should be paid to social expectations and potential impacts. It is known to all that conducting relevant research can effectively alleviate people′s concerns about technology safety. This concept not only emphasizes the significant driving effect of scientific and technological progress on world development, but also advocates the guiding and controlling role of innovation subjects on the direction of scientific and technological development, so as to enable scientific and technological innovation to be embedded in society in an appropriate way. Under the guidance of this concept, some social problems and ethics are no longer the restraints of scientific research innovation and technological progress. Only "innovation" under the escort of "responsibility" can be an important driving force to promote social and economic development in an all-round way. With the rise of China, it has become a challenge to the hegemony of the United States, who has implemented a series of sanction policies against China. To some extent, the technological decoupling between China and the United States has prompted China to develop high-tech innovation more efficiently, while responsible innovation can provide a new perspective to promote China′s innovation and development. By sorting out previous literatures,we found that there is no consensus on the concept and connotation of "responsible innovation" in the academic circle at present, but scholars from various countries have carried out relevant research on "responsible innovation" from multiple perspectives, hoping that the research conclusions can provide reference for practical problems, or enrich the connotation of "responsible innovation". This paper summarizes relevant studies into four dimensions: responsible innovation participants, conceptual methods, case applications and existing problems. On this basis, combined with the national innovation-driven development strategy, the "dual circulation" strategy, and the current technology decoupling between China and the United States, this paper puts forward some constructive suggestions on the future development of responsible innovation from the perspectives of macroscopic-national, meso-industry and industry. The paper points out that: at the meso level, the establishment of a healthy industry ecology requires enterprises to make their voices heard, thus enabling planning, building and maintenance completed together. Responsible innovation can encourage representative enterprises to take a leading role in promoting industrial development, industrial upgrading and regional economic prosperity. At the same time, enterprises undertaking the national responsibility to study "neck sticking" technology may face the problem that a large amount of research and development investment may not produce any satisfactory results, or after any results are achieved, the implementation of foreign technology opening policy cannot achieve the expected benefits, thus affecting the normal production and operation of enterprises. At this time, the government needs to take measures. At the macro level, responsible innovation can be responsible to the government. The government formulates corresponding protection and support policies to ensure the normal development of enterprises′ innovation activities, so as to fulfill the government′s "responsibility" for innovation. The enterprises are more active in studying and developing "neck sticking" technology to ensure national security and establish the image of China as a responsible major nation. Therefore, it is very important to conduct further research on responsible innovation in the future. It is necessary for future scholars to further explore the research on responsible innovation at the meso-level and macro-level. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the technological regime and innovation efficiency of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry Lai Hongbo, Shi Hao 2021, 42(11): 16-24.  Abstract ( 214 )   Innovation is the fundamental driving force for the development of all industries. But the innovation models of each industry are different. As a high-tech industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing industry has the law of technological development different from the general industry. However, there are significant differences in technology level and R&D capability among pharmaceutical enterprises in different regions of China. Neglecting the evaluation of innovation efficiency of the above two differences can easily turn into a digital game out of reality. Therefore, this important content can enrich the research system of innovation efficiency in theory and make specific analysis of specific industries, which is a beneficial attempt to improve the innovation efficiency from static to dynamic. In practice, it can help to recognize the development status, industrial structure and regions of China′s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and the innovation efficiency gap between them provides the basis for further improving the industrial policy.    From the perspective of technology system, this paper summarizes two innovation models proposed by Schumpeter. He believes that industries with the mode of creative destruction have the technical characteristics of high-tech opportunities, low innovation exclusivity, low technology innovation accumulation and focusing on professional knowledge; industries with the mode of creative accumulation have the technical characteristics of low-tech opportunities, high-tech innovation accumulation, high innovation exclusiveness and relatively focusing on general knowledge. According to the technological system, technological opportunity, accumulation of technological innovation, monopolization of innovation, knowledge-based attributes, four-dimensional analysis method, the analysis of technological development characteristics of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry shows that pharmaceutical manufacturing industry belongs to the latter.    According to the characteristics of creative accumulation in pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the innovation efficiency evaluation model including technology accumulation is set up. As shown in Table 1,Group 1 is the control group, with economic and knowledge output as innovation output items and human and capital input as innovation input elements; Group 2 is the model including technology accumulation, with the multiplier of technology accumulation level and economic and knowledge output as innovation output items and human and capital input as innovation input elements; Group 3 is based on Group 2, using Three-stage DEA model to eliminate Model of external environmental factors.    There is no definite correlation between the average value of the comprehensive efficiency measured by Group 1 and the industrial competitiveness index. The difference between the measurement result and the real situation is far, which indicates that the model setting can′t effectively reflect the real situation. The measurement result of Group 2 and the number of listed companies can reject the original hypothesis of no correlation at a significant level of 1%, and the correlation coefficient is large, which indicates that the measurement result basically describes the real situation The results of Group 3 are better than that of Group 2, and the correlation coefficient is increased. It shows that using Three-stage DEA model to eliminate the environmental impact and statistical error is meaningful and improves the accuracy of technical efficiency measurement.    The results show that: (1) Effective technology stock is the foundation of further innovation. For pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the measurement model of innovation efficiency including technology accumulation factors is significantly better than the traditional model, and the measurement results are closer to the actual industrial development. (2) After stripping off the environmental factors and statistical errors, it is found that the low scale efficiency is the main factor restricting the improvement of industrial innovation efficiency, while the industrial agglomeration degree and non-original R&D investment improve the innovation efficiency Promotion has a promoting effect. (3) The innovation efficiency structure of China′s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is pyramidal, and lacks the backbone. A large number of innovation resources are piled up at the bottom of the pyramid in a redundant way.    The policy implications of this study include: (1) The differentiation of industrial innovation mode can be regarded as the premise of innovation efficiency research. The existing research on innovation efficiency transforms innovation activities into production activities, and its theoretical basis lies in the given level of technology in neoclassicism. In Schumpeter′s innovation theory, the technological level is progressive, developing and dynamic, which needs the theory of technological system or the analysis of innovation mode as a bridge to connect the two. Only by accurately distinguishing the characteristics of technology development in different industries and stages, and applying appropriate evaluation models, can we correctly understand the reality of industry development and plan the future of industry development. (2) Formulate long-term planning to ensure the long-term and effective accumulation of enterprise technology. According to the technological development characteristics of creative accumulation in pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the technological stock of enterprises is the key to support sustainable development. The driving force of short-term policy for technological progress is not significant, and the stability and long-term nature of the policy must be maintained. We will continue to promote industrial policies such as generic drug consistency evaluation and centralized drug procurement, continue to improve market concentration, improve the quality of industrial innovation, and squeeze high-quality innovation resources into high-level enterprises, so as to promote the leading enterprises to move forward from domestic leading to global leading. (3) To eliminate backward production capacity and make up for the short board of national pharmaceutical industry structure. Through industrial policies, optimizing industrial structure, making up for the gap of the second echelon, and forming olive shaped distribution with large middle and small both ends will be the direction of joint efforts of the government and academia. It must be recognized that although pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is a high-tech industry, there are also backward production capacity. Provincial and municipal leaders should adhere to the new concept of high quality, abandon the old thinking of emphasizing quantity and light quality, and with greater courage and determination, eliminate the backward production capacity in the high-tech industry in the region. After the backward production capacity has faded, the innovation efficiency will guide the resources to produce the optimal allocation, and the second echelon suitable for the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry will naturally appear. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A case study of the main manufacturer-supplier mode in the latecomer technology catch-up of complex products Zeng Delin, Ouyang Taohua 2021, 42(11): 25-33.  Abstract ( 198 )    Under the background of fierce competition and severe situation between the countries all over the world, the key technology of complex products has become the most important strategical resources for which all the countries are competing in the development of economy. Thus, it is very important and urgent to have a breakthrough in the key technology of complex products. As a latecomer, China is faced with some disadvantages, such as lack of basic research experiences and technical restrictions from first movers. However, quite different from some latecomers, China has the ability to concentrate the whole country′s power on the important thing, and has large market potential as well as the most complete industrial supporting facilities. These new situations cannot be explained by the existing theoretical technology catch-up model. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study China′s technology catch-up mode of complex products under different historical, cultural and institutional backgrounds and try to explore new modes of technology catch-up.    C919′s success has an important practical significance, because its appearance has made a breakthrough against China′s longstanding constraint on the development of trunk aircraft. C919 marks China′s historical breakthrough in the field of complex products innovation. This study adopts the exploratory single case study method and takes Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China Ltd ′s success in C919 as an example with the purpose of reviewing the development and technology catch-up process of C919. Through three stages of preparation, field investigation and modeling, data are collected and analyzed carefully. Finally, three conclusions are drawn in this research.    The findings are as follows. First of all, China′s technological catch-up starts with overall design which is at the top of the aviation industry chain. This is because the technological innovation path of complex products is different from that of ordinary products, and it is difficult to introduce technology and start with reverse development. Second, latecomer countries succeed in technology catch-up of complex products with a unique pattern, which is constructed of main manufacturer and component suppliers. This paper has studied the meaning and the characteristics of growth-oriented main manufacturer-supplier relationship. The technology catch-up of structural parts mainly adopts the joint tackle mode of main manufacturers and domestic suppliers, while that of the system parts mainly adopts the joint cooperation mode of domestic manufacturers and foreign suppliers. Third, an organic unity of national will and enterprise ambition is vital for the success of the technology catch-up for latecomer countries. Besides, the growth-oriented main manufacturer-supplier model is oriented towards technological catch-up and common growth while the cost-oriented main manufacturer-suppliers model is oriented towards low-cost global value chain procurement. By contrast, the former emphasizes the breakthrough in key technologies and industrial upgrading while the latter emphasizes the optimal cost and highest efficiency.    This paper is of great significance both in theory and practice. On the one hand, it fills the gap of how to catch up in the field of complex products, such as trunk aircraft. On the other hand, it provides important management ideas and reference for latecomer enterprises to make a breakthrough in stranglehold technology. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the value creation of platform business model under the background of internet Wang Xuna, Tan Qingmei 2021, 42(11): 34-42.  Abstract ( 273 )      The platform business model under the Internet has been applied in more and more fields. This paper uses case study methods to explore the value creation logic of platform business models in the Internet context. We draw on the relevant ideas of the value network model and combine the value creation theory and the main features of the platform business model, and describe the basic modules of the platform business model from the six main aspects (that is, "participants", "external requirements", "value proposition", "key business", "core resources", "profit model"). According to the mutual relationship of the six modules, a network model for the value creation of platform business models in the Internet context is constructed. The explanation of the six main modules is as follows.    Participants: In a platform-based business model, participants can be customers, partners, vendors, and other stakeholders. Usually, there is an interdependent and mutually reinforcing "positive feedback" feature among the various stakeholders involved in the platform, which is one of the key factors for the value creation of the platform business model. External requirements: Dynamic changes in the external market environment, industrial environment, and technological innovations may all pose new demands on enterprises. There are often intricate relationships between external influences and dynamic changes in consumer demand. Value proposition: The value proposition explains to some extent the reasons why consumers buy enterprise products or services, and confirms the practical significance of enterprises to consumers. Key business: The key business is to ensure that the business model is practical and the most important thing the company must do. The goal of key business is to create value for the service. Core resources: Core resources are the most important factors to make the business model work, such as intellectual assets, human resources, financial assets, and key technologies. Profit model: The profit model is the way that the business model obtains income, which may include advertising fees, rental fees, usage fees, product sales, and the like. In addition, while obtaining income, different pricing mechanisms can be adopted according to the actual situation of the platform, such as fixed pricing and dynamic pricing.      In the research process, due to the large time span and the complex relationship between the elements of the business model, the method of case study is adopted. Alibaba is an enterprise that entered the Internet platform earlier in China, which has formed a huge business ecosystem. Its successful experience has a good reference for the development of many other platform-based enterprises. Therefore, this study chooses Alibaba as the case study. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the development process of Alibaba, the development process of the Alibaba is divided into three main stages, namely the start and development stage (1999-2003), the transition and expansion stage (2004-2010), the maturity and prosperity stage (Since 2011). This paper studies the value creation logic of Alibaba in the three development stages by using the network model of value creation. In the first phase, Alibaba concentrated its core resources to develop an Internet trading platform that focuses on the provision and integration of information flow and is committed to solving various obstacles in the traditional business model. In the second phase, Alibaba′s business scope has expanded to multiple areas, and its external needs are more complex, with more participants, more diverse types, and more extensive coverage. At the same time, compared with the first stage, the profit model of this stage has made a new breakthrough, and the model and channel of value creation are also more abundant. In the third stage, supported by e-commerce platform, Alibaba has formed a huge business ecosystem by centering on the core e-commerce business and the payment business and finance business supporting the e-commerce system, as well as supporting local life services, medical and health care, digital media, entertainment business and intelligent terminals. The speed, breadth and depth of its value creation have far exceeded the traditional business model.     Based on the comprehensive analysis of the evolution process of Alibaba′s business model in different development stages, the results show that: Firstly, the more of Internet platform participants, the richer of types and the wider of coverage area, the easier it is to form a closely connected value network, which helps Internet platform enterprises realize value growth. Secondly, capturing external demand in real time and taking timely countermeasures can promote the platform to create new value. Thirdly, diversified Internet platform enterprises should be supported by core business and radiate the development of other businesses. With the change of external demand, core supporting business needs to keep pace with the times and constantly adapt to the changing external environment. Fourthly, the business ecosystem supported by the Internet platform can promote the platform value in all directions from multiple fields.     We draw the following management enlightenment: Firstly, the Internet platform not only needs to acquire users, but also needs to retain users. Platform companies can attract users in a variety of ways. In addition, platform companies should establish operating mechanism to improve user satisfaction and improve users′ dependence on platform products or services. Secondly, Platform companies need to actively foster their own dynamic capabilities to accurately capture external requirements. While the Internet platform continuously provides content that meets users′ expectations, it also needs to update itself and capture new user demands. Thirdly, Internet platform companies should put the development of core support business in the first place. In addition, diversified platform companies should prioritize the expansion of their core business-related areas in the expansion of their business scope. On the one hand, the core business has a radiant role to the related business, on the other hand, the related business has a deepening role to the core business. Fourthly, drive the value creation of the Internet platform with a range economy. Internet platform enterprises should not only pay attention to the development of their own fields, but also pay attention to other areas related to them. The platforms cooperate and develop together to create a mutually beneficial ecosystem. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deep integration of industry, university and research in new R&D institutions: The password of institutional mechanism innovation Zhang Fen, Yuan Changhong, Guo Jianlu 2021, 42(11): 43-53.  Abstract ( 313 )   The Nineteenth People′s Congress proposed to deepen the reformation of scientific and technological system and establish a technological innovation system based on enterprises as the main body, market orientation, and the deep integration of industry-university-research (IUR). Nowadays, IUR needs to make further progress towards deep integration. The traditional boundaries of basic research, applied research, technology development and industrialization have become blurred, the chain of scientific and technological innovation has become more flexible, which is urgent to break through the old organizational form. The new R&D institution takes forward-looking technology, industry common technology and key technology as the research object, aiming at promoting industrialization of advanced technology and upgrading industrial structure level, has diversified investment subjects, international construction mode and so on, which is a independent legislator organization including service about innovation, capital, entrepreneurship incubation and technology intermediary. The new R&D institutions has promoted the negotiation of research institute and market, and became more and more important in developing regional innovation and the development of strategic emerging industries. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to deeply study how the new R&D institutions promote the deep integration of IUR through institutional mechanism innovation process, which is an important and new topic lacking of exploration.      This paper takes Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute as the research object, uses exploratory cases to discuss how new R&D institutions can promote the process of IUR deep integration, analyses the key passwords of institutional mechanism innovation, and puts forward corresponding theoretical propositions. Here we take JITRI as an example for several reasons: JITRI as a typical successful case in the whole country, the scope and intensity of the reform have been widely recognized by the major media and inspected by the national leaders, and it is the model and template of institutional mechanism innovation. In addition, we have maintained close cooperation with JITRI, through the JITRI field survey and telephone survey, we have obtained abundant first-hand information and internal information, thus established data reliability.     The conclusions of this study are as follows: new R&D institutions play an important role in deepening institutional reform and promoting the deep integration of IUR. First, in the initial stage of institutional mechanism innovation, funded by the government and focus on industrial technology research and development, not competing with universities for academic reputation, not competing with enterprises for product benefits is a breakthrough point of new R&D to stimulate institutional mechanism innovation. Second, in the process of system innovation, implementing the "university operation mechanism" and "market operation mechanism" at the same time can fully motivate scientific researchers, which is key to institutional mechanism innovation and promote IUR integration. Third, the establishment of contract scientific research evaluation mechanism without examining papers and patents but assessing the ability to serve enterprises is the catalyst for institutional mechanism innovation. Fourth, focusing on market orientation, public welfare function and enterprise working, and established to have the development mode of market orientation and public welfare functions is necessary for new R&D institutions. Fifth, market-oriented global recruitment of professional leaders, organization and implementation of integrated innovation projects, implementation of the "project manager mechanism" of the employment mechanism are major measures of institutional innovation of new R&D institutions. Sixth, implementing "equity incentive system", let professional research institutes have ownership and disposal rights of scientific achievements, enable technological personnel to enjoy more benefits of technological appreciation through equity gains, options and other means is an important driving force for institutional mechanism innovation and UIR integration. Seventh, the implementation of cross-regional and cross-border global resource integration on resource integration is an important guarantee for new R&D institutions′ institutional mechanism innovation. At last, the construction of an innovative ecology to promote the R&D and transformation of characteristic industries in the province, which supports the layout of "one region, one strategic industry" in the whole province, is the key for the institutional mechanism innovation process and thus can promote the IUR deep integration.     The contributions of this study are as follows: First, taking JITRI as the research object, deeply researched the key codes during the process of promoting the integration of IUR of the new R&D institutions in transitional condition in China. Through the analysis of typical new R&D institutions, based on extensive and detailed second-hand information and first-hand interview data, the paper summarizes the key codes of institutional mechanism innovation, offsets the shortage of lack of practical and theoretical analysis in this area to some degree. Second, using exploratory case study method, this paper incorporates the unique institutional environment factors in China into the process of institutional mechanism innovation and shows the actual situation of the integration of IUR through case. We summarize the key points of institutional mechanism innovation from the perspective of institutional theory and triple helix theory, which will help to enhance the understanding of how institutional mechanism innovation can promote the IUR deep integration and enrich the connotation of institutional theory and triple helix theory.     From the practice perspective, this paper puts forward the key codes for the R&D institutions to promote the IUR deep integration, which has distinct enlightenment for the new R&D institutions: first, as newly emerging R&D organizations, they should change the traditional institutional mechanism and insist on the principle of deepening the reform of science and technology system and establishing the principle of technology innovation system with enterprise as the main body, market-oriented and deep integration of IUR institutes, and further explored development mode, management system, operation mechanism and collaborative innovation for the purpose of promoting the deep integration of IUR deep integration. Second, the government plays an extremely important role in the institutional reform of new R&D institutions, timely financial and governmental support can help promoting UIR integration. Last but not least, talent is the key during the process of institutional mechanism innovation, and adopting appropriate incentive policies can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific researchers, which is conducive to the deep integration of IUR. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Environmental regulation, clean-technology innovation and China′s industrial green transformation Sun Haibo, Liu Zhonglu 2021, 42(11): 54-61.  Abstract ( 266 )      Since the reform and opening up, China′s industrial development model is characterized by high investment, high energy consumption and high emission. Although this development model has played a major role in economic growth, it has also brought serious environmental pollution problems. Therefore, promoting industrial green transformation has become the primary problem that the governments have to face to realize the China′s economy high-quality growth. The 13th Five-Year Plan points out continuing to strengthen the integrated ecological management process. In the meanwhile, the 19th National Congress of Communist Party of China also emphasizes building a market-oriented green technology innovation system. These all indicate the way for the future development of the industry. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the relationship among environmental regulation, clean-technology innovation and industrial green transformation. The conclusions have important theoretical and practical guiding significance for formulating reasonable environmental supervision policies and clean-technology innovation incentive policies to promote industrial green transformation.     The existing research draws relatively more attentions on the relationship between environmental regulation and technology innovation and the discussion of combining the environmental regulation and clean-technology innovation is less during the process of analyzing the core driving elements of industrial green transformation. Furthermore, there are big differences in the research conclusions. Some scholars believe that environmental regulation is the main strength driving China′s industrial green transformation，and some other scholars do not agree with this view. The possible reason why the research conclusions are different lies in the nonlinear effects of environmental regulation on the industrial green transformation．    In the content of research, the main work and contributions of this paper mainly focus on the following two aspects: Firstly, this paper argues the complex non-linear relationship between environmental regulation and industrial green transformation, and constructs panel threshold model to validate the conclusion. Secondly, environmental regulation, clean-technology innovation and industrial green transformation are integrated into the uniform framework, and then this paper deeply analyzes the interactive effect of environmental regulation and clean-technology innovation on the industrial green transformation. Meanwhile, this paper also tests the different interactive effect of environmental regulation and clean-technology innovation on industrial green transformation between clean industry and pollution industry.    According to the above analysis, this paper tests the impact mechanism of environmental regulation and clean-technology innovation on industrial green transformation based on panel data of 26 industrial sectors in China from 2005 to 2013. By constructing the panel threshold regression model, this paper tests whether the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial green transformation is nonlinear. This model not only determines the number of threshold values automatically, but also determines the specific threshold value. This paper also examines the interactive effect of environmental regulation and clean-technology innovation on industrial green transformation by introducing interactive term between environmental regulation and clean-technology innovation into the panel data econometric model.    The main research conclusions of the paper are as follows:   Firstly, there is a triple threshold effect between environmental regulation and industrial green transformation. As a result of threshold effect, lower environmental regulation has a significant positive effect on industrial green transformation, and higher environmental regulation has a negative effect on industrial green transformation. The relationship between environmental regulation and industrial green transformation is inverted U-shape through innovation compensation effect and following cost effect. On one side, environmental regulation improves the industrial enterprises green productivity growth level, and presents the innovation compensation effect. On the other side, when environmental regulation is very high, environmental regulation also reduces the industrial enterprises investment in R&D, and presents the following cost effect.     Secondly, environmental regulation can positively influence the effects of clean-technology innovation on industrial green transformation. Under the pressure of government environmental regulation, enterprises will shorten the time for equipment renovation. Then, clean-technology innovation plays the role of energy-saving and emission reduction. In addition, environmental regulation can change consumer choices. Affected by environmental regulations, consumers′ awareness of environmental protection has increased, and they have gradually accepted green products and their demand has continued to expand. Driven by market demand, enterprises are willing to produce green products. Once some enterprises benefit from the green products, and the positive feedback loop kicked in. This will attract more enterprises to use clean-technology to produce more green products, and accelerate the whole industry toward green development ultimately.     Thirdly, the interactive effect of environmental regulation and clean-technology innovation on industrial green transformation has an industrial heterogeneity. Compared with polluting industry, the interactive effect is more obvious in the clean industry. There are two reasons to explain this result. The environmental regulation squeezes fewer resources for clean industry. Therefore, the clean- technology innovation will better promote industrial green transformation with more financial support. Besides, the government′s environmental supervision can enhance consumers′ preference for green products. The clean industry has the advantage of clean-technology to accelerate the production of green products, which is conducive to improving the competitiveness. By forming a virtuous circle of "clean production technology, green products, market competitiveness", the interactive effect of environmental regulation and clean-technology innovation on industrial green transformation is more obvious in clean industry.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of financial distortion on technological innovation Li Yushan, Lu Yuanquan, Wang Tuo 2021, 42(11): 62-70.  Abstract ( 150 )      Under the background of internationalization and China′s new normal, technological innovation is the core content of the high-quality economic development. Since the reform and opening up, the economic transition in the direction of market-oriented reform has greatly enhanced the level of development of China′s financial market, but the distortions of factors in the financial market are still very prominent. The development of financial market is seriously lagging behind the economic development, the depth and breadth of financial reforms in various regions are also different. To study the technological innovation effect of financial distortion has important theoretical and practical significance for China to deepen financial system reform, implement innovation-driven development strategy and build an innovative country.    In this paper, the financial distortion index is reconstructed and measured by using provincial panel data from 2005 to 2015. We use multiple fixed-effect models to empirically test the technological innovation effects of financial distortions. After controlling for robust measures such as missing variables, endogenous tests and placebo tests, the findings remain robust and reliable. This research is rooted in China′s financially distorted institutional environment and explores the technological innovation effects of financial distortions. We attempt to enrich existing research from the following aspects. First, it starts from the perspective of technological innovation output, we deeply analyze the inherent logic of financial distortions affecting technological innovation effects, which reveals the regional differences and causes on the basis of actively exploring theories. Second, considering the availability and continuity of data, we use the new method to measure the financial marketization index, and utilize the benchmark method to construct the financial distortion index of various regions in China, which is an extended research of the current literature focusing on the study of "factor distortion". Third, the academic circles generally do not pay attention to the spatial distribution characteristics of technological innovation inhibition effects. In this paper, the spatial autocorrelation-fixed effect model is used to empirically test the financial distortion technology, which is based on the spatial correlation of technological innovation effects. The approach in this paper provides a new perspective for studying the spatial negative effects of technological innovation.     In theory, the impact mechanism of financial distortion on technological innovation is manifested in the following three aspects. First, financial distortions induce the financial authority to seek rent and undermine technological innovation motives, then distortions cause mismatches in financial resources and constrain technological innovation activities. Financial distortions are misplaced through policies and reduce technological innovation output. Second, there are regional differences in the impact of financial distortions on technological innovation. The reform strategy of China′s gradual advancement has led to different levels of financial development in various regions, and financial distortions have also shown regional differences. The misallocation of financial resources is prominent in areas with higher financial distortions, and the technological innovation is often suppressed. The resource endowment conditions in various regions are different, and the difference in credit fund allocation is mainly due to the difference in endowment. Third, the impact of financial distortions on technological innovation has spillover effects. Technological innovation is a complex system evolution process. It is not only affected by the financial resources of local regions but also by external forces in other regions. The geographically adjacent and spatially related technological innovation entities interact with each other through formal or informal means. The difference in the allocation of financial elements forms a spatial structure in which the distribution of innovation effects is unbalanced, through the cross-regional flow of factors and the mismatch of resources. Financial distortions weaken technological innovation activities through diffusion effects in surrounding areas.    In conclusion, the main findings of this paper are as follows. (1) Financial distortions have suppressed regional technological innovations, and these suppression effects are sustainable and significant in China. Technological innovation capital, personnel input and technological output are the continuous accumulation process. The suppression effects of financial distortions have a long-term survival. (2) There are regional differences in the suppression effects of financial distortions on technological innovation, with the strongest in the west, the second in the middle, and the weakest in the east. In the process of China′s gradual reform, the level of financial development in every region is different, and the degree of financial distortion is also uneven. As a result, there are differences in the suppression effects of technological innovation in various regions. (3) The impact of financial distortion on technological innovation has spatial spillover effects. The flow of technological innovation capital, technological innovators and financial factors make the regional technological innovation effects not only affected by financial distortions in local regions, but also by technological innovation effects or financial distortions in other regions.    The above conclusions have important implications for enhancing the technological innovation capabilities of every region in China. First of all, the government should take some measures such as deepening financial system reform, breaking the monopoly position of the state-owned sector, reducing the threshold for entry into the financial market and improving the efficiency of financial resource allocation to dwindle financial distortions and improve the level and quality of technological innovation. Secondly, each region should clarify the protection of property rights according to its own development status, stay away from power rent-seeking, guard against misplaced policies, create a good financial market environment and effectively evade the financial innovation suppression effect of financial distortion. The central and western regions must place financial reforms in a prominent position, establish and improve the financial market system, focus on regulating the development of the financial industry and promote the upgrading of technological innovation industries. Finally, in order to promote the complementarity and sharing of interregional innovation resources, local governments should strengthen the positive links between regions and realize knowledge diffusion. At the same time, the government sectors should promote the benign and orderly competition of financial markets, create a level playing field for innovation entities in different regions and enhance the level of technological innovation in the whole region. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interactive influence of industrial characteristics on the effect of technological innovation incentive policies Jiang Jie, Tang Chaoying, Zhang Qihang, Feng Junwen 2021, 42(11): 71-81.  Abstract ( 155 )      Whether incentive policies of technological innovation affect technological innovation performance no longer seems to be the focus of discussion, but the mechanism by which policy works remains controversial. This paper argues that it is necessary to revisit this issue from the perspective of industrial characteristics by introducing industrial technology absorptive capacity and market competition degrees. Taking the enabling technologies (ETs) related manufacture industries as the object of study is of great significance to the enhancement of technological competitiveness and industrial upgrading. ETs are pre-competitive technologies that promote the innovation of other scientific and technological achievements. In recent years, developed countries laid stress on the development of enabling technologies and listed them as strategic development areas. In 2010, China identified the national emerging sectors of strategic importance, of which enabling technologies are the core and key part. Thus, study the incentive policies of technological innovation on the ET related manufacture industries is significant for Chinese manufacture industries′ technology upgrading and industrial competitiveness.     As innovation policies are formulated for industries or sectors rather than firms, this paper′s theoretical model not only helps policy makers to tailor policies to industry characteristics, but also to adjust policy tightness according to industrial conditions. Government innovation incentives are exogenous forces for industrial technological innovation. To study the effect of incentive policies of technological innovation on industrial technological innovation. The characteristics of industries should be considered, due to that the technological absorptive capacity of the industry matters with the industry′s ability of technology innovation. Meanwhile, the competitiveness of the industrial market relates with the industry′s motivation to do technology innovation. Thus, take the two characteristics of industries into the effect model of will give us more comprehensive picture of the effect of incentive policies of technological innovation on industrial technological innovation.    There are two types of innovation incentives widely used in China: direct incentives and indirect incentives. We chose the most used government R&D subsidies to represent direct incentive policy and tax incentives to represent indirect incentives. The sample industries of the empirical study are 16 ET-enabling industries. We first measure the technological innovation performance of each industry using a window DEA model, and in the descriptive statistics section provide a longitudinal comparative analysis of the technological innovation efficiency values of each enabling technology sector. Then, after verifying the external incentive effects of innovation policies, we investigate the triple interaction effects of technology absorptive capacity, market competitiveness and innovation policies. The regression results show that the incentive effect of tax incentives is better than that of R&D subsidies, and the technology absorptive capacity is also more facilitative to tax incentives. Finally, the triple interaction term shows a significant effect, with high market competition being conducive to stimulating the moderating effect of technology absorptive capacity on tax incentives and improving the technological innovation performance of industries.    This paper′s academic contribution is threefold. Firstly, most of the existing domestic studies take enterprises as the perspective for interpreting the effects of policies, lacking attention to the industry level. The paper uses industry data to target the effects of policies on enabling technology related industries, which is more conducive to observing the effects of existing innovation policies and making recommendations with practical guidance. Secondly, the paper does not limit itself to discussing whether innovation policies have influenced technological innovation but examines in depth the mechanism of their effects after verifying their incentive effects. The paper looks at the incentive effects of policies by taking industrial motivation and ability into consideration, and found the three-way interactive effect of incentive policies of technological innovation on industrial technological innovation performance. Finally, in terms of the measurement of innovation performance, the paper extends the scope of innovation performance to technological innovation, and instead of using a single indicator to simply measure technological innovation performance, a data envelopment approach is used to measure the efficiency of each unit in a comprehensive manner using both input and output variables. Instead of using a single indicator to simply measure technological innovation performance, a data envelope approach is used to measure the efficiency of each unit using a combination of input and output variables.    Based on the findings of this paper, the following recommendations are made: firstly, policy makers should pay attention to the degree of market competition in the target industry in order to take full value of incentive policies of technological innovation. Secondly, tax incentives are better for R&D subsidies in fostering industrial technological innovation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Can FDI promote innovative entrepreneurial activities? Wang Jia, Liu Meiling, Xie Ziyuan 2021, 42(11): 82-89.  Abstract ( 212 )      As an important factor to promote economic growth, promote employment, guide the harmonious and stable development of society, and enhance the competitiveness of the country, entrepreneurship has attracted more and more attention. However, China′s total entrepreneurship activity index (TEA) has gradually declined since 2014. At the same time, China′s entrepreneurship activities are generally characterized by poor innovation, poor quality and low success rate. So, what factors can promote the innovation of new ventures, improve the quality of entrepreneurship, and enhance the success rate of entrepreneurship have become the issues that should be paid attention to in the formulation of China′s entrepreneurship policy.    Although some scholars have defined entrepreneurship, but there is no literature defining innovative entrepreneurship yet. This paper holds that innovative entrepreneurship refers to the provision of advanced or unique products or services to the market through improvement or innovation on the basis of existing products or services, or through the establishment of new enterprises. Among the factors affecting entrepreneurship, FDI should not be ignored. There are abundant studies on the impact of FDI on entrepreneurship activities. Some of the studies support that FDI has positive impact on entrepreneurship, others believe that FDI has negative impact on entrepreneurship, and there are also studies believe that FDI has both positive and negative impact on the new entrants. The reason why the existing research on the linear relationship between FDI and entrepreneurship is not consistent is that the existing literature does not consider the non-linear relationship between FDI and entrepreneurship. Based on the existing literature, this paper studies the non-linear relationship between FDI and innovative entrepreneurship hoping that FDI can be reasonably introduced into China in order to enhance China′s innovation entrepreneurship, improve the quality of entrepreneurship, and put forward feasible policy recommendations.    First, this study analyses the mechanism. On the one hand, FDI can increase the demand for domestic products through backward and forward linkages generated by demand creation effect, promote innovative partners through competition-driven effect, and promote innovative entrepreneurship activities through technology spillover effect. On the other hand, FDI can also change the choice of entrepreneurs through employment-driven effect, absorb high-tech personnel with original entrepreneurial intention into employees of foreign-funded enterprises, and otherwise squeeze entrepreneurs out of the industry through competition, which hinders innovative entrepreneurship. This shows that the possible relationship between FDI level and innovative entrepreneurship is not a simple linear relationship, but rather a complex non-linear relationship: when the level of FDI is low, foreign-funded enterprises have just entered the host country, the host country′s enterprises have just contacted foreign-funded enterprises, the forward and backward linkages create good cooperation opportunities for innovative enterprises, and the technology spillover effect of foreign-funded enterprises is also showed. It is beginning to appear that driven by the competition of foreign-funded enterprises, new ventures strive to innovate in order to win the market. In the case of relatively small scale of FDI entry, with the gradual increase of FDI scale, the demand creation effect, competitive pressure effect and technology spillover effect of FDI on innovative entrepreneurship become more and more obvious, which has a positive impact on innovative entrepreneurship. When the scale of FDI is getting larger and larger, beyond a certain threshold and reaching a higher level, the continued entry of FDI will cause the host country market to be occupied by a large number of foreign-funded enterprises, a large number of domestic employment to be absorbed by foreign-funded enterprises, and the technology spillover effect of FDI is gradually reduced, the hindrance of FDI to innovative entrepreneurship will appear. Therefore, in general, FDI can promote innovative entrepreneurship through a variety of effects, but the large scale of FDI may also inhibit innovative entrepreneurship, so there should be an inverted ‘U′ relationship between them. That is, when the scale of FDI is at a low level, the further inflowing of FDI can promote innovative entrepreneurship activities, but when the scale of FDI exceeds a certain threshold, the further promotion of the scale of FDI will hinder innovative entrepreneurship activities.    Second，according to the theoretical analysis, this paper constructs an empirical model. Taking innovative entrepreneurship as the interpreted variable, foreign direct investment as the main explanatory variable, and adding economic development, entrepreneurship cost, openness, labor participation rate, entrepreneurship capability, entrepreneurship intention, fear of failure, career choice and entrepreneurial opportunity as control variables. In addition, the square term of FDI scale is added to validate the relationship, and the panel measurement model is set up. Considering the availability, continuity and rationality of data, we use panel data of 35 countries from 2010 to 2016, this paper makes an empirical study on the relationship between OFDI and innovative entrepreneurship.     Third, according to the theoretical and empirical research, this paper provides an important way to promote innovative entrepreneurship activities, that is, the state must grasp the introduction of FDI at the macro level, prevent the blind expansion of FDI scale in some regions from having a negative impact on innovative entrepreneurship, and moderately encourage FDI inflow in other regions. As far as China is concerned, FDI inflows are concentrated in the eastern coastal areas, while in the central and western regions, especially in the western regions, FDI is relatively scarce, and the scale of FDI is far from reaching a moderate level. Therefore, the state should promote more foreign-funded enterprises to invest in the central and western regions, control the level of FDI in the eastern regions, and improve the scale of FDI in the central and western regions through the adjustment of fiscal, taxation and financial policies.    So, government should pay attention to the role of regional FDI scale in innovative entrepreneurship. The policies of attracting foreign investment in different regions should be differentiated. On the premise of achieving a moderate and reasonable scale of FDI in the eastern region, government should guide high-quality foreign investment to the central and western regions. The central and western regions should actively enhance the human capital and institutional environment, enhance the absorptive capacity and competitiveness of FDI technology spillovers, so as to promote innovative entrepreneurship activities by drawing lessons and learning from foreign-funded enterprises and competing with them. Through this adjustment, we can achieve a balanced and moderate growth of FDI nationwide, and promote the development of innovative entrepreneurship activities. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The relationship between failure learning and business model innovation:The impact of knowledge management and environmental dynamics Zhang Yongyun, Guo Pengli, Zhang Shengtai 2021, 42(11): 90-98.  Abstract ( 161 )      In the era of Internet economy, business model innovation has become one of the strategic tools to promote industrial upgrading and realize enterprise redevelopment. The research on the path of business model innovation has attracted wide attention, but there are few studies on the path of failure learning to business model innovation. This study aims to establish a relationship model between failure learning, knowledge management, environmental dynamics and business model innovation, and empirically test the model by collecting data through questionnaires. Based on the empirical learning theory and resource dependence theory, from the perspective of knowledge management and environmental dynamics, this paper discusses the impact of failure learning on business model innovation, the mediating effect of knowledge management and the moderating effect of environmental dynamics.     This study mainly adopts the mature scale of domestic and foreign scholars in variable measurement. The measurement of failure learning is based on the four questions of Yu Xiaoyu and Cai Li on the organizational level of failure learning. The measurement of knowledge management refers to the scales of Islam & Doshi, Jansen & Van den Bosch and Shenkar & Li, with a total of 12 items. The measurement of environmental dynamics refers to the three items used in the study of environmental dynamics scale by Jansen and Van den Bosch. The measurement of business model innovation draws on the classic scale of Zott and Amit to measure business model innovation, which has four items. All items were scored by Likert-5. The main survey objects of this research are high-tech enterprises. A total of 215 valid data are collected, and empirical research is carried out by hierarchical regression and Bootstrap methods.    The study finds that: (1) Failure learning significantly promotes business model innovation, and knowledge management plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between failure learning and business model innovation. Possible explanations are as follows: Firstly, business model innovation is inseparable from the accumulation of knowledge, and the heterogeneous knowledge obtained from failed learning becomes a unique source of knowledge for enterprises, increasing the breadth of knowledge acquisition and enabling enterprises to break through cognitive limitations; Secondly, the simple stacking of scattered knowledge fragments obtained from failure learning cannot become the core resource advantage of enterprises, and it is difficult to trigger innovation. Only through the deep integration and absorption of knowledge, and the full and organic integration of old and new knowledge, we can achieve knowledge optimization and generate new knowledge to promote business model innovation. Finally, the knowledge acquired by failure learning improves the sensitivity of enterprises to business model innovation opportunities, and can stimulate knowledge creation, thus breaking through the original business model pattern and effectively promoting business model innovation. (2) Environmental dynamics plays a moderating role between knowledge integration and business model innovation, and environmental dynamics has a moderating mediating effect in the impact of “failure learning-knowledge integration-business model innovation”. Compared with low environmental dynamics, under the moderating effect of high environmental dynamics, knowledge integration has a greater impact on business model innovation, and failure learning has a greater impact on business model innovation through knowledge integration. The possible explanation is that when the environment is highly dynamic, companies quickly form a knowledge integration system that adapts to the environment, timely understand external market information, master new technologies, carry out knowledge integration activities, and promote business model innovation. Moreover, under the high environmental dynamics, companies pay more attention to the heterogeneous knowledge resources obtained from failed learning, and then carry out knowledge integration activities in a timely manner, respond to environmental changes, quickly make business model adjustments, and achieve business model innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the evolution of supply chain innovation network from the perspective of patent Hua Lianlian, Liu Shuaijuan, Wang Jianguo 2021, 42(11): 99-109.  Abstract ( 214 )     As one of the strategic tools to boost the transformation and upgrading of the industry and value reengineering, patent innovation has become a criterion by which the growth of key technologies is measured. In particular, the research on the layout and evolution of patent innovation has increasingly attracted the attention of the nation and even the world. The tide of world change also makes the patterns of global industrial chain, value chain and supply chain undergo rapid evolution. The number of supply chain patents increases exponentially, which has become the indicator of supply chain innovation, confirming that the excavation and deepening of supply chain technology are potentially affecting the innovation pattern and trend of supply chain.     This paper selects the supply chain patent data of China, the United States, Japan, Germany and South Korea as the research object, deeply excavates the supply chain patent data pool for the past 27 years from 1990 to 2016, and uses quantitative and visual methods to analyze the network characteristics and evolution path from the three aspects of cooperative innovation, spatial structure and technical theme.     The studies indicate that (1) the evolution process of the supply chain patent innovation network is highly consistent with the development track of the global industry, which confirms the evolution process of the global industry. It has started in the medical and health care industry, and its technological innovation guides the direction of supply chain technological innovation in other industries. Then, the supply chain patent technological innovation extends to the computer industry and the financial industry, laying the cornerstone for the rise of core scientific and technological forces. Then, the supply chain patent technology covers the agriculture and energy industries. The supply chain technology mining of traditional industries and green industries has become the key force to construct the supply chain innovation network. With the circular development of technology, the supply chain technology has been deepened in the energy industry, food industry and computer industry. So far, the supply chain patent innovation network has been continuously upgraded under the background of global technological innovation, and its innovation network is becoming more and more mature. With the innovation trend of supply chain patent technology, calculation / calculation / counting, communication technology, transportation / packaging / storage have become the hot spots of supply chain patent application, as well as competitive areas for patent technologies of various countries.    (2) The supply chain cooperative innovation network with core cities is becoming more and more mature, and it has played a driving and radiating role in the surrounding cities. With the continuous innovation of supply chain patent technology, many countries around the world have joined the team of supply chain patent innovation, basically forming a system dominated by interregional collaborative innovation. In the spatial pattern of patent innovation in the supply chain supplemented by transnational cooperative innovation, the heterogeneous community structure is becoming increasingly prominent. Countries urgently need to eliminate the locking effect and enhance the scale of industry university research collaborative innovation.   (3) With the increasing popularity of supply chain patent technology, more and more subjects participate in supply chain innovation. Therefore, the scale of supply chain patent space network is gradually expanding, but the spatial layout is uneven, which is mainly reflected in that countries mainly focus on domestic cross regional cooperation, supplemented by transnational cooperation, and most cross-national cooperation is among the United States, Japan and South Korea. Therefore, countries should establish a more open cooperation, truly realize the barrier free exchange of patented technology in the supply chain, and constantly realize technological breakthrough and innovation in cooperation.    (4) Focusing on the technological innovation of China′s supply chain, we can find that the scale of patents is gradually increasing, but the form of cooperation is relatively single, the collaborative innovation mode of industry-university-research cooperation has not really played a role. At the same time, the technical theme layout does not match the development of China′s advantageous industries, so it is urgent to design the supply chain patent layout at the top level. The mining of supply chain technology should be combined with the characteristics of China′s industrial development to realize the spiral synchronous rise of technology and industry. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of strategic interactions of regional patent administrative protection Liao Zhidong, Yao Fengmin 2021, 42(11): 110-117.  Abstract ( 83 )      Under new situations and circumstances, how to strengthen the protection and use of intellectual property rights is a significant problem for China. Actually, the system of intellectual property protection in China is relatively perfect, thus the key point is the implementation of laws and regulations. For the patent protection, the patent administrative protection is an important element. How do we strengthen the patent administrative protection effectively? The protection and use of intellectual property rights has attracted considerable attention, both scholarly and popular, however, most studies of intellectual property rights have not dealt with the patent administrative protection in depth and ignored the characteristics of patent management system and mechanism in China. From the perspective of the strategic interaction between provincial regions in the patent administrative protection in China, this study set out to figure a possible way out to improve the patent protection.    Based on the provincial panel data of China from 2002 to 2016, using the General Spatial Econometric Model (SARAR), this paper tried to identify the type of strategic interaction between regions in patent administrative protection, and study whether and how inter-regional patent administrative protection affects each other in the context of Chinese style decentralization.    The theoretical analysis shows that: (1) In the field of patent in China, the central government is mainly responsible for the patent management and provincial local governments are primarily in charge of the administrative enforcement of patent. This constitutes the basic framework of China′s patent administration management system. (2) Under the background of Chinese style decentralization, constrained by the flow of resources and driven by top-to-down economic and political pressures, local governments and local government officials have a strong incentive to promote the enforcement of patent administration protection. And, they learn from each other, thus forming "run-to-top" competition in the field of patent administration protection.   The Hausman test shows that it should use the spatial panel model with fixed effects. Moreover, results of logL and AIC indicate that it should use the spatial panel model with both time fixed effects and individual fixed effects. Estimated results show that the coefficient of space lag term is 0.4642，it means that a provincial region will strengthen its patent administration protection when its adjacent regions improve their patent administration protection. That is statistical significance at the 99% level of confidence. In other words, there are indeed mutual imitations among local governments in the field of regional patent administrative protection, and the level of patent administrative protection between adjacent regions can promote each other. By replacing the indicator of the patent administrative protection, a robustness test was carried out in order to avoid measurement errors. And by replacing the regional population scale, the regional economic development, the regional technology import fee, the regional FDI and the regional import amount of goods with their one period lag terms respectively, the other robustness test was carried out to avoid the reverse causality effect. Both of test results show that the basic estimation results are robust.     This study deepens the understanding of local government competition, and is also a supplement to the study of competition in the construction of local rule of law. At the same time, this study provides the knowledge base and policy support for the promotion of intellectual property protection and the implementation of the innovation driving path of high-quality economic development, and also provides a possible path for further promoting comprehensive rule of law.    Therefore, in order to improve the actual level of intellectual property protection, and promote technological innovation as well as economic development, we can properly strengthen the formation mechanism of "run-to-top" in regional patent administrative protection, and enhance the level of local patent administrative protection. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the influence of state-owned enterprises′ mixed ownership reform on their corporate social responsibility Zhuang Ying, Mai Sheng 2021, 42(11): 118-128.  Abstract ( 286 )        State-owned enterprise mixed ownership reform is the core of China economic system reform, while the participation of non-state capital has a governance effect on state-owned enterprises, it also affects policy decision-making behavior to a certain extent, then the participation of non-state capital in the mixed ownership reform of state-owned enterprises will also have an impact on the performance of state-owned enterprises′ "mission and inevitable" social responsibility. This paper explores the impact of state-owned enterprises′ mixed ownership structure on corporate social responsibility from two perspectives: burden reduction effect and governance effect.     The empirical research results show that: (1) Changes in the dynamic equity structure of state-owned enterprise mixed reform, including diversity, depth, checks and balances, and transfer of control rights, will reduce the level of corporate social responsibility. (2) The mechanism test found the mixed reform of state-owned enterprises can not only alleviate the policy obligations of state-owned enterprises through the burden-reducing effect, thereby having an impact on corporate social responsibility, but also effectively supervise and constrain the management′s behavior to improve the level of corporate social responsibility in order to obtain hidden benefits through the governance effect. (3) In addition, based on the perspective of control hierarchy and governance environment, further research found that compared with state-owned enterprises, the mixed reform of local state-owned enterprises has a more obvious inhibitory effect on the level of corporate social responsibility; regions with a high marketization process and strong government willingness to delegate power have a better governance environment, which can strengthen the impact of the mixed reform of state-owned enterprises on the level of corporate social responsibility. (4) Finally, this paper finds that the mixed reform of state-owned enterprises reduces the level of corporate social responsibility, which is reflected in employees, supply chain and environmental responsibility. And effectively alleviate the negative value effect brought by corporate social responsibility and enhance corporate value. Research believes that the mixed reform of state-owned enterprises should focus on the combination of "quantitative and qualitative changes" in the ownership structure, give full play to the governance efficiency of non-state capital, clarify the nature of the social responsibility of state-owned enterprises, encourage state-owned enterprises to effectively play a role model of corporate social responsibility while improving performance.     Our contribution is that: (1) This paper clarifies the path of influence of the mixed reform of state-owned enterprises on corporate social responsibility. (2) Clarify the role of the governance environment in the mixed reform of state-owned enterprises, the nature of state-owned enterprises′ social responsibilities, and the importance of non-state-owned capital′s participation in the ownership structure that influences the decision-making of "quantitative and qualitative changes", it provides certain theoretical and empirical evidence for clarifying the controversy over the effectiveness of the reform of state-owned enterprises and deepening the practice of mixed reform of state-owned enterprises.   Our research also has some important management implications: (1) The mixed reform of state-owned enterprises not only needs to pay attention to the "quantitative change" of multiple equity, but also the effective "qualitative change" of the deepening, checks and balances and transfer of the shareholding formed by the participation of heterogeneous shareholders, to produce effective checks and balances. In related industries that are not related to the national economy and people′s livelihood, encourage the appropriate transfer of state-owned equity, give full play to the governance role of non-state capital, reduce the "pressure" (policy obligations) of state-owned enterprises, and squeeze out the "water" of corporate social responsibility (agency issue). (2) In the future, the practice of mixed reform should focus on the heterogeneous characteristics of enterprises at different levels of control and the characteristics of the institutional environment. It is necessary to vigorously promote the process of mixed improvement of local state-owned enterprises. (3) Relying on the introduction of non-state-owned capital can optimize the internal governance of enterprises, thereby reducing the level of corporate social responsibility and enhancing corporate value, but the social responsibility and "model role" that state-owned enterprises themselves need to bear cannot be ignored, thereby enhancing corporate value and corporate social responsibility. Related Articles | Metrics

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Buyer′s market power, market competition environment and enterprise′s R&D investment#br# ——The empirical evidence based on high-tech listed companies in China Guo Xiaoling, Li Kai, Shi Junguo 2021, 42(11): 129-136.  Abstract ( 172 )       With China′s economic development entering a new normal state, the mode of economic growth is shifting from a traditional scale-up of extensive expansion to a quality-productive intensive model with technological progress as the core. The purpose is to push the supply-side reform by the demand-side inversion, upgrade production technology by using advanced standards. Force the upgrading of production technology, improve the competitive environment of the industry, and stimulate the innovation vitality of enterprises. By promoting the technology upgrading of related enterprises in the industry and upstream and downstream, we can better meet the growing consumer demand of customers.      The key to implementing the innovation-driven and transformation development strategy is to give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation. In this process, it is especially important to use external partners to obtain market information and knowledge resources to promote technological innovation. In the market trading process, the customer as the downstream of the enterprise is the most direct stakeholder of the enterprise. How to stimulate consumption and expand demand through the buyer′s market, and then stimulate technological innovation, has become the key for enterprises to build core competitive advantage in the fierce competitive environment.    In general, market power mainly affects innovation revenue through product pricing, market share, and entry threats. With the continuous development of industrial organization theory, the connotation and measurement methods of market power have been further expanded. Some scholars have pointed out that the bargaining power of the market participants through dominant position or special advantages is also an important source of pricing power and product market power, which will not only affect the enterprise′s ability to control the price of products, but also determine the profit distribution and innovation decision-making of enterprises.It is worth noting that with the rapid development of organizations such as open innovation and network innovation, more and more scholars regard the vertical market power formed by the bargaining between the buyer and the seller as an important factor affecting enterprise product market competition and strategic decision-making.    From the perspective of market competition, the market power of an enterprise is a comprehensive concept, which includes both the market structure at the industry level and the influence of the industry competition environment, but also reflects the bargaining power generated by the buyer′s or seller′s concentration in the vertical transaction relationship.    Based on the fact that enterprise innovation and R&D are influenced by industry competition and vertical transaction relationship, we put forward a question: what impact will downstream buyer market power have on enterprise technology innovation and R&D investment? Is it a positive "stimulating effect" or a negative "vertical squeezing effect"? Under different external market competition mechanisms, what are the characteristics of the impact and whether it will change?     Customer is an important stakeholder in an enterprise, which has a wide and profound impact on enterprise behavior. Buyer market power is one of the important characteristics of enterprise customers. Buyer market power is one of the important factors affecting investment and financing decisions, performance and distribution policies of an enterprise. At the same time, the buyer′s market power plays an important role in the innovation decision-making process of enterprises. Therefore, this paper focuses on the impact of buyer market power on R&D investment.    In terms of data selection, we take the A-share 610 high-tech companies listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2012 to 2016 as the research sample, empirically tests the impact of buyer′s market power and market competition environment on enterprise innovation R&D investment, and further analyzes the effect of buyer power on enterprise innovation R&D investment under different market competition environment.     In the selection of variable indicators, we take customer concentration as the agent variable of buyer′s market power, and use the sum of the top five customers′ sales to measure the proportion of total sales in the same period. The higher the proportion, the more concentrated the customer relationship, the greater the downstream buyer′s market power, and the stronger the vertical dependence of the enterprise on it. In addition, we also measure the market competition environment from two perspectives of market competition intensity and market dynamics.     In the aspect of empirical test, in order to test the relationship between buyer′s market power and market competition environment and enterprise′s innovation R&D investment, we construct a regression model, and test the change of buyer′s market power on R&D investment under different market competition environment by grouping market competition environment indicators.     The results show that: the more intense the market competition is, the more obvious the "promotion incentive effect" of buyer′s market power on innovation R&D investment is; the stronger the market dynamics of enterprises′ industries, the more significant the "promotion incentive effect" of buyer′s market power on innovation R&D investment is.     The theoretical contribution and significance of this study are as follows: Firstly, most of the previous literatures focused on the influence of horizontal market structure characteristics on enterprise technology innovation, but the literatures on the influence of buyer′s market power on enterprise innovation R&D investment based on the vertical perspective of industry chain is relatively rare. Therefore, the study on the relationship between the buyer′s market power and R&D investment is a supplement to the theoretical results. Secondly, this study combines the internal characteristics of the enterprises with the external market competition environment. On the basis of expanding the theoretical understanding of the relationship between market structure and technological innovation, it reveals more comprehensively and thoroughly the mechanism of the buyer′s market power in the field of technological innovation decision-making. Thirdly, this study breaks through the traditional game modeling method, and explores the interaction effect between buyer′s market power, market competition environment and enterprise R&D investment through empirical test. This study not only broadens the research horizon and methods, but also has important guiding significance for the decision-making of R&D and the improvement of innovation performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Turnover of judicial officials and private enterprises′ investment on research and development Zhou Zhou, Li Yameng, Ran Rong 2021, 42(11): 137-146.  Abstract ( 105 )      To promote China′s high-quality development process, a series of policies have been put forward emphasizing that it is necessary to constantly create a better environment for the development of the private enterprises and let the sources of innovation of the private enterprises flow fully. In this regard, the research on how to promote R&D investment of private enterprises has a certain practical significance. The improvement of the court-centered judicial environment is an important part of encouraging the reform and innovation of private enterprises. China′s court organization system is different from western countries. There are the Supreme People′s Court, the Higher People′s Courts, the Intermediate People′s Courts, and the Basic-level People′s Courts. It′s mainly the responsibility of the Higher People′s Courts to formulate and implement directional judicial guidelines and policies. In addition, China′s court management system has a strong administrative and bureaucratic color. The president of the Higher People′s Court has a certain influence on the judicial efficiency of the courts and the trial of cases. Therefore, this paper discusses the relationship between the turnover of the presidents of the Higher People′s Courts and the choice of innovation strategies of private enterprises, hoping to provide a theoretical reference for China′s judicial reform and the implementation of innovation strategies.     Based on the analysis of behavioral signal theory and "prominent effect", this paper hypothesizes that under the influence of information asymmetry and limited rationality, the turnover of the presidents of the Higher People′s Courts will make private enterprises have a positive psychological bias on the judicial environment and change their short-term innovation decisions. What′s more, based on resource perspective, theoretical assumptions are made on the role of the intermediate mechanism of financing constraints and technical information constraints. Using the data of the turnover of president of the Higher People′s Courts collected by hand to match the data of R&D of private manufacturing listed enterprises from 2009 to 2016, this paper provides an empirical evidence on the assumptions above.      The empirical result shows that the behavioral signal of the turnover of presidents of the Higher people′s Courts causes positive psychological deviation and increase R&D investment of private enterprises via the "highlight effect". In addition, it alleviates the financing constraints and technical information constraints of private enterprises by promoting commercial credit, expanding the size of regional technology trading markets and foreign direct investment to increase private enterprises′ R&D investment indirectly. Further research shows that for private enterprises that are in the high-tech industries, in the fiercely competitive industries, not politically connected and in the growth stage, the affect is more significant; Compared with who from the court or other government departments, the presidents of the Higher People′s Courts from other departments of politics and law have the most significant promotion effect on the innovation of private enterprises; The presidents of the Higher People′s Courts who are natives of the province and have longer served in the departments of politics and law have greater roles in promoting the innovation of private enterprises; If the secretaries of the Provincial Party Committee and the presidents of the Higher People′s Courts have replaced in the same year, it is not conductive to R&D investment of private enterprises.     Based on the research results, this paper draws the following policy implications: First, China should make the judicial information public, reduce the information asymmetry between the judicial departments and private enterprises, and stabilize and boost the market′s confidence in the judicial environment. Second, it′s better to overcome judicial localization externally and prevent judicial administration internally. Finally, it′s necessary to improve the governance system of judicial officials, for example, raising the professional threshold for judicial officials.     Compared with the existing research, the innovation of this paper lies in: First, it discusses the impact of the turnover of judicial officials on micro-enterprise innovation behavior for the first time, enriches and expands related researches in the field of law and innovation and official governance. Secondly, this paper reinforces the content dimensions of signal theory from the perspective of behavioral signal theory and "highlighting effect", and expands signal theory to the macro level of research. In the context of China, the embodiment of the behavior signal of the turnover of the presidents of the Higher People′s Courts in the field of corporate innovation is verified. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Learning balance in R&D enterprises and its dynamic effects on different results Liang Fu, Sun Ying, Li Shuwen 2021, 42(11): 147-154.  Abstract ( 98 )        Internal learning and external learning have been viewed to be significant knowledge resource for organizational innovation, and they play crucial roles in organization′s transformation process. Due to the huge differences between internal learning and external learning, organizations often confront the dilemma of how to balance these two organizational learning patterns. For example, putting more emphasis on internal learning often leads to competence trap, while over-emphasis on external learning may incur innovation trap. At present, there are two perspectives in terms of balancing these two organizational learning patterns, namely temporal equilibrium and simultaneous equilibrium. Temporal equilibrium hold that internal and external learning are the two ends of organizational learning, and there is an implacable substitution effect between internal and external learning in terms of resource identification and resource application, that is organizations must conduct internal and external learning activities in light of a certain order, and focus on a single learning activity for a special period; And simultaneous equilibrium is inclined to think of the two kinds of learning activities to be two aspects of organizational learning, which can achieve integration and collaboration with each other on the dimensions of both time and space, that is organizations must consider both internal and external learning strategies when distributing organization′s resources. However, few research has focused on how an organization makes choice between the two organizational learning patterns, that is when to adopt temporal equilibrium, when to adopt simultaneous equilibrium, and when to take the two learning patterns into consideration simultaneously?     In order to identify the dynamic matching rules between internal learning, external learning, and the balance in between and different organizational development stages under different organizational outcome orientation, we incorporated enterprise life cycle into our study, measured organizational outcomes with organizational innovation and organizational performance, and conducted our research based on over 400 R&D enterprises with more than 25 personnel each. These enterprises are mainly located in Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangdong province, and Beijing, Shanghai city, and the industries of these enterprises ranged from new generation of electronic technology software development, electronic communications, new material, mechanical manufacturing to biological medicine. And we explored the effects of learning dynamic balance on different organizational outcomes in R&D enterprises using factor analysis and hierarchical regression methods.    We found that the balanced learning pattern had positive effect on organizational innovative performance, but had no significant influence on organizational performance. In addition, the balance between internal learning and external learning showed some variances in different development stage of enterprises. Specifically,temporal equilibrium may be a better choice for those enterprises in their initial stage while simultaneous equilibrium was more appropriate for enterprises in growing stage. When it comes to the maturity stage, the two balanced patterns made no difference if organizational innovation was set to be organization′s learning goals, and temporal equilibrium showed its advantage in those enterprises pursuing organizational performance. From the perspective of dynamic evolution, the internal-external learning equilibrium strategies would evolve from tending to one side to laying equal stress on both under the orientation of organizational performance and organizational innovation during the periods from initial stage to growing stage. Nevertheless, during the periods from the growing stage to maturity stage, the evolution of the internal-external learning equilibrium strategies told an opposite story. The internal-external learning equilibrium strategies under organizational performance orientation evolved from laying equal stress on both to tending to one side. And those enterprises in their initial stage were more inclined to adopt internal learning pattern while adopting external learning pattern in their maturity stage. The internal-external learning equilibrium strategies under organizational innovation orientation evolved from laying equal stress on both to flexibly switching, and R&D enterprises should make their choice between different learning patterns according to their development situation and strategic goals.      This study contributes to the literature in two ways: first, our study explored the dynamic evolution of temporal equilibrium and simultaneous equilibrium from the perspective of enterprise life cycle, extending the boundaries of the research on internal and external learning to balance perspective, which was different from the previous research examining the effect of one single learning pattern on organizational outcomes; second, our study shed light to how to make the choice among different internal-external learning equilibrium strategies to maximize organizational benefits in different stages of development, clarified the dynamic evolution process of organization′s internal-external learning equilibrium when pursuing different organizational outcomes, and revealed organizational outcome optimization strategies in the context of internal and external learning balance in different developing stages.      Our study also provides significant implications for R&D enterprises in China. First, R&D enterprises should reasonably distribute internal and external learning resources according to enterprise′s development stage and its goals, and enterprises must dynamically transform their learning strategies. Second, R&D enterprises should keep a sober understanding of the stages they are at in the enterprise life cycle, and rationally utilize enterprise′s resource by making choices among different learning patterns. For instance, enterprises should put limited resources into a single activity to maximize resource efficiency when in initial stage while laying equal stress on both internal and external learning patterns to achieve collaboration development of internal and external resources in growing stage. And enterprises must dynamically adjust the internal and external equilibrium learning patterns according to their strategy orientation and changes in the external environment. Third, R&D enterprises should not only take the stages they are at into consideration when distributing resources, but also should adjust the balancing patterns in light of organizational goals. Specifically, organizations can adopt focus strategy when distributing resources under organizational innovation and organizational performance orientation in their initial stage, while the strategies of resource distribution evolve from tending to one side to laying equal stress on both in growing stage, and in maturity stage, enterprises must realize flexibly switching when distributing organizational resources in order to maximize the efficiency of redundancy resources. At the same time, the focus of organizations must be shifted from internal learning to external learning, and enterprises should put more stress on new market performance development rather than on performance stability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Knowledge attributes, knowledge relations and firms′ innovation performance in the R&D cooperation Liu Fengchao, Luo Lei, Zhang Shuhui 2021, 42(11): 155-163.  Abstract ( 194 )        With the intensification of market competition and the increasing complexity of technology, the R&D cost of firms and the market risk faced by firms are increasing, and it is more difficult for firms to deal with market competition by relying only on internal knowledge resources. When there are resource and capacity constraints within a firm, it can obtain the technical knowledge which is lacking in the firm through inter-firm knowledge sharing in the R&D cooperation. In theory, firms should search for partners as far as possible in order to maximize innovation efficiency. However, due to the limited capacity and information asymmetry of firms, firms can only search and select partners within a limited range according to their resource attributes of firms, among which the knowledge attributes of firms and the knowledge relations between firms have increasingly become the value coordinates for firms to search for partners.    Although there are abundant studies on enterprise knowledge attributes (such as diversity, complexity, etc.) and knowledge relations (relatedness), the existing research mainly focuses on one or two aspects of the knowledge attributes of partners, the knowledge attributes of focal firms and the knowledge relations between cooperative firms. Few literatures have integrated the three aspects into the same analytical framework to comprehensively study the influence of R&D cooperation on the innovation performance of focal firms. In fact, knowledge attributes of firms themselves and knowledge relatedness between cooperative firms do not independently influence the innovation performance of firms. On the one hand, the firms′ own knowledge attributes are the foundations for firms to establish knowledge relations and determine the content and mode of knowledge sharing between firms. On the other hand, different knowledge attributes of firms influence each other and jointly determine the innovation performance of firms.     Therefore, based on the knowledge-based view and organizational learning theory, this paper establishes a comprehensive analysis framework on the impact of knowledge attributes and inter-firm knowledge relations on innovation performance of firms, and studies the impact of knowledge diversity of partners, knowledge relatedness between partners and focal firms on focal firms′ innovation performance, as well as the moderating effect of focal firms′ knowledge complexity. In order to better study how knowledge attributes and knowledge relations affect firms′ innovation performance in R&D cooperation, this paper regards R&D cooperation as the process of knowledge sharing between firms, and further divides knowledge sharing into two stages: knowledge access and knowledge integration. From the two stages of knowledge activity process, this paper deeply analyses how knowledge attributes and knowledge relations affect firms′ innovation performance in R&D cooperation.       In the knowledge access stage of knowledge sharing, firms contact a wide range of knowledge domains of partners, identify and acquire the required knowledge, and conduct shallow learning. At this time, the knowledge diversity of partners, that is, the degree of diversity of knowledge domains of partners as a whole, has a role in promoting learning. In the stage of knowledge integration, firms integrate some acquired domain knowledge through deep learning, so as increasing the diversity of their own knowledge domains. In the process of knowledge internalization, the knowledge relatedness between focal firms and partners will affect the absorption efficiency of distinctive knowledge and the risk degree of internal unique knowledge leakage, thus affecting the effect of knowledge integration. At the same time, the firms′ own technological environment determines the payoff from knowledge recombination. The knowledge complexity of the focal firm, as a representative of the recombination potential of the internal knowledge and the complexity of the knowledge architecture, has a certain impact on the knowledge acquisition intention in knowledge access and the efficiency and effectiveness of the knowledge internalization in knowledge integration. Then, using 45 listed pharmaceutical companies in 2007-2016 as samples, an empirical test is conducted by negative binomial regression model to test hypotheses. Finally, this paper puts forward conclusions and suggestions for firms to improve their innovation performance by improving the R&D partner selection mechanism.     The results show that: (1) The knowledge diversity of partners has a positive impact on innovation performance of focus firms. In the knowledge access stage of knowledge sharing, the higher the degree of knowledge diversity of partners, the wider the scope of knowledge contact and acquisition by firms, which provides more possible space for focal firms to integrate knowledge, and the higher the innovation performance of focal firms. (2) Knowledge relatedness between partners and focal firms has an inverted U-shaped effect on innovation performance of focal firms. In the stage of knowledge integration, with the increase in knowledge relatedness between firms, the homogeneity of knowledge base increases, which is more conducive to communication between both sides, improving the absorptive capacity of new knowledge and increasing the efficiency of knowledge integration. When the degree of knowledge relatedness is too high, heterogeneous knowledge between cooperating firms becomes less. It is difficult for focal firms to absorb new knowledge to stimulate innovation, and the risk of leakage of their own unique knowledge combination increases, resulting in a downward trend in innovation performance. (3) Knowledge complexity of focal firms negatively moderates the relationship between knowledge diversity and innovation performance. When the degree of knowledge complexity is high, the positive effect of partners′ knowledge diversity on innovation performance of firms is significantly weakened. (4) Knowledge complexity positively moderates the inverted U-shaped relationship between knowledge relatedness and innovation performance of focal firms. When the degree of focal firms′ knowledge complexity is high, the cooperation with the firms with higher knowledge relatedness is easier to form the innovation output.     The theoretical significance of this paper contains the following two points. First, an analytical framework is established to analyze the impact of knowledge attributes and inter-firm knowledge relations on the innovation performance of focal firms, which provides a theoretical basis for the study of partner selection mechanism based on the firms′ knowledge characteristics. Second, this paper expands the research on knowledge sharing and firm innovation, combines static knowledge characteristics with dynamic knowledge activity process, and clarifies the mechanism of knowledge attributes and inter-firm knowledge relations influencing innovation performance of firms in R&D cooperation. The practical significance of this paper lies in the establishment of an analytical framework for the impact of knowledge attributes and inter-firm knowledge relations on firms′ innovation performance. The empirical conclusions based on this framework have important reference value for firms to improve the knowledge-based partner selection mechanism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Alliance portfolio diversity, tie strength and technological standardization capability of firms Wen Jinyan, Zeng Deming, Wang Yuan 2021, 42(11): 164-170.  Abstract ( 148 )      The literature on standards emphasizes that influencing technological standardization have dramatic repercussions for firm competitiveness and performance. Rapid technological change and complex product design in high-tech industries make it less likely for firms to formulate and promote industry standards independently, firms must engage in alliances to gather external technology and expand installed user base to improve their competitiveness. Although related literature contributes an understanding of standard-setting alliance formation and operation, the question remains of why allied-firms show persistent differences in their capabilities to influence technological standardization. The resource-based view states that sustained competitive advantage draws from firms′ resources and capabilities which are valuable and non-substitutable, and alliances can contribute to firms′ competitiveness by acting as important external resource pools. The value of external resources derives from diversity which can offer multiple solutions. A diverse alliance portfolio can provide a firm with access to nonredundant external knowledge and pervasive support, helping the firm accumulate sufficient knowledge and social capital for technical proposals. Thus, alliance portfolio diversity which emphasizes the composition of alliance partners, is important to explain the role of standardization collaboration in standard-setting. Inter-firm knowledge sharing is far more difficult than intra-firm knowledge sharing. Generally, the resources from alliances cannot be directly transformed into firms′ advantages, firms need to maintain certain degree of tie strength to influence partner firms′ effort in cooperation and their willingness of knowledge exchange. Therefore, following the contingency approach to explicit consider the role of alliance tie strength would be useful to understand the relationship between alliance portfolio diversity and the firm technological standardization capability.     The current study, built on a resource-based view and social capital theory, sheds light on standard-setting alliance portfolio diversity and its impact on firm technological standardization capability. We contend that there exist two different types of capabilities to influence technological standardization: technological standardization dominant capability and following capability. We put forth that the degree of alliance portfolio diversity may bring different advantages and disadvantages to firms focusing on different types of capabilities. The potential for making full use of alliance portfolio diversity depends on the tie strength that a firm maintains with their partners, which acts as catalyst or inhibitor for firm particular types of capabilities to influence standardization. We empirically test our hypotheses using an unbalanced panel data of 170 Chinese vehicle manufacturers for the period of 1999 to 2013. Data collected include all formal technical standards (Chinese Classification for Standards code T) in the auto industry and firm level yearly information on firm age, enterprise property, patents and standards set by each firm. We use the co-draft standards which are identified as cooperatively developed by two or more organizations (including firms, universities, research institutes and government institutes) to build the standard-setting alliance portfolios. A negative binomial regression is adopted to estimate the parameters, as it can better deal with count variables and allow for over dispersion of the variance in the dependent variables. When accommodating an unbalanced data set, a random-effects model is attractive because it takes advantage of between-unit variation but allows for different intercepts. Therefore, we use a random-effects negative binomial model to estimate the parameters.    Mixed results are found regarding alliance portfolio diversity and our two types of technological standardization capabilities. Firstly, alliance portfolio diversity has a U-shaped relationship with firm technological standardization dominant capability. Highly diversified alliance portfolios can offer firms opportunities to acquire and integrate external resources required by standard-setting, being beneficial for firms to coordinate the industry value chain and to dominate the standardization. Homogeneous alliance portfolios also can effectively gather market power and activate competition among partners, thus offering firms′ bargaining power and strengthened dominant capability in standardization process. Secondly, alliance portfolio diversity shows a strong inverted U-shaped relationship with firm technological standardization following capability. Moderate level of alliance portfolio diversity can provide a certain degree of decision-making flexibility, and abundant opportunities of standard-setting collaboration, being helpful for firms to follow other standard-setting leaders to influence industry standardization. But firms′ technological standardization following capability also suffer when their alliance portfolios are highly diversified, as they may face problems of invalid knowledge integration, excessive cost of relationship management and scattered distribution of resources. Thirdly, alliance tie strength steepens both upward and downward slopes of the U-shaped relationship between alliance portfolio diversity and firm technological standardization dominant capability. Firms who keep stronger ties with alliance partners will suffer more in terms of developing technological standardization dominant capability, from increasing alliance portfolio diversity from a low to moderate level. But these firms also can benefit more in terms of developing technological standardization dominant capability, from increasing alliance portfolio diversity from a moderate to high level. Fourthly, alliance tie strength moderates the relationship between alliance portfolio diversity and the firm technological standardization following capability in such a way that both the upward and downward slopes of the inverted U-shaped relationship will become steeper at a high level of alliance tie strength. When alliance portfolio diversity increases from a low to moderate degree, firms who keep stronger ties with alliance partners will benefit more from standardization collaborations to develop technological standardization following capability as compare to a low level. When alliance portfolio diversity is excessive, a high level of tie strength will amplify the negative effect of alliance portfolio diversity on firm technological standardization following capability. Overall, these findings can provide valuable guidance for firms′ standardization and innovation activities. To develop technological standardization dominant capability, firms should maintain many weak ties with same type of partners or strong ties with multi-types of partners; To enhance technological standardization following capability, firms would better keep moderate level of alliance portfolio diversity and maintain relative strong ties with partners. The two types of technological standardization capabilities have conflicting requirements for the composition and relation features of alliance portfolio, firms should choose a relative optimal arrangement for alliance portfolios to balance the two types of capability development. Related Articles | Metrics

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A game analysis of the evolution of participation behavior of green supply chain——A study based on the system dynamics perspective Shao Bilin, Hu Linglin 2021, 42(11): 171-181.  Abstract ( 233 )       Green supply chain has become a new focus of cooperation between government and enterprises. With the development of market economy, the market competition in the 21st century will rise from the competition among enterprises to the competition between supply chains, which is a higher level of expansion. Supply chain, as the main body of manufacturing system to complete the whole material flow process, plays a vital role in manufacturing activities. Establishing a "green" supply chain is an important means to achieve green manufacturing. Green supply chain management mode is to integrate environmental awareness into supply chain management, increase "green factors" to improve resource utilization and reduce environmental pollution. It is a new development direction of supply chain management. Green supply chain will bring higher production costs to enterprises，including pre-research investment, manufacturing process investment and environmental recovery investment for implementing green supply chain management. Effective subsidy policy formulated by the government can promote the promotion of green supply chain, but at present, most of China′s legal policies are based on planning and guidance. The lack of government subsidy policy which can effectively alleviate the pressure of production cost of enterprises, causes the slow promotion process of green supply chain. For governments and enterprises, how the government adopts appropriate subsidy policy to guide the green supply chain, and how to make the right business decision is the key to achieve the mutual benefit，but also an urgent problem to be solved. Therefore, exploring the game behavior of government and enterprises in green supply chain has certain theoretical significance and practical value.     So far, scholars at home and abroad have carried out extensive research on the game behavior of green supply chain and its related participants. Most studies neglect the role of government and its interaction with the decision-making of supply chain members to varying degrees, or only regard government as a parameter in the game model. Few scholars regard it as a stakeholder in the game model. In fact, the government and enterprises also have game behavior in environmental practice, and the ultimate goal is to maximize profits.    Therefore，this paper takes the government and enterprises in green supply chain as the research object. Evolutionary game theory is often used to study the existence and evolutionary stability of main body behavior. System dynamics can quantitatively analyze the impact path of key factors affecting government-enterprise participation behavior. In view of this, this paper combines evolutionary game with system dynamics model, and assumes the participating individuals are limited rationality to explore the dynamic process of government and enterprise strategy selection in green supply chain. Firstly, the evolutionary game theory is used to construct the behavior of two stakeholders (i.e. government and enterprise) in the selection when they participate in the green supply chain. Then, the evolutionary game relationship of the two stakeholders participating in the behavior of green supply chain is discussed and the equilibrium stability is analyzed. Next, in order to explore the dynamic evolution process of the participating behavior selection of government and enterprise, the system dynamics model is further established. The system dynamics (SD) model and vensim software are used to simulate the game strategy change and its evolution trend under different parameters. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) There exists a balanced strategy in the game of participation behavior of government and enterprise in green supply chain, i.e. both participate or do not participate. (2) The degree of active participation of game players in green supply chain is influenced by the initial willingness ratio. Active government subsidy policy, reasonable subsidy intensity, high green management level of enterprises and good quality of green achievements have positive effects on the healthy development of green supply chain. (3) There is an effective interval for government subsidy, so the government should grasp the reasonable subsidy to prevent the healthy development of green supply chain from being hindered by the profit-seeking mentality of enterprises.    In addition, in order to enable the government to guide enterprises to actively participate in the practice of green supply chain management, so as to better promote the development of green management, this paper also puts forward the following policy recommendations:    Firstly，to formulate a scientific long-term incentive policy to improve the green awareness of supply chain management. At the same time of giving full play to the incentive role of subsidy policy, we should enhance the environmental responsibility consciousness of enterprises, so that both government and enterprises can fully participate in the green supply chain. The government′s subsidy policy and the initial willingness of enterprises to participate in the implementation of green supply chain management are increasing means it is more conducive to achieving the ideal state of maximum profits for both sides and to achieving higher social well-being.    Secondly, creating conditions for enterprises to improve the quality of results and increasing comprehensive benefits. As an incentive in the green supply chain, the government should focus on improving the quality and efficiency of development, create a green environment for enterprises and favorable conditions, catalyze high-quality construction results, and maximize the comprehensive benefits of both sides. In addition, in the process of formulating the corresponding subsidy policy, the government should not only transform the green achievements into promoting policies in time to create more favorable conditions, but also do a good job in relevant research to avoid the loss of profits caused by the improper direction of subsidies.     Thirdly, encouraging the adoption of efficient green production technologies to reduce management costs. As far as green supply chain management is concerned, the relevant management technology of domestic enterprises is still in a backward state. The government should guide enterprises to refer to mature experience, adopt advanced technology, and achieve a high level of green upgrading on the basis of strict control of moderate management cost, so as to form a green supply chain management system with low cost and high profit.    Fourthly, grasping reasonable subsidy input and mobilizing the enthusiasm of upstream and downstream enterprises to participate. The subsidy input has an effective boundary. Only by grasping the strength can we give full play to the positive impact of the subsidy policy on the development of green supply chain.For the situation that the government subsidies are obviously too large, we should adjust the subsidy strategy in time, reduce the input cost appropriately, and focus on optimizing the subsidy cost structure, so as to prevent the negative impact of the original positive incentives from being offset. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of faculty′s off-campus part-time job on research outputs in Chinese universities Yu Li 2021, 42(11): 182-189.  Abstract ( 191 )       Under the background of implementing the strategy of innovation-driven economic development in China, stimulating the initiative and creativity of scientific researchers′ innovation and entrepreneurship is of central importance to promote the national innovation and enhance the global competitiveness of science and technology. Thus, it is crucial to make full use of the market mechanism through institutional innovation and reform to encourage and promote scientific researchers in universities transforming high-quality scientific research results into actual productivity, and to accelerate the construction of an innovative country of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation". Although faculty in Chinese universities is allowed to engage in off-campus part-time activities and receive legitimate income, there still exist worries about the adverse impact of off-campus part-time job on faculty′s university roles and responsibilities.     Therefore, the major research question of this study concerns whether faculty′s off-campus part-time job promotes or hinders research outputs. The existing research has not reached a consensus on this issue. There are two main points of view: one is that it is difficult for university teachers to avoid role conflict caused by taking multiple jobs. Faculty′s off-campus part-time job refers to the faculty′s engagement in external activities which is essentially caused by the increasing dependence of society on knowledge. In the process of off-campus part-time job, faculty will encounter the problem of role conflict because of role differences and multiple role pressures, which are manifested in conflict of commitment and conflict of interest contrary to faculty′s university roles and responsibilities. Another point of view is that, as long as properly handled, faculty′s off-campus part-time activities can be beneficial to individual faculty, university, and the society, resulting in a "win-win" situation. However, there are few empirical studies to explore the impact of faculty′s off-campus part-time job on research outputs in Chinese universities so far. Thus, the discussion on this topic should be introduced into our field of research.    This study first proposes three hypotheses based on the literature review of previous theories and empirical evidence as follows: H1: Faculty members who engage in off-campus part-time job have higher research outputs. H2a: Comparing with those do not engage in off-campus part-time job, faculty who take off-campus part-time job in the public sector publish more research papers and monographs, but there is no significant difference in the number of invention patents. H2b: Comparing with those do not engage in off-campus part-time job, faculty who take off-campus part-time job in the private sector receive more invention patents, but there is no significant difference in the number of research papers and monographs published. H3: Faculty′s research orientation has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between off-campus part-time job and research outputs.    Next, in order to test these research hypotheses, this study empirically examines the impacts of faculty engagement and types of off-campus part-time job on research outputs. It also investigates the effect of faculty′s research orientation on this relationship using OLS regression models. This empirical study is based on the 2014 China faculty survey data collected by Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The large-scale and national representative survey data covers a sample of 5186 full-time faculty employees working at 88 four-year undergraduate universities and colleges in 13 provinces in China. In addition to using a dummy variable to indicate whether the faculty engage in off-campus part-time job or not, this study further distinguishes two types of off-campus part-time job. Faculty′s off-campus part-time job in the government or other universities and research institutions is defined as off-campus part-time job in the public sector, while faculty′s off-campus part-time job in enterprises and by self-employment is defined as off-campus part-time job in the private sector. The measurements of research outputs include the number of SCI/SSCI research papers, the number of CSSCI research papers, the number of monographs, and the number of invention patents. The control variables in the regression models include faculty individual characteristics, faculty work characteristics, and institutional characteristics.    The results show that: (1) Faculty engagement in off-campus part-time job promotes research outputs in Chinese universities. Specifically, faculty engagement in off-campus part-time job is positively correlated with the number of CSSCI research paper publications, but not significantly correlated with other forms of research outputs. (2) Comparing with faculty who do not engage in any off-campus part-time job, off-campus part-time job in the public sector mainly increases the number of research paper and monograph publications, whereas off-campus part-time job in the private sector increases the number of invention patents. (3) Faculty′s research orientation has a moderating effect on the relationship between off-campus part-time job and research outputs.     This study provides new empirical evidence and sheds light on better guiding and regulating faculty′s off-campus part-time activities in Chinese universities, as well as reducing potential role conflicts as follows: Firstly, the relationship between faculty′s social service function and scientific research function is not contradictory. The strengthening of faculty′s social service function is not necessarily at the cost of weakening their scientific research function. As long as the specific system design is reasonable, faculty′s off-campus part-time job can be complementary to scientific research and avoid the conflict of faculty responsibilities. Secondly, since the research outputs from taking off-campus part-time job in the public sector emphasize more on academic value while the research outputs from taking off-campus part-time job in the private sector emphasize more on practical value, there are differences in the contents, economic effects and social contributions in these two types of faculty′s off-campus part-time job. It is suggested that we consider adopting classified management measures according to different types of off-campus part-time job. Thirdly, scientific researchers should be allowed to actively participate in off-campus part-time job in the form of collaborative innovation and industry cooperation, so that faculty′s off-campus part-time activities could provide new research ideas and external resources for university faculty, promote the deeper integration of research and practice, and fulfill the actual needs of society and industry.    Finally, it should be pointed out that, the causality between faculty′s off-campus part-time job and research outputs is far from clear since this study is restricted by the cross-sectional survey data. In order to accurately reveal the change in research outputs result from faculty′s off-campus part-time job, it is suggested that panel data should be used in future research. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the relationship between user participation and firm′s NPD performance: A research by taking boundary-spanning coordination as mediator Zhang Jun, Jiang Zhongshuang, Xie Junnan 2021, 42(11): 190-199.  Abstract ( 119 )       As time-based competition becomes fiercer and fiercer, more and more firms recognize the greatest importance of open innovation and have taken users as their one of the most important external innovation sources. During the course of a firm′s innovation, user participation provides a firm a new avenue to achieve higher new product development (NPD) performance. However, a firm involving users into its innovative activities will face the challenge of how to adapt the traditional organizing processes to meet the need of open innovation, for a firm has to have its some innovation processes opened to users which will bring out some additional managerial costs and risks. In turn, it will determine whether a firm could make good advantages of the potential values created by users to achieve higher innovation performance effectively or not. That means that a firm has to handle the balance between benefits from openness of innovative processes on the one side and the loss from more complex coordination originated from openness on the other side, for that users are not only the most important innovation sources, but also the most uncertainty input for a firm′s operation. The extant literature has not got the consensus on the question mentioned above. This paper tries to address this problem systematically.    Firstly, according to roles played differently in participation and the depth of users′ participation, the present research identifies the users′ participation into a firm′s innovative activities as three different modes, namely, a user participating as an independent innovator, information provider, or co-developer. Based on that categorization, the research is expected to explore whether there are differences in different modes of users′ participation effecting on a firm′s NPD performance and how do those effects happen? Based on the reviews of the theories of innovation and organization, we propose the hypotheses that users′ participation will help a firm to get higher NPD performance, no matter which participative mode a firm decides to adopt. Because users′ participation as co-developer will provide more chances to share knowledge, in particular the tacit knowledge, which will be conducive to mitigating the problem generated from information stickiness, we assume that the effect of users′ participation as co-developer on NPD performance is stronger than that of users′ participation as information provider and as an innovator, respectively. Furthermore, in order to make good advantages of users′ potential value as a firm′s external innovation sources, boundary-spanning coordinative practices which are played as a mediator are needed to link user participation and a firm′s NPD performance.     Using data collected from 444 Chinese firms, all hypotheses have been tested and main results got: A firm may leverage its new product development (NPD) performance via the strategy of adopting users to participate in its process of NPD. Different way that user choose to participate in a firm′s innovation has different effect on a firm′s NPD performance, namely, user participation as information provider contributes more to a firm′s NPD performance than both that of user as co-developer and that of user as innovator do. Furthermore, different ways of user participating in a firm′s innovation effect a firm′s NPD performance via different organizational processes. Our findings highlight that a firm has to make a balance between the benefits and the costs both originating from a firm′s open innovation to its users. Boundary-spanning coordination play the role of mediator in the relationship between user participation and NPD performance. Most of all, it is the key that the formal coordination, namely, cross-functional coordination mediates the relationship between user participation as an innovator and NPD performance completely, or the effect will be negative for the focal firm.     Taking the perspective of trading-off between the management costs originated from innovation process openness to users and the benefits generated from value creation process′s closure, the present paper deepens the extant literature of open innovation, user innovation and users′ participation. Our theoretical contributions are concluded as follows: (1) The micro-processes of users′ participation effecting on firms′ NPD performance has been disclosed, which makes us understand the mechanism of how users′ participation influence a firm′s NPD performance more deeply. To profit from users′ participation, a firm has to learn to balance between the costs and benefits originated from users′ participative activities. (2) Insights of different modes of uses′ participation influencing a firm to achieve NPD performance via different paths are provided. In particular, the mode of users′ participation as an innovator will not do good to help a firm get higher NPD performance unless a formal boundary-spanning coordination mechanism is designed to introduce the external innovator into a firm′s NPD process, which highlights the key role of organization design and practices in a firm involving its users in innovation processes to make good advantages of users′ potential value. Our findings provide a systematic framework to guide the practice.    Finally, we discuss the limitations and future research. For the reason of convenience and availability, we collected data mostly in Anhui Province, which may make the results be limited in generalizability. And we adopted the cross-sectional design to conduct this research. As known to all, the shortage of cross-sectional design is not good enough to make cause-effect deduction. However, we have tested the mediating role of boundary-spanning coordination in the relationship between user participation and NPD performance, which implies the cause-effect hypothesis. As a result, we plan to collect more data from different provinces, especially those provinces with more actively innovative activities′ firms on the one side. And on the other side, we will try to enter into some typical firms which practice co-creation with users, to conduct case studies. We believe those attempts will provide us with more holistic and deeply insights. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on equity incentive and enterprise R&D investment from the endogenous perspective Qiu Qiang, Bu Hua 2021, 42(11): 200-208.  Abstract ( 205 )       The separation of ownership and control in modern enterprises leads to information asymmetry between management and shareholders. It is costly or difficult for shareholders to monitor management. Management has incentives to implement behaviors that maximize the benefit of themselves rather than the profit of shareholders. Consequently, the agency problem arises, which will affect management investment behavior, especially R&D investment behavior. In the case of serious agency problems, management may reduce investment in high-risk investment projects, such as research and development. There are two main reasons why this paper analyzes the impact of the implementation of equity incentive plan on R&D investment of enterprises. First, technological innovation is an important driving force for economic growth, which is considered to be the input of human and financial resources derived from R&D. Second, with high levels of uncertainty and information asymmetry, R&D investment is a powerful tool for testing governance measures such as equity incentive. The research in this paper is helpful to give an insight into the endogenous mechanism of management equity incentive to promote R&D investment, and it is of great significance to further improve the equity incentive mechanism and promote enterprise R&D activities to enhance the innovation capability of enterprises.     The standard principal-agent model ignores the endogenous problems of R&D activities and equity incentives, which leads to inconsistent conclusions of empirical tests. Some scholars (Barker and Muller (2002), Wu and Tu (2007), Chen Linrong (2018), Chen Xiaodong and Zhou Jianan (2014)) believe that equity incentives can promote R&D investment of enterprises. Some scholars research shows that there is no clear correlation between CEO equity incentives and R&D investment (Balkin et al. (2000)). O′Connor and Rafferty (2012) believe that R&D investment is affected by many factors, in addition after controlling variables, the relationship between corporate governance and R&D investment is weakened. Shen Liping, Huang Qin (2016), Tang Qingquan (2011), Ghosh (2010) and other scholars believe that there is a non-linear relationship between executive shareholding level and R&D investment. The inconsistency of the existing literature results shows that it is difficult to empirically test the relationship between equity incentive and R&D investment, because the relationship between R&D investment and equity incentive is endogenous. The contradictory results in the research literature are precisely the reflection of this endogeneity. Moreover, most of the literature takes management shareholding as an alternative variable of equity incentive, which lacks guiding significance for the establishment of equity incentive mechanism to promote enterprise innovation in China. Since the implementation of the Equity Incentive Management Measures for Listed Companies (Trial Implementation) in 2006, up to August 2016, 924 equity incentive plans issued by listed companies and approved by the shareholders′ meeting have involved 739 listed companies, of which 145 listed companies have implemented two or more equity incentive plans in the form of stock options, restricted shares and stock appreciation rights, which provides a realistic basis for empirical testing of this endogenous problem and a test condition for establishing a reasonable equity incentive system to promote innovation.     This paper takes companies that implemented equity incentive during the period of 2006-2013 as the research sample, with all companies in this industry as the control sample, the inverse Mills ratio as the management private information measurement variable, and the Heckman method for regression analysis. The results show that the management private information is significantly related to the R&D investment of the enterprise, that is, the enterprise R&D investment and the equity incentive are endogenous; on the basis of controlling endogeneity, implementation decision of the equity incentive is related to the R&D investment of the enterprise in the next three years, that is, the management of the company that implements equity incentive tends to increase R&D investment in the next three years. However, combined with the results of the sample selection model, companies with high shareholding ratio of executives and high compensation of executives tend to implement equity incentive, indicating that the implementation of equity incentive is the result of insider control. The results of this study show that the increase of R&D investment cannot be regarded as the alleviation of agency problem. The essence is the result of agency problem. That is to say, the positive correlation between incentive effect and R&D investment is the result of agency problem, not the alleviation of agency problem. Therefore, listed companies should be cautious in implementing equity incentives to avoid making equity incentives a tool for executives to make profits.    The contribution of this paper lies in the following three aspects: (1) The existing literatures focus on alleviating the endogenous problem of R&D investment and equity incentive, and obtaining a better estimation coefficient of R&D investment and equity incentive, whereas this paper argues that it is more meaningful to explore the endogenous mechanism of R&D investment and equity incentive itself. The root of endogenous problem of equity incentive lies in the joint decision-making of the implementation of equity incentive and the later R&D investment, that is, the implementation of the equity incentive determines the level of later R&D investment. In addition to the economic factors such as the compensation of management, shareholding ratio and ownership concentration, the implementation of equity incentive is inevitably influenced by the management′s private information (that is, the management′s judgment on the future output of R&D input (likelihood ratio)). This kind of private information will also affect the R&D investment after the implementation of equity incentive. (2) A large number of literatures have studied the principal-agent relationship between shareholders and management, most of which are related to the adverse selection before the signing of the management compensation contract and moral hazard afterwards. Few literatures have analyzed the moral hazard caused by the equity incentive contract. This paper analyses the moral hazard model of R&D investment selection after the signing of the equity incentive contract, and incorporates the implementation of the equity incentive contract into the decision-making process of R&D investment selection. The endogenous mechanism of equity incentive and R&D investment is put forward; (3) This paper proposes to use the inverse Mills ratio to measure management′s private information, which affects the implementation of corporate equity incentive and later R&D investment. Therefore, inverse Mills ratio can be constructed in the implementation model of equity incentive to measure private information of management. References | Related Articles | Metrics