Archive

20 March 2021, Volume 42 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

---

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

The digital innovation ecosystems: Theory building and a research agenda#br# Zhang Chao, Chen Kaihua, Mu Rongping 2021, 42(3): 1-11.  Abstract ( 3538 )   PDF      Rapid and pervasive digitization of innovation processes and outcomes has upended the way that innovative actors jointly creating value, deepened the development of extant theories on innovation ecosystems, and triggered the discussion on building digital innovation ecosystems. Innovation ecosystem studies have underlined the importance of coordinate symbiosis between innovative actors. The ecosystem members jointly create value around a hub actor, which means they work cooperatively and competitively to support new products, new technologies, and coherent customer solutions. Going digital not only introduces data as a new productive factor but also enhances the collaboration among actors, which changes the behavior logic of innovation ecosystems. Therefore, understanding digital innovation ecosystems in a proper way contributes to guiding the innovation practice in a digital era, as well as expanding or reconstructing relative theories on innovation ecosystems. However, most of the existing studies have neglected the new characters, new trends, or new challenges. There is an urgent need for scholars conducting in-depth studies to understand the nature of digital innovation ecosystems.     To fill the research gap, this paper put forward two basic manifestations of digital innovation ecosystems, that is, innovation-oriented digital ecosystems (or say, digital innovation ecosystem Ⅰ type) and digital-enabled innovation ecosystems (or say, digital innovation ecosystem Ⅱ type). On the one hand, innovation-oriented digital ecosystems are defined as digital ecosystems that serve for the creation, application, and diffusion of digital innovations. The innovation-oriented digital ecosystems could realize the join value creation among digital actors through innovation, and therefore can be regarded as innovation ecosystems established around digital actors. Such ecosystems also have characters that they inherit from digital ecosystems, that is, convergence, scalability, generativity, and modularity. On the other hand, the digital-enabled innovation ecosystems are the deep integration between the digitalization process and the behavior logic of ecosystem actors. From the perspective of a complex adaptive system (CAS), this paper constructed a theoretical analytical framework on the behavior logic of innovation ecosystems consisting of five dimensions, that is, actors, structures, institutions, functions, and evolution. Going digital enables new characters to innovation ecosystems, which also changes the behavior logic of innovation ecosystems.     The two types of digital innovation ecosystem permeate each other and push forward each other. Such intertwined relationships change the way of jointly value creation among innovative actors and improve the innovation capability and innovation effectiveness in an all-round way. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for studying digital innovation ecosystems by integrating the above two concepts: innovation-oriented digital ecosystems and digital-enabled innovation ecosystems (i.e., digital innovation ecosystem Ⅰ type and Ⅱ type). This paper clarified the nature of digital innovation ecosystems by describing how the actors, structures, institutions, functions, or evolution perform when convergence, scalability, generativity, and modularity influence the ecosystems profoundly in a digital era. At last, this paper outlines a new research agenda to fill the gap in our understanding of digital innovation ecosystems. It points out that the following scholars could modify or polish the theories on digital innovation ecosystems by conducting convincing empirical analysis like measuring or case study, analyzing the pathway of ecosystem growth or development, or studying the policy on supporting the establishment or development of digital innovation ecosystems. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

An analysis of the determinants of the preference heterogeneity of basic research of Chinese firms Wang Fang, Zhao Lanxiang, Dai Xiaoyong 2021, 42(3): 12-22.  Abstract ( 567 )   PDF       It is acknowledged that the deficiency in basic research by Chinese business sectors results in inferior innovation performance in China. Understanding the motive and determinants of basic research in business sectors has important implications for both scholars and policy-makers. By analyzing the survey firms in Beijing Zhongguancun Science Park for the period of 2005 to 2015, we discover a systematic difference in firms′ characteristics between firms that conduct basic research and their counterparts in terms of productivity, capital intensity, size and age. The skill and quality of human capital, e.g. the overseas Ph.D. training and ratio of employees possessing graduate degrees, have prominent impacts on firms′ decision to conduct basic research and their publication intensity.  In particular, subsidies recipients and state-owned firms are more likely to conduct basic research. Firm heterogeneity in conducting basic research reflects their different R&D strategy and absorptive capabilities along various stages of technological capabilities.     The Panel Probit model and random-effects Tobit regression are adopted to estimate the determinants of firm decision to conduct basic research and the determinants of publication intensity separately. Results show that firms conducting basic research are significantly more capital-intensive, more productive in terms of labor productivity, larger, older, and have higher R&D intensity. Quality of human capital presents a prominent connection with firm decision to conduct basic research and their outputs, imply the high dependency of knowledge creation and integration on the skill of employees. In science-based sectors, academic training and skill play a more important role in realizing technological innovation. R&D subsidies are positively correlated with firm decision to conduct basic research, highlighting its importance in guiding firms to invest in long-term R&D activities, but there is no significant effect on publication intensity. The causality of R&D subsidies and corporate basic research should be explored further. Firms with different levels of technological capabilities present various tendencies to conduct basic research due to their diversified R&D strategy. Firms with overseas R&D expenditure are more likely to conduct basic research and have a higher level of publication intensity. Meanwhile, using foreign licenses is positively correlated with firm decision to conduct R&D but has no significant impacts on their publication intensity.    These research findings have two policy implications. First, policies addressing the improvement of business basic research should put training and attracting of high-skilled talents as the first priority of agenda because conducting basic research relies heavily on high-quality human resources. Second, innovation policy should orient towards firms competing in or close to the global technology frontier as well as aim to long-term impacts of R&D investment and adjust the performance index accordingly. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

An analysis of the transformation and upgrading path of the value chains of lagging equipment manufacturers: #br# The "escaping but captured" type of value chain#br# Hu Feng, Xi Xun, Yu Rongjian, Xiang Rong, Xie Jie, Zhang Yueyue 2021, 42(3): 23-34.  Abstract ( 321 )   PDF      Chinese equipment manufacturers are facing the dual competition of "high-end reflow" and "low-end diversion". Exploring lagging enterprises′ participation in the global value chain transformation and upgrading path will help overcome the low-end locking effect. Through the logic of "What?", "Why?", "How?" to dig deep into the path design opportunity. The results showed that: According to the differences of knowledge coding degree, production complexity and lagging enterprises development potential, global value chains are divided into market type, module type, relationship type and so on; From the knowledge coding index, the development potential index of lagging enterprises and the production complexity index to further judge that the main type of participation in the global value chain of Chinese lagging equipment manufacturing enterprises is capture type; Based on the actual situation of lagging enterprises participating in global value chains, our paper attempts to divide the process of enterprises participating in global value chains into four periods, the pre-association phase, the association phase, the upgrade phase, and the stable phase. The high-risk period when lagging equipment manufacturing enterprises are captured occurs in the upgrade phase because these enterprises at this stage cannot complete the transition to the high-end production node of global value chains are replaced by external homogeneous enterprises or "captured" by advanced enterprises at low-profit production nodes.     In view of the above conclusions, our paper proposes two "escape" paths to the high marginal benefit, high equilibrium relationship value chain transformation and extra-chain upgrade. When lagging equipment manufacturing enterprises are "captured" by advanced partners at low value-added nodes in the upgrade stage, in addition to "brute force" upgrades, lagging enterprises also learn to be flexible and shift to a value chain with high marginal benefits and high decision-making power, for instance, from capture type to modular type, from capture type to relational type and from capture type to market type. Although the process of transformation and upgrading does not necessarily mean that lagging enterprises can achieve high-end growth and dominate the original production chain, it can help to lag to solve the situation of "sit and wait to die", and can find more development time and opportunities for a subsequent high-end upgrade. Otherwise, the captured enterprises have gone through the value chain upgrade stage but have not completed the high-end upgrade, in addition to continuing to maintain the original production chain, lagging enterprises can rely on their reserve knowledge, technology and human resources to expand other self-led value chains. In this way, the disadvantage of absolutely low value-added production is reversed into a situation where disadvantages and advantages coexist. Each "escape" path is supported by real cases, including Yutong Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Triangle Group, Hisense Home Appliances and Foxconn. Each "escape" path is supported by real cases, including Yutong Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Triangle Group, Hisense Appliances and Foxconn. The transformation and upgrading path designed in our paper correspond to these cases one by one, which further demonstrates the effectiveness of the research conclusions. Our study provides management enlightenment for China′s lagging equipment manufacturing enterprises and government. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Corporate culture niche measurement system: The scale development and archetype establishment Cheng Yan, Zhao Guohao 2021, 42(3): 35-45.  Abstract ( 322 )   PDF       Recently, under the guidance of the standard management theory, there has been a growing interest in investigating corporate culture measurement. Based on their respective research backgrounds and methods, researchers have established a number of models applied to the measurement, evaluation and diagnosis of corporate culture, and then developed a series of scales and tools, which solved the problems that corporate culture could only be analyzed qualitatively and its effectiveness could not be determined accurately. The measurement method of corporate culture is quickly applied to management practice, and by quantitative analysis, the function and influence degree of each component of corporate culture on enterprise operation and management activities are determined.      However, the current measurement models are initially developed by foreign scholars, and the deconstruction of the western way of thinking also makes the existing corporate culture measurement model static and linear. Although it overcomes the ambiguity brought by intuitionistic holism, it produces the fragmentation brought by reductionism. Therefore, there still exists gaps in such fields as the vitality of corporate culture and the interaction between corporate culture and cultural value, which makes it impossible to deeply analyze the interaction mechanism between corporate culture and business performance.     This paper originates from the above study on the corporate culture and turns from the construction of basic theories to the promotion of corporate operation and management performance, and the effectiveness obviously strengthens this practical requirement. Based on the theory of niche "ecostate" and "ecorole", and by using the method of system dynamics, drawing on the relevant indicators of OCQ corporate culture measurement model and other local research results, this research establishes a corporate culture niche measurement system including two subsystems: corporate culture characteristics and corporate culture value. With the combination of the internal characteristics of corporate culture with external values, a more complete corporate culture measurement model is constructed.     First, by using the SSIP process, focusing on the existing research results and the practical needs, this paper initially identified the elements of corporate culture niche measurement system, namely: the corporate culture "ecostate" category four indexes (targeted, consistency, participation, adaptability) and the corporate culture "ecorole" category four indexes (employee value, supplier value, customer value, social value).     Although the OCQ scale and other indicators of local research results used for references in this paper are comprehensive and can reveal the relevant contents of corporate culture in detail, structural validity and discriminant validity of secondary indicators are found to be further tested in practical application and theoretical exploration. Therefore, undergoing the actual investigation and use of factor analysis method to modify and summarize the initial indicators, this paper developed a new scale to determine the final indicator system of corporate culture niche measurement system. Corporate culture "ecostate" has been modified into team consciousness, development consciousness, reform consciousness. The "ecorole" of corporate culture has been revised as supplier value, customer value, employee value and social value. Therefore, the development of the new scale further improves the applicability and accuracy of corporate culture measurement indicators.     However, how effective this indicator system is in practice and how the complex self-adaptability of the corporate culture niche measurement system can be reflected, it is necessary to establish the archetype of the corporate culture niche system and apply VensimPLE software for simulation. This is a result of that the corporate culture ecosystem is a complex adaptive system with the characteristics of result-oriented self-generation and self-development, which can conduct two-way communication of feedback within the system and meet the basic conditions of the system schema. Based on the theory of system dynamics,  ecological characteristics of corporate culture can be recognized from the structure, and many functions of computer can be used to analyze, select and judge human system simulation, so as to determine the optimal system structure. Therefore, it can simulate the multi-feedback loop of the complex system of high-order and nonlinear corporate culture niche, so as to analyze the practical problems.     And Then, this paper verifies the degree of coincidence between the theoretical model and real system through validity test, that is, whether the analysis and research of model can get the characteristics and variation of the real system. All of these include the test of model structure and boundary, dimensional consistency, parameter estimation, extreme condition, sensitivity, integral error, behavior recurrence and anomaly. This paper simulates the formation and development of corporate culture "ecostate" and "ecorole" by using the system archetype and tests the validity of the system archetype. The results illustrate that the change trend of corporate cultural niche system archetype is consistent with the actual situation and can meet the requirements of academic research, indicating that system archetype can effectively express and identify corporate cultural types with different characteristics and development stages and reflect its development trend.    Based on relevant theories of niche and existing measurements of corporate culture, this paper establishes a complete evaluation system of corporate culture, which can systematically measure the efficiency of corporate culture and solve the practical problem that it is difficult to quantify and evaluate the performance of corporate culture construction in the operation and management of Chinese enterprises. The corporate culture niche system archetype makes the corporate culture measurement model gets rid of the linear and static pattern and forms a systematic analysis system integrating internal and external feedback information, extending the depth and breadth of corporate culture measurement. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Government-enterprise relationship and excess capacity: A study from the micro perspective of Chinese manufacturing firms Wang Tao, Yan Jianguo, Wang Kui 2021, 42(3): 46-60.  Abstract ( 404 )   PDF      The challenge of excess capacity of Chinese manufacturing firms has long been a hot topic in economic and management research. Prior literature on the causes of excess capacity mainly focuses on factors at macro level. The first stream of literature demonstrates excess capacity can be viewed as a proactively strategic initiative aimed at deterring competitors′ market enter or a strategic reserve in order to deal with probable demand increase in the future. The second stream of literature focuses on the industry factors. For example, some researchers argue that the prevalent excess capacity for Chinese manufacturing firms can be attributed to decentralized investment decisions under incomplete information. As a developing country, Chinese firms often share a consensus about the technology development path that has been verified by developed countries, which results in a wave phenomenon in the firms′ investments and excess capacity in the industry. The third stream of literature focuses on factors of government. For example, some researchers suggest the excess capacity of Chinese manufacturing firms can be partially led by government intervention. Although these studies provide valuable insights for our understanding of the cause of excess capacity in Chinese manufacturing firms, the micro mechanism of firms′ excess capacity at the firm level received little empirical attention.     In this paper, we focus on how the interaction between firms and local government affects the capacity utilization rate at the firm level. Specially, we focus on the role of firms′ government-enterprise relationship in determining their rate of capacity utilization. There are two reasons why we pay attention to the government-enterprise relationship. The first reason lies in the importance of the government-enterprise relationship in influencing firms′ development and growth. The second reason is the conflict theoretical predictions in extant literature. Especially, some literature believes government-enterprise relationship can provide some important information and resource that can guide firms′ capacity adjustments and enhance product competitiveness, which thus may increase the capacity utilization rate. Others, however, argue that the government-enterprise relationship can limit firms′ capacity adjustments and compel firms to overinvestment as a reciprocate for government, which thus may reduce firms′ capacity utilization rate. Given these two reasons, we believe that it is worthful to investigate how a firm′s government-enterprise relationship affects its capacity utilization rate.    To address the above question, we integrate the resource-based view (RBV) and institution theory to uncover two potential mechanisms that a firm′s government-enterprise relationship affects its capacity utilization rate. Following the logic of RBV, the government-enterprise relationship, as an important and valuable resource, can increase capacity utilization rate through providing important information about aggregate investment and demand change in the future, as well as other resources that are necessary to improve product competitiveness. On the other hand, following the logic of institution theory, the government-enterprise relationship can also reduce capacity utilization rate through improving institution press to stabilize growth and promote employment. Given the existence of two countervailing forces, we predict there is a U-shaped relationship between the strength of the government-enterprise relationship and capacity utilization rate. Using the data of the World Bank China-enterprise survey (2002-2004), we supported our prediction that there is here is a U-shaped relationship between the strength of the government-enterprise relationship and capacity utilization rate. Moreover, we further found that for firms located in regions where the relative economic growth rate is at a high level, this U-shaped relationship will be weaker due to the decline of institution press, compared with firms located in regions where the relative economic growth rate is at a low level. In addition, we also found the inner corporation governance (i.e., the board system arrangements) can weaken the dark side of the government-enterprise relationship, especially for firms with a low ownership concentration. The theoretical development and empirical findings of this study enrich the researches about the unique causes and mechanism of the excess capacity of Chinese enterprises, and have some important implications for enterprise managers as well as economic policymakers. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A study of the impact of heterogeneous location change of enterprises on environmental regulation Lai Junming, Ouyang Ju 2021, 42(3): 61-70.  Abstract ( 233 )   PDF        In order to better explain the causes of the dilemma between investment inviting and environmental protection in backward or underdeveloped regions, an analysis was made under the FCVL model framework of the environmental policy, enterprise location change and internal transmission mechanism of environmental pollution, with location transfer activities of heterogeneous enterprises described in detail from a micro perspective. In addition, an analysis was also given regarding the formation of corresponding equilibrium locations and the explicit solution to pollution volume in the case of collaborative and non-collaborative environmental regulation policies, which provide theoretical support for further empirical research. The trade cost, which is a key factor in the regional transmission mechanism of environmental pollution, an analysis was made by means of GMM (Generalized Moment Method) of the dynamic panel data model of 38 industries in China′s industrial manufacturing during the 2010—2018 period. Studies have shown that the total capital size owned by enterprises has a direct positive impact on environmental regulation, and has an indirect impact on environmental regulation through the intermediate effects of the pollution volume per unit of product, consumer price index and total capital size. According to empirical studies, with a higher degree of trade freedom, non-collaborative environmental regulation will increase total pollution volume while collaborative environmental regulation will reduce total pollution volume.     Under the framework of the FCVL model with the inter-company vertical linkage between input and output, this paper, by establishing the theoretical model of corporate pollution and industrial agglomeration, explored the internal mechanism of environmental pollution and agglomeration and the impact of industrial agglomeration on the share of regional expenditure and environmental pollution volume with the hypothesis of corporate heterogeneity. According to the analysis in this paper, under the premise of industrial agglomeration and vertical linkage between enterprise input and output, there is no such a dilemma between investment inviting and environmental protection in backward or underdeveloped regions, but there appears a certain tendency of inter-regional "competition for growth", which put forward new requirements for the formulation of industrial relocation and regional coordination policies.     Based on studies in this paper, the conclusion of the FCVL model under corporate heterogeneity supports the role played by environmental regulation in environmental protection. The collaborative environmental regulation policy works better than the non-collaborative environmental regulation policy, which again, works significantly better than no environmental regulation. Therefore, from an overall economic perspective, the implementation of environmental protection policies based on regional cooperation is particularly important. Against the current context with frequent capital flows and the existence of vertical linkages between corporate intermediate inputs, the implementation of collaborative regulation policies can effectively reduce the circumvention of environmental regulation by polluting enterprises or industries and the appearance of "pollution havens". It is important to note that, in the case of a unified environmental regulation policy, attention should be paid to preventing local governments from twisting environmental regulation policies, particularly from impairing or not implementing environmental regulation policies by implicit or manipulative means.     Based on the conclusion of the study, it is obvious that for the overall economy, local protectionism measured by trade costs will result in lower overall expenditure and an increase in environmental pollution. Increased trade costs will lead to an increase in the intermediate consumption of products, as well as a hindrance to the functioning of agglomeration and scale economy, resulting in inefficient resource allocation. Therefore, the policy orientation is also obvious: to reduce the trade cost of a single domestic market to integrate the domestic market, increase industrial transfer and regional coordinated development, reduce trade costs from an institutional level, and provide institutional dividends for enterprise relocation and agglomeration through market integration. The enterprise relocation and agglomeration will further provide momentum and bonds for market integration. The interaction between the two makes market integration particularly important. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The value co-creation mechanisms of incubation-oriented platform ecosystem:A case study of Xiaomi Zhang Huayao, Xue Ke, Xu Minsai, Zheng Xiaoyun, Fang Xueli 2021, 42(3): 71-79.  Abstract ( 937 )   PDF       Xiaomi Technology Co., Ltd. (from now on, "Xiaomi"), as a startup, not only has created a miracle of hatching 12 unicorns(till March 2018), but also built the world largest platform of intelligent hardware internet of things (IoT) within less than five years, which offers a case of incubation-oriented platform ecosystem that deserves in-depth study. By analyzing the ecosystem built by Xiaomi, this paper reveals the value-creation mechanisms of multiple actors within it.    For purpose of analyzing the resource linkages among multiple agents of economic interests, we classify the resource linkage into cultural, social and material groups from the viewpoint of entrepreneurial ecosystem, and introduces the concept of architecture resources/assets and appropriate resources/assets based on theoretical lens of platform. The research questions are what kind of resource supporting mechanisms is provided by the incubator (Xiaomi) to incubated startups (called "eco-chain enterprises" by managers viewed) and what is the growth mechanisms of the entire ecosystem.    We adopt nested case study method including the Xiaomi hatching system as the incubator and three incubated startups that embodies a hatching paradigms of "hatching from zero", the typical hatching mode considered by managers viewed, following replicative logic. To guarantee the variety of data sources, we fully make use of publicly accessible collecting channels including: news about Xiaomi, views of Xiaomi executives from their public speaking, company website, Xiaomi Forum and etc., which are also the main data sources. To assure the reliability and validity, we confirm them one by one with both Xiaomi eco-chain managers and Xiaomi hatching department.    The mode of incubating of the Xiaomi eco-system includes the following distinctive elements: 1)initially looking for potential eco-chain enterprises by the venture partners of Xiaomi; 2)exporting the concept of "new domestic products" which addresses high quality and acceptable price to eco-chain entrepreneurs in order to maintain consistent business philosophy; 3)providing systematic support including defining and developing products jointly with eco-chain enterprises, giving endorsement to the eco-chain enterprises in supply china and helping them in quality control; 4) helping eco-chain enterprises to cultivate explosive products with Xiaomi′s own brand, customer base and e-commerce channels.    The resources supported by Xiaomi eco-chain enterprises can be divided into the resources from Xiaomi and the resources attracted by Xiaomi. The former can also be divided into resources that can be recycled for other eco-chain enterprises and resources that just go into a particular eco-chain enterprise, i.e. both architecture resources and appropriate resources are identified. Xiaomi′s resources (culture, concepts and understanding of the market, etc.) have played an excellent role as architecture resources, while the externally attracted resources have played a role of appropriate resources, which have the function of solving the constraints of Xiaomi′s own scale. Thus the resource supporting system forms a resource platform with Xiaomi as the core, which clearly reflects the dominant role of platform core enterprises in value creation.    The growth mechanisms of the entire ecosystem embody in a two-way supporting process, i.e. resources from Xiaomi to support eco-chain enterprises and resources back-feeding from eco-chain enterprises to the ecosystem, which reflects a growth mechanism of iteration. In this two-way supporting process, both Xiaomi and eco-chain companies have played important roles in the growth of the entire ecosystem. On one side, Xiaomi provides a full range of resource supports and meanwhile coordinate various complementing resources through the mechanism of platform to help start-ups to break through the resource constraints of growth specifically embodied in: 1)Xiaomi′s commercial cognition functions as the doorkeeper of system building; 2) the supporting resources form Xiaomi′s architecture resources allows the newly-created enterprises to have the same scale and quality of resources as Xiaomi has, which must be an amazing quantity resources for a startup; 3)the externally attracted resources further break through the resource limitation of the platform. All of the three aspects depict the huge resource supporting role of platform core. On the other side, eco-chain enterprises feedback to platform in turn by expanding the platform core and the boundaries of platform ecosystem, which promotes the scale and quality of the system resources. From the two sides, we assume and argue that the value creation in Xiaomi ecosystem is a kind of leverage in the way of snowball growth, from which Xiaomi (the core) and the eco-chain enterprises become the architecture resources at the same time which can improve the quality of the platform, attract new accessors and achieves value co-creation.    The theoretical contributions in this paper are as follows: 1) it renders a value creation mechanism which is totally different from the traditional value creation. The traditional value creation theory portrays a process of creation value by vertical division of labor in an industry, while the platform ecosystem depicts the organizational form and linkage mechanism of value creation with multiple agents from various industries surrounding a core enterprise (the platform), which breaks the understanding of diversity and core competitiveness dominated by value chain theory; 2) it describes a mutual relationship among agents extremely different from relational network theory. The latter assumes that the focal agent which linking two other actors with direct relations have the advantages of information and control, and argues that the position in network decide one′s information, resources and power, therefore, the core enterprises have the advantages of information and control. However, in a platform ecosystem, it is the core enterprises that connects the supply and requisitioning parties. The linkage of the core to the peripheral accessing parties instead of weakening its advantages has increased its advantages and thus the competitiveness of the whole ecosystem.     The practical implications in this paper are as follows: 1)The ecosystem has advantages of surpassing the traditional growth mechanisms, and the architecture resources in the resources pool can generate platform mechanism; 2)the core enterprises in business startup incubation should provide all-dimensional architecture resources with high quality, and make effective use of external special resources; and 3)platform ecosystem have the internal mechanism of self-iteration and upgrading of resources. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Interaction orientation, strategic flexibility and service innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises Feng Wenna, Liu Ruyue 2021, 42(3): 80-89.  Abstract ( 614 )   PDF       Under the pressure of demand upgrading, competition increasing and the increase of production cost, manufacturing enterprises begin to explore a new development path, which is creating value through the collaboration with users. Manufacturing enterprises provide effective services to users by absorbing and using the users′ knowledge and information. In order to explain the processing logic of user-driven manufacturing enterprise service innovation from the perspective of resource and capability, the paper uses the dynamic resource-based view and value co-creation theory to analyze the influence of interaction orientation and strategic flexibility on service innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises. An empirical analysis was conducted on the survey data of 319 sample companies by using software of Amos 24.0. The research finds that: (1) strategic flexibility plays a partial intermediary role between interactive response capability, customer empowerment, customer value management, and service innovation performance, however, the intermediary effect between customer concept and service innovation performance is not significant. (2) Under the condition of after-sales service providing, the mediation effect of resource flexibility is higher than coordination flexibility on interaction orientation and service innovation performance. On the contrary, under the condition of value-added service, the mediation role of coordination flexibility is more significant than resource flexibility. Therefore, the manufacturing enterprises should open the boundary and introduce the user to participate in the process of new services co-creation. Actually, the category of new service which the enterprise could provide should rely on the evolution level of resource flexibility and coordination flexibility.      These show that: Firstly, interaction response capability, customer empowerment and customer value management of an enterprise can effectively promote the strategic flexibility, so as to improve the user-oriented service innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises, and to promote the service-oriented upgrading of manufacturing enterprise. When measuring the interaction orientation in multi-dimensions, the paper finds that user empowerment, classifying users, and responding to individual service demand effectively promote strategic flexibility and successfully achieve higher service innovation performance. On the one hand, the paper confirms the frequency and degree of interaction between enterprises and users determines the differentiation level of services which provided by enterprises to meet the users′ need in the process of value co-creating, on the other hand, which determines the market development and user habits cultivation. These conclusions are quite different from the research of He Yiqing. The continuous user-oriented resource and capability reconstruction are pushed by the responding to the users′ demand information, so the resources and capabilities of manufacturing enterprise are highly flexible if its operation is user-orientated. Similar to the research of Feng Yongchun et al., the paper also finds that manufacturing enterprises need to reconfigure their resources and capabilities in the process of service solutions providing. Therefore, reconfiguring the resource chain align with the users′ need, rationally integrating and configuring flexible resources to give a quick responding for the service demand, which is the processing logic of manufacturing enterprise service innovation.     Secondly, the results show that new services provided by enterprises need to match the resource flexibility and capability flexibility. With the improvement of corporate strategic flexibility, manufacturing enterprises can gradually respond to the users′ personalized service needs in a timely manner. The strategic arrangements of manufacturing enterprise which is aligned with the interaction orientation allow to encourage users to participate in service innovation and allows to categorize users based on their valuable contribution. In the after-sales service phase, the goal of manufacturing enterprise service innovation is to "grasping the important and letting the unimportant go", which means to meet the different service demands of high-value users by building modular resource coordination mechanical to provide modularly services. At the same time, the provision of full-lifecycle services by manufacturing enterprise makes the conversion cost greatly increased, then the aim of locking users is realized. In the value-added service phase, the flexibility of enterprise resources and capabilities is sufficient to meet the personalized service needs of users. At this time, the goal of service innovation is "tailor-made". Encouraging the user to deeply participate and finding the potential service needs could improve the quality and speed of resource coordination and integration. The subject of new services meet is changing from a focus on the high-value users to the individuals under the long-tail effect. Therefore, the needs of service innovation should change from modular to personalized. In the value-added service phase, the requirement of service innovation is not only to respond to the needs of users but also to stimulate user demand. The legalization process of upgrading enterprises will be accelerated by providing new services to obtain market recognition.     Finally, User-oriented service innovation in manufacturing enterprises needs to touch the users at the near distance all the time. The enterprise should build a closed-loop system to catch user demand and provide service, which needs the enterprise breaks boundary to guide users to participate in service innovation. User participation changes not only the mode of enterprise service creation, but also the direction of enterprise resources and capabilities evolution. Manufacturing enterprises need to keep an open attitude and build an open process, which allows the interaction with users to occur timely. Through these efforts, a win-win embedded relationship could be formed, which is beneficial for the value co-creation, and which will push the user to play a positive role in the service innovation. Service innovation relies on the flexibility of enterprise resources and capabilities, so the content of service innovation should be consistent with the development of enterprise resources and capabilities. However, the evolution of strategic flexibility always encounters obstacles. On the one hand, the resistance comes from the organizational turbulence brought by the reconstruction of the system and structure, on the other hand, it comes from the transformation of people′s thinking. Therefore, overcoming the strategic rigidity is the basis of servitization transformation and service innovation performance. As we all know, the starting point of the resources and capabilities evolution of each enterprise is different, and the speed of evolution is also different. In a word, the service-oriented upgrading of manufacturing enterprise needs time and space, we can′t expect every enterprise has the same personalized service response ability at the same time. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

An exploration on the construction path of innovation method training and consulting platform among government, enterprise, university and think tank#br# Li Na , Yu Xiang 2021, 42(3): 90-96.  Abstract ( 258 )   PDF       This paper investigated the foundation and operation environment of the innovation method training & consulting platform basing the perspective of the virtual organizations. Then used strategy analysis method, combined the policy text and the construction case, distinguished the optimal cooperative relationship mode between the government, the enterprise, the university and the think tank in the innovation method training & consulting platform, that is, the government should transferred from the operator to the promoter, the university and the think tank are the core construction and maintenance parties, and the enterprise is the demand and resource supply side. This paper further used the optimization method to excavate the teaching resources, the core teaching module, the characteristic training method, the teacher resource construction, the trainee selection and the platform quality control, to ensure that the direct and indirect output of the innovation method training & consulting platform matched the needs of the development of enterprises and industries.      In the construction of teaching resources, it is necessary to further strengthen the development of software functions, such as fine decomposition and dynamic demonstration. At the same time, we should also tap the potential of human-computer interaction and deep learning in electronic computer systems combining the new development trend of artificial intelligence. We need to select the core teaching modules and characteristic training methods.   First of all, in the future, we should innovate the lesson design, transform the existing computer-aided teaching software, and carry forward the concept of the flipped classrooms. The curriculum should also be extended beyond the innovative methods. The qualified teachers should have a deep innovative vision and ability. They reserve rich innovative experience and often adopted innovative ways. And they are good at determining innovative topics and innovative solutions. At the same time, good teachers should be excellent engineers. They are comprehensive and outstanding in the basic knowledge of engineering technology and equipment operation ability.      It is found that the theory of innovation method as a catalyst for innovation needs to be combined with appropriate innovation strategy and a clear innovation path to achieve satisfactory innovation output. From a large number of innovative practice cases, it can be observed that with the matching of innovative country and innovative social construction system, there are more and more scenarios and application fields of innovation methods. It is suggested that enterprises, universities and think tanks of science and technology should strengthen their alliance and become the main builders and users of innovation method training & consulting platform. In the process of constructing policies and management of innovation method of training & consulting platform, On the one hand, we should follow the theory of innovative methods and solve the problems of "who will teach "," what to teach "," how to teach "," who will learn" and "do well" to meet the needs of multiple innovations. On the other hand, it is necessary to deal with the relationship of mutual cooperation. We should mobilize the government′s advocacy and influence, improve the implementation of the training & consulting platform itself. So the direct and indirect output of innovation method training consultation can match with the demand of the local economy, science and technology and industrial development, and form a benign operation mode. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Inter-governmental cooperation mechanism of science and technology innovation policy based on multi-level networks Liu Xiaoyan, Hou Wenshuang, Shan Xiaohong 2021, 42(3): 97-108.  Abstract ( 449 )   PDF       The diversification of innovation subjects and the increasing span of innovation fields make the governance of collaborative innovation more difficult. How to promote innovation policy coordination through intergovernmental cooperation and provide institutional guarantee for collaborative innovation becomes particularly important. As the premise of optimizing resource allocation and realizing intergovernmental coordination, intergovernmental cooperation can provide an important guarantee for the effective and orderly operation of public affairs management and the realization of public interests. However, inter-governmental cooperation not only has the impetus but also faces heavy resistance in the process of policy formulation and implementation due to the complex environment of public governance, the pursuit of the interests of government departments and the institutional constraints outside government departments. Current scholars have analyzed the impetus and resistance of intergovernmental cooperation from the perspective of governance environment and the relationship between policy subjects. The research methods mainly focus on qualitative analysis such as theoretical deduction and grounded theory, but lack quantitative research. The research content explores the power and resistance of inter-governmental cooperation from the public governance environment and the relationship among policy subjects at the same level, and there is a lack of cross-level research. However, the policy network is a complex relationship network formed by multiple subjects in the process of policy formulation and implementation. It is not only dynamic but also hierarchical. The policy network includes horizontal cooperation among central policy subjects or local policy subjects, as well as vertical central-local relations. Different levels of networks are interdependent and influence mutually. Therefore, this paper explores the mechanism of inter-governmental cooperation from a cross-level perspective.      This research constructs a multi-level network model of intergovernmental cooperation by using the cooperation and citation relationship among the policy subjects presented in the policy texts promulgated by the Central Government and Beijing from 2012 to 2017. The method of Multilevel Exponential Random Graph Models is used in the model construction. The purpose of the research is to break through the limitation of the traditional single-level intergovernmental cooperation in theory. Placing the central and local governments in the same framework is conducive to enrich the quantitative study of inter-governmental cooperation. It is beneficial to the optimization of cooperation relations at the same level and the governance of cross-level policy response relations, thus improving the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of policy formulation and promoting the smooth implementation of policies in terms of application. The research is mainly based on four dimensions: the characteristics of central policy subject and the cooperation of central policy subjects, the characteristics of policy diffusion of central policy subject and the cooperation of central policy subjects, the characteristics of policy response of local policy subject and the cooperation of local policy subjects, as well as the relational characteristics of central policy subjects and the cooperation of local policy subjects.      The study points out that the number of partners, the history of cooperation and the common partners play an important role in promoting cooperation among central policy subjects (Hypothesis H1, H2, H3). In terms of the characteristics of the policy diffusion of the central policy subjects, the smaller administrative influence promotes the cooperation of the central policy subjects (Hypothesis H4). However, the common target of policy diffusion will hinder the cooperation of central policy subjects (Hypothesis H5). In terms of the characteristics of policy response of local policy subjects, policy response and different policy respondents hinder the cooperation of local policy subjects (Hypothesis H6, H7b). However, the common policy respondents will promote the cooperation of local policy subjects (Hypothesis H7a). In terms of the relational characteristics of central policy subjects, the cooperation of central policy subjects promotes the cooperation of local policy subjects (Hypothesis H8), while the number of partners of the central policy subjects hinders the cooperation of the local policy subjects (Hypothesis H9).      Subsequently, this paper uses the method of Multilevel Exponential Random Graph Models to construct a multi-level network model of inter-governmental cooperation based on the central and local levels and carries out the empirical analysis. The empirical results show that the proposed multi-level network model of inter-governmental cooperation can reflect the real observation network. They also show that Hypothesis H7b is rejected, Hypothesis H8 is not significant, and other hypotheses are tested. It follows that the policy subjects with more partners and cooperation history are more likely to attract other policy subjects to cooperate with them for the central policy subjects. Policy subjects with great influence on policy diffusion have a promoting effect on the cooperation of policy subjects at the same level. It is easier to form cooperative relations between central policy subjects with common partners and different policy diffusion objects. As far as local policy subjects are concerned, policy similarity promotes cooperation among local policy subjects at the same level. When the response of local policy subjects to the central policy can meet the needs of heterogeneous resource accumulation to overcome their own limitations, cooperation with policy subjects at the same level will be reduced. The number of partners of central policy subjects will inhibit the cooperation of local policy subjects at the same level. However, the promotion effect of cooperation among central policy subjects on cooperation among local policy subjects is not significant.       According to the research results, combined with policy formulation and implementation practice, the study puts forward the following countermeasures and suggestions. First, the cooperation among central policy subjects should be strengthened, and the coordinating role of the policy subjects with strong policy effectiveness and high policy similarity in the cooperation among the central policy subjects should be paid attention to in policy formulation. Secondly, the central policy subjects should clarify the characteristics of its policy diffusion, find its own shortcomings and improve itself to increase the scientific and effectiveness of policy formulation in the process of policy implementation. Finally, local policy subjects should strengthen cooperation with policymakers at the same level and respond to the central policy subjects at the same time.      The multi-level network analysis model of intergovernmental relations based on Multilevel Exponential Random Graph Models can be further extended to the policy network of prefecture-level cities, county-level cities and other administrative levels to explore more inter-governmental cooperation mechanisms. This can provide a powerful reference for optimizing and governing inter-governmental relations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The pledge financing mode, predicament and countermeasures based on patent signals Hu Cheng, Zhu Xuezhong 2021, 42(3): 109-119.  Abstract ( 438 )   PDF      For technology-based SMEs, patent pledge financing can not only maximize the application of patent technology, but also solve the financing problems of enterprises. However, due to the lack of a relatively complete financial information disclosure mechanism, banks are often unable to provide patent pledge financing services for small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises with small scale and low output value are often difficult to obtain financing support in the actual operation process. In order to further solve the financing problems of small and medium-sized enterprises, and considering the problems of unstable profitability and opaque financial information, the government began to promote the construction of a new patent pledge financing mode focusing on the technological innovation ability of enterprises.    In order to promote the smooth implementation of the new patent pledge financing mode focusing on the enterprise′s scientific and technological innovation ability, this paper analyzes the market equilibrium state of the implementation of the financing mode by using the signal game model, and studies the dilemma of its implementation combined with the parameters of the game model. The results show that there are "patent pledge financing market failure" and "pledge financing market inefficiency" in the implementation process of this financing mode. It is suggested that the government should take measures to increase the economic cost, technical cost and dishonest cost of patent quantity camouflage, so as to ensure the effective operation of patent pledge financing market. On this basis, the combination of loan subsidies and science and technology policy tools can control the number of enterprises that can be financed, so as to improve the overall market efficiency of patent pledge financing.    This paper studies the patent pledge financing mode from the perspective of financial service mechanism innovation, which provides a new research perspective and ideas for patent pledge financing mode. In addition, this paper discusses the function mechanism of patent signal in enterprise pledge financing, which provides a new way to solve the information asymmetry between banks and enterprises, and enriches the related research of signal theory in patent pledge financing. From the perspective of practice, the patent pledge financing mode focusing on the enterprise′s scientific and technological innovation ability is still in the exploration and pilot stage, and the government has only issued guiding policies to promote the implementation of the new patent pledge financing mode. As for the problems that may exist in the implementation of the new model and how to solve them, the relevant policy documents have not made further explanation. Therefore, based on the perspective of patent signal, this paper studies the implementation difficulties and solutions of the new patent pledge financing mode, trying to provide a reference for the government to promote the implementation of the new patent pledge financing mode. In summary, this study has direct practical significance to promote the implementation of the new patent pledge financing mode and ease the financing constraints of small and medium-sized enterprises. To a certain extent, it also makes an important contribution to promoting the technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises and promoting the healthy development of national science and technology finance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A research on the universities′ technological innovation spillovers in China′s economically developed regions Li Wenhui, Chen Yinan, Jiang Yongzhi, Li Xueying, Qiu Yujie 2021, 42(3): 120-130.  Abstract ( 252 )   PDF       By adopting the applied cooperative patents and transferred information patents of China′s universities and colleges in its economically developed regions, most of which are located in the east coastal area from the year 2000 to 2015, and by means of the entropy method, social network analysis method as well as the typical case analysis method, this paper takes Guangzhou City as an example to study the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics and mechanism patterns of technological innovation spillovers about China′s universities and colleges in its economically developed regions.      The research has come out some results that can be sorted out as follow. First of all, according to the results of social network analysis method, the technological innovation cooperation spillover of China′s universities and colleges in its economically developed regions has shown a strong preference for the spatial proximity, and comparing with technological innovation cooperation spillover, the spatial sensitivity of technological innovation spillover is much smaller in China′s economic developed areas. At the same time, the results of this paper have also shown that the organizational lock-in effect of technological innovation spillover is more strong in China′s economic developed areas.     Secondly, according to the results of entropy method and from the view of the ability of technological slipover, this paper has shown that the ability of technological slipover of China′s universities and colleges in its economically developed regions continues to grow steadily. At the same time, this paper also indicates that the technological innovation cooperative spillover phenomenon has the characteristics of continuity and progressiveness as well as the characteristic of obvious cyclical hysteresis in China′s economic developed areas. Besides, from the aspects of the 31 provinces in China, the ability of those 31 provinces of absorbing technological innovation spillovers from the economically developed regions in China has shown a significantly positive correlation when takes their GDP into consideration of the 31 provinces mentioned above. When it comes to the traffic distance, the ability to absorb technological innovation spillovers of the 31 provinces in China has a negative correlation on traffic distance, but it shows that the result is not so significant at all.      Thirdly, according to the results of typical case analysis method, in the views of the technology innovation spillover mechanism patterns, there are eight kinds of technology innovation spillover mechanism patterns which are suitable for China′s universities and colleges in those economically developed regions. These patterns mentioned above include traditional direct cooperation pattern, joint research and development pattern, academic business start-up pattern, alumni promote cooperation pattern, university-run enterprises cooperation pattern, co-construction platform cooperation pattern, university and local government cooperation pattern as well as the university industry management cooperation pattern and so on.      But this paper also puts its key emphasis on the development needs for the enterprises about the 31 provinces in China, which is the main factor to promote the spillover of technological innovation for China′s universities and colleges in economically developed regions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Government cooperation and regional innovation capabilities under the guidance of urban agglomeration planning Xu Yuan, Shi Yongli 2021, 42(3): 131-138.  Abstract ( 204 )   PDF      With the increasingly close economic cooperation between regions in China, the cluster model of urban agglomeration has become a trend, and urban agglomeration has become an important source of regional economic growth. However, in the process of the rapid development of urban agglomerations in China, there are huge difficulties in coordinated development. The introduction of urban agglomerations planning aims to promote the effective cooperation of local governments through corresponding policy design and arrangement, and then realize the "economic effect of urban agglomerations".    Based on this, this paper takes 11 urban agglomerations as the research object, and uses the method of periodic DID to study the driving effect of urban agglomerations planning on the "economic effect of urban agglomerations" from the perspective of innovation, and reveals the heterogeneity and integration mechanism.    Some conclusions as follows: (1) The implementation of urban agglomeration planning can significantly promote the improvement of regional innovation capacity, and the role of cross provincial urban agglomeration planning is more obvious. (2) The implementation of urban agglomeration planning has heterogeneity in promoting regional innovation activities. Firstly, the difference of urban agglomeration itself is manifested. The higher the degree of original cluster and integration, and the closer the level of internal technology, the greater the improvement of the innovation ability of urban agglomeration after the implementation of planning; Secondly, compared with big cities and centers cities, middle and smaller cities will see faster growth of innovation activities after the implementation of urban agglomeration planning. (3) The mechanism of the implementation of urban agglomeration planning on the promotion of regional innovation ability is that the "baton" effect of urban agglomeration planning can lead local governments to actively cooperate and attach great importance, which can further promote the level of regional integration.      According to the above conclusions, this paper has very obvious policy implications. First of all, it is necessary to set up a high-level regional innovation collaborative management and decision-making body to break the interest barriers and policy barriers. Second, we should establish a cross regional mechanism for sharing achievements and benefits, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific and technological cooperation between local governments and the whole society. Third, promoting the integration of innovation chain and industrial chain, and accelerating the spatial spillover of frontier technology. Fourth, to strengthen the collaborative division of labor between large cities and small and medium-sized cities within the urban agglomeration to form complementary space.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The influence of social capital on users′ loyalty to virtual communities Zhang Jiemei, Ma Yuejie 2021, 42(3): 139-149.  Abstract ( 292 )   PDF       As social media develops, virtual communities are becoming increasingly important platforms for registered users to exchange information. On the one hand, users can share their opinions about particular events, products or services, and on the other hand, they can collect the information they need to make behavioral decisions. With the increasing prominence and expansion of the influence of virtual communities, enterprises come to realize the importance of virtual communities and try to strengthen the operation of their virtual communities or to establish new ones. The users′ loyalty is particularly important to the long-term sustainable development of virtual communities, which in turn depends on the size and activities of the user population in a given virtual community. If users′ turnover rate is high, the virtual community may not survive. Therefore, it is imperative for enterprises to solve how to retain the existing users of their virtual community and how to continue attracting users to community activities and encouraging them to bring more potential users into the community.    With virtual community users as the research objects and knowledge sharing behaviors (quantity and quality of knowledge sharing) as the intermediary variable, this study explores the mechanism of how social capital (trust, social connection, shared visions) and external motivations (reciprocity motivation, reputation motivation) influence users′ loyalty to their virtual communities. The research data was collected through questionnaires．Then structural equation model was applied to empirically verify the theoretical model．The results show that trust and external motivation have significant positive effects on users′ loyalty, which is realized through both the quantity and quality of knowledge sharing, while social connection has a significant positive effect on users′ loyalty only through the quantity of knowledge sharing. Trust and external motivations have significant positive effects on the quantity and quality of knowledge sharing, the social connection has a significant positive effect just on the quantity of that, and shared visions have no significant effect on both, with the possible reasons that the virtual community itself is based on shared purposes and interest, which cannot be totally converted into the quantity and quality of knowledge sharing. It is also found that knowledge sharing behaviors have significant positive effects on users′ loyalty, and that the quality of knowledge sharing has more significant effects on users′ loyalty compared with the quantity of knowledge.     It can be concluded that this study will enrich the theoretical research on knowledge sharing  and user′s loyalty to their virtual communities, and provides useful theoretical guidance for relevant application research. In addition, it may alert enterprises and virtual community operators to the importance of users′ knowledge sharing in virtual communities, and offer new methods in the practice of strengthening knowledge sharing and  maintaining sustainable sound community relationships. Furthermore, this study may provide enterprises with intellectual support to attract and retain users to their virtual communities. Last, the findings of the paper may bring inspiration to the sustainable development of the enterprises and their virtual communities as well, which will contribute to the overall performance and competitiveness of enterprises. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A research on the dominant promoting factors of patent pool innovation at different development stages Zhang Lifei, Chen Hui, Su Mengyao 2021, 42(3): 150-159.  Abstract ( 300 )   PDF      Factors of promoting patent pool dominate differently at different patent pool development stages. This factors include competitive technology development,industry development demand, government policy support, workgroup effort.Taking AVS patent pool as the empirical sample, this article studied the dominant factors of promoting patent pool innovation at different stages, including formation,growth and mature stage. The results show that government policy support is the dominant promoting factor at the stage of formation and growth. Patent pool based on technical standard has the trait of public goods. At the early stage, it is essential for government policy support to avoid market "failure" and reduce "waiting and seeing" of enterprises. In order to support the development of AVS, the Chinese government has established relevant institutions, major scientific research projects, and invested financial funds to help the AVS standard incubation. Key projects were set up in the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the National 863 Program to provide support and convenience for its technological research and development. In addition, the development cycle of the competitive technology MPEG-2 patent pool is not synchronized with the AVS patent pool, and the MPEG-2 patent pool patents are gradually expiring. Competitive technology development becomes the the dominant promoting factor at the growth stage, however, there is a negative relation between competitive technology and AVS innovation at the mature stage. Industrial development demand becomes the dominant promoting factor at the stage of maturity. Therefore, it is critical to further promote the use of patent pool technology by upstream and downstream enterprises in the industry chain. There is a strong correlation between the effort of the working group and government policy support. Collinearity problems occurred in the regression at each stage and variable of working group effort were eliminated, which fully shows that the advancement of the working group′s standardization work depends on government support.      Based on the empirical research in this article, the following suggestions are given for the Chinese to build a patent pool of independent intellectual property rights. First of all, in response to the early market failure of the patent pool, the government needs to play a key role to promote the large scale adoption of patent pool technology by key "early bird" enterprises, in particular, promote state-owned enterprises to take the lead in adopting independent standards. At the same time, government public purchases should be strengthened to support independent standard products.    Secondly, although foreign competitive technologies are relatively mature and have a short return on investment profits, their high patent fees have become a long-term hidden danger for Chinese companies. Therefore, in order to balance short-term and long-term interests, China′s independent patent pool should achieve overall compatibility with competitive technologies, and incorporate relevant equipment modification funds into the government′s overall planning to reduce investors′ worries about adopting new standards.     Finally, for some industrial chain links dominated by foreign companies, China needs to make full use of the huge domestic market demand conditions, actively persuade relevant foreign manufacturers to support independent standards, and build chip manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, operators, content providers, etc. The business ecosystem formed by enterprises helps the industrialization of independent standards. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

External environmental risk perception of private entrepreneurs and innovation investment of enterprises Xu Weifeng, Ruan Qingsong, Wang Guodong 2021, 42(3): 160-171.  Abstract ( 339 )   PDF       Entrepreneurs are the most influential individuals in private enterprises. According to the basic conclusion of upper echelons theory, the values and perceptions of top managers are one of the reasons for the strategic choice of enterprises. Although the success of innovation can bring huge benefits to enterprises, enterprises may also suffer losses due to innovation failure. Enterprise innovati decision is a risky decision. According to the perceived internal and external environmental risks, entrepreneurs will formulate enterprise innovation strategies to maintain the best adaptation of enterprise innovation strategies to the internal and external environment. The entrepreneur is the key factor influencing the choice of innovation strategy. The external environment risk perception of the entrepreneur is the channel through which the external environment risk of the enterprise directly affects the innovation investment decision-making of the enterprise.     The classical risk decision-making model regards entrepreneurs as "rational economic person" who can get complete information. Entrepreneurs make the normative decisions according to the principle of maximizing expected utility. However, in reality, It is obviously impossible for entrepreneurs to obtain complete information or to be homo economicu. Entrepreneurs are limited by many subjective and objective conditions in the process of decision-making. They often use the thumb rule and experience rule to deal with complex problems to get a simple conclusion. Entrepreneurs can only make decisions based on the limited information they perceive. The decision-making of entrepreneurs is usually descriptive rather than normative. That is to say, entrepreneurs often make "impromptu" decisions based on their own perception rather than seeking the optimal decision-making scheme. According to the nature of the external environment risk, the external environment risk can be divided into many dimensions. In this paper, the external environment risk is divided into two dimensions: market environment risk and institutional environment risk.     The data of this paper mainly comes from the 2014 China Private Enterprise Survey (CPES) database. The dependent variable of this paper is enterprise innovation investment (Inn). The main independent variable of this paper is the entrepreneur′s external environmental risk perception (RP). According to the nature of the external environmental risk, we divide the external environmental risk perception of entrepreneurs into market environmental risk perception (ERP) and institutional environmental risk perception (PRP). In order to measure entrepreneurs′ perception of these risks, we selected 12 items from CPES as the measurement index. In order to extract entrepreneurs′ perception of different external environmental risks and the overall perception of external environmental risks from the items of the questionnaire, we use exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to extract common factors to achieve the purpose of compressing information. Using the result of the factor score, we further fold the entrepreneur′s risk perception. According to the factor scores, the high and low value groups of entrepreneurs′ risk perception are divided, and the differences between the two groups are controlled. It can be approximately regarded as a quasi-natural experiment, which is helpful for us to use the causal inference method to estimate the treatment effect.     The contributions of this paper are as follows: first, following the research paradigm of upper echelons theory, the concept of risk perception is introduced, which combines the entrepreneur′s risk perception with the enterprise′s innovation investments directly, rather than using demographic characteristics as the agent variable of perception, the problem of "agent error" caused by using the representation of entrepreneur perception is avoided. Secondly, it expands the research field of risk perception. In the past, the research on individual perception and decision-making behavior mainly focused on natural disaster, consumption, entrepreneurship, etc. it is quite rare to explore the relationship between entrepreneurs′ external environment risk perception and the strategic choice of enterprise innovation from the perspective of enterprise risk management. Thirdly, the non-situational risk perception measurement paradigm is used to measure entrepreneur′s risk perception, which overcomes the problem of situational substitution in the traditional measurement paradigm. The standard psychological measurement paradigm of risk perception developed directly combines the psychological state and behavior of the respondents, which may lead to a certain situation suggestiveness. Due to the strong situational empathy of the respondents, the survey results will deviate from the systematic perception of the respondents.     The conclusion of this paper has some policy implications. First, the market economy system naturally has the role of stimulating enterprises to increase innovation input. Emerging market countries should strengthen and improve the market economy system construction, which is conducive to promoting enterprises to actively innovate, dare to explore and constantly improve the competitiveness of enterprises. Second, emerging market countries should optimize the institutional system to create a good institutional environment for enterprises. A good institutional environment includes strong protection of property rights, healthy relationship between government and business, low level of the tax burden, convenient financing channels, etc. A good institutional environment is not only conducive to reducing the institutional transaction costs of enterprises, but also helps enterprises to reduce or shield various nonmarket risks, improve the risk-bearing capacity of entrepreneurs, so as to enhance the confidence of entrepreneurs in innovation investment and promote enterprise innovation. At the same time, the high-quality institutional environment creates a more fair and just market competition environment. The higher the intensity of market competition, the higher the private entrepreneurs′ perception of market environment risk. According to the research conclusion of this paper, the higher the entrepreneurs′ perception of market environment risk, the more enterprises tend to increase innovation investment. Third, enhance the self-identity of private entrepreneurs and strengthen the protection of private property. The entrepreneurs with higher perceived personal status have stronger subjective tolerance of external environmental risk and higher innovation enthusiasm. From the institutional and non-institutional level, we should enhance the self-identity of private entrepreneurs, strengthen the protection of private property, and make entrepreneurs better serve innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Constructive narcissistic leadership and innovative entrepreneurship behavior of middle managers Zhang Haitao, Xiao Lan, Li Peng, Chen Gupeng 2021, 42(3): 172-179.  Abstract ( 396 )   PDF      Narcissistic leadership is a relatively new topic in the field of organizational science. Narcissistic leadership has double-sided effects, and few studies have analyzed the positive impact of narcissistic leadership on the internal innovative entrepreneurship behaviors of his subordinates. Therefore, this study discusses the influencing mechanism of constructive narcissistic leadership on internal innovative entrepreneurship behaviors of middle managers using SPSS and HLM statistical method from the perspective of leader-member relation based on the matching data of 48 enterprise leaders and 302 direct subordinates as samples.     The results of the cross-hierarchy analysis show that: (1) Constructive narcissistic leadership has a significant positive effect on the innovative entrepreneurship self-efficacy of middle managers and their internal innovative entrepreneurship behaviors; (2) The innovative entrepreneurship self-efficacy of middle managers significantly promotes their internal innovative entrepreneurship behaviors; (3) The innovative entrepreneurship self-efficacy of middle managers partially mediates the relationship between constructive narcissistic leadership and the internal innovative entrepreneurship behaviors of middle managers; (4) The innovative entrepreneurship environment in enterprises positively moderates the relationship between constructive narcissistic leadership and the internal innovative entrepreneurship behaviors in middle managers; (5) The innovative entrepreneurship self-efficacy of middle managers mediates the effect of the interaction between constructive narcissistic leadership and the innovative entrepreneurship environment in the enterprise on the internal innovative entrepreneurship behavior of middle managers.     This paper has the following three theoretical contributions: First, in recent years, a few scholars have carried out studies about the positive effects of narcissistic leadership on their subordinates from the perspectives of social exchange theory and social cognition theory. This study analyzes the influence mechanism of constructive narcissistic leadership on innovative entrepreneurship behavior of subordinates from the perspective of selection-absorb-assimilation and regulatory focus theory, which enriches the research field of the influence factors of innovative entrepreneurship behavior. Secondly, the results of this study have answered the doubts put forward by Li Mingze et al.: leadership narcissism has some infectious effect that leadership narcissism will make their subordinates narcissistic, which indicates a certain infectious mechanism. Finally, there are few relevant types of research about innovative entrepreneurship self-efficacy as a type of entrepreneurial efficacy at present. This paper finds that innovative entrepreneurial efficiency plays a partial mediating role based on the analysis of the influencing mechanism of innovative entrepreneurial behavior of middle managers. The hypothesis has not only been verified, but also indirectly supports the basic viewpoint of the social cognition theory which means the individual self-efficacy mediates the relationship between situational factors and human behavior. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Product innovation performance deviation, learning ambidexterity and entrepreneurial orientation Liu Ruijia, Yang Jianjun, Deng Cheng 2021, 42(3): 180-190.  Abstract ( 272 )   PDF      Product innovation is a process of "invention + commercialization". To achieve higher product innovation performance, firms not only need good new product development performance (invention, NPDP) to support but also need good commercialization performance (CP) matching the NPDP when selling the newly developed products to market. However, in business practice, many firms have a large output gap between their NPDP and CP. Research shows that many firms can only successfully commercialize about 59% of new products, and only about 54% of the new products can successfully profit. The capabilities of invention and commercialization are equally important in the product innovation process. Their imbalance will lead to the waste of resources and the loss of operational efficiency, and will even threaten the existence and development of firms in the long run.     Therefore, this paper defines the imbalance between NPDP and CP as "product innovation performance deviation (PIPD)". PIPD can help firms analyze their weaknesses from performance feedback, so as to reasonably allocate production, achieving balanced arrangements of R&D and production. In this condition, how the firms close the gap in their capabilities through the instruction of PIPD is a problem worth discussing.    The purpose of this paper is to focus on PIPD based on the knowledge-based view and theory of reasoned action, to explore its impact on the balance or complementarity of learning ambidexterity. Introducing the entrepreneurial orientation (EO), a key situational factor of the product innovation process, the paper analyzes its moderating effect on the above-mentioned relationship.    To be more specific, first, for eliminating PIPD, firms not only need to conduct exploratory learning to pursue the knowledge beyond the current market; but also need to extend existing knowledge with exploitative learning. When a firm′s NPDP is greater than or equal to CP, namely PIPD being plus, it indicates that the firm has a stronger new product development capability than commercialization capability. Thus, the firm is encouraged to eliminate PIPD through exploitative learning, resulting in the imbalance of learning ambidexterity. On the contrary, when the NPDP is less than CP, namely PIPD being minus, it indicates that the firm has an insufficient investment in new product development. But at this time, employees are more inclined to further reduce exploratory learning to protect their short-term interests, because the invention is always high risk and long payback period. However, the imbalance of learning ambidexterity does not mean that PIPD destroys the learning structure. PIPD prompts the firm to realize that learning ambidexterity is important, so as to reach complementarity through enhancing its weak capability. Furthermore, firms that are committed to product innovation also have high EO generally. However, EO will lead the firm to focus more on new product development but relatively ignore the commercialization. Therefore, when PIPD is plus, EO may lead the firm managers to still make radical strategies that are contrary to employees′ desire for exploitative learning. It is likely to cause employees′ negative emotions in learning. Based on this, this paper introduces the theory of reasoned action to explain the possible inconsistencies between strategic orientation and employees′ behavioral intention.     Using the effective questionnaire data of 257 domestic manufacturing firms to test the theoretical model, the results show that: (1) PIPD negatively influences the balance of learning ambidexterity, and positively influences its complementarity. (2) When PIPD is plus, EO will strengthen the negative relationship between plus PIPD and the balance of learning ambidexterity, meanwhile weakening the positive relationship between plus PIPD and the complementarity of learning ambidexterity. (3) When PIPD is minus, EO will weaken the negative relationship between minus PIPD and the balance of learning ambidexterity, meanwhile strengthening the positive relationship between minus PIPD and the complementarity of learning ambidexterity.     The paper expects to make three contributions. First, the paper expands product innovation research to construct the concept of "product innovation performance deviation" which can reflect the relative level of each required capability in the product innovation process. New product development or commercialization, the weakness of any aspect is bound to affect the overall achievement of product innovation. As an evaluation of the product innovation outcomes and construction of the targeted capabilities required by the firms, PIPD can provide a new theoretical perspective for product innovation research.     Second, the paper enriches the research on antecedents of learning ambidexterity. Existing studies are mainly based on exogenous variables to discuss the passive change of learning ambidexterity. This paper takes PIPD as an internal driving factor, believing that the outcomes of product innovation can prompt firms to adjust the structure of learning ambidexterity actively.    Third, the paper proposes the double-edged sword effects of entrepreneurial orientation and promotes the application of the reasoned action theory at the firm level. Current research mainly emphasizes the positive effects of EO on firms′ new product development. However, if a firm′s commercialization capability is weak, excessive EO may become an obstacle to the improvement of the capability.     This paper also provides some practical implications. Under the strategy of the "Made in China 2025", Chinese manufacturing firms not only need to improve their independent innovation capability but also have to pay attention to the commercialization part. Meanwhile, firm managers also need to objectively analyze the firms′ strengths and weaknesses to develop appropriate strategies rather than blindly follow the trend of the markets. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The relationship between employees′ proactive behavior and their innovation performance: The perspective of status competition Tang Yuhong, Zhao Chenhui, Mao Jianghua, Ding Zhenkuo 2021, 42(3): 191-200.  Abstract ( 711 )   PDF        Previous literature assume that proactive behavior can be transformed into higher performance, however, little research discusses how and when proactive behavior can promote innovation performance. Aimed at this issue, this study, from the perspective of status competition, applies leader-member exchange theory and social dominance theory to study the mechanism of how proactive behavior influencing individual innovation performance under the Chinese cultural background which characterized by hierarchy and high power distance. Our study disentangles the "black box" of the influence of employees′ proactive behavior on their innovation performance by means of examining the mediating role of the leader-member exchange relationship and the boundary condition of the perceived status threat to leader. The data was constructed by 630 supervisor-subordinate dyads from 13 organizations are used to test the hypothesized direct, mediating and moderating effects. The result of data analysis in general indicates that employees′ proactive behavior significantly affects their innovation performance. In addition, different from the attention of previous studies are mainly on the team and organizational performance, this study expands the positive effects of proactive behavior. Furthermore, this paper verified the mediating mechanism of the leader-member exchange relationship between the relationship of employee′s proactive behavior and innovation performance. In contrast to previous research, our research also predicts and verifies that the perceived status threat to leader plays a negative moderating role on the relationship between the employees′ proactive behavior and innovation performance and between the employee′s proactive behavior and the leader-member exchange relationship. Therefore, from the perspective of status competition, our study explains how the leader′s mental state and behavior choice affect the relationship between the employee′s proactive behavior and the positive result.     This study has three theoretical contributions to the existing literature: first, it breaks through the limitations that previous proactive behavior literature focused on individual proactive personality and traits. Based on the logic that a clear connection between behavior and results, this study mainly examines the relationship between employees′ proactive behavior and their work results. It responds to the call of Parker & Collins, Zhang and other scholars that future research should pay attention to the relationship between individual proactive behavior and work results at the same time. Second,previous theoretical and empirical researches ignore the role and perception of leaders. Our study, in association with the cultural characteristics of high power distance in China, from the perspective of status competition, integrates the perceived status threat to lead into the research framework of the relationship between employee′s proactive behavior and innovation performance, demonstrating that the perceived status threat to leader is an important boundary condition for the positive effect of employee′s proactive behavior and expanding the proactive behavior research domain.      Third, this paper finds that the leader-member exchange relationship, as an interpersonal relationship mechanism, mediates the relationship between the employees′ proactive behavior and the results of their work. Under the social background of "Guanxi orientation" in China, leaders are willing to provide innovation support within and outside the system for employees who have established good relationships with them. Such context is less examined in western culture circumstance but plays a key role in improving employees′ innovation performance in the Chinese context where it attaches importance to human feelings and relationships.     The practical implication of this study not only helps managers to deepen the understanding of the employees′ proactive behavior from the perspective of status competition, but also puts forward a new perspective for management practice on how to improve the employees′ innovation performance. First of all, the organization should design a scientific and reasonable incentive mechanism to reduce the psychological defense and negative behavior of leaders. At the same time, the organization should also pay attention to employees′ proactive behavior and create an inclusive and open environment for them to establish a higher quality of leader-member exchange relationship, arrange the proactive staff to a suitable position to fulfill employees′ ability and gain more innovation performance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Influencing mechanism of career resilience on the occupation-organization dual commitment Song Guoxue 2021, 42(3): 201-208.  Abstract ( 368 )   PDF      In recent years, the situation of graduates′ employment has improved, but there still exist some problems. Figures from the Max institute show that the turnover rate is about 34% for half a year′s graduates in 2015, and the correlation ratio between jobs and professional is 66% in 2016, They were exposed to a great extent lack of organization emotional attachment and professional identity—the essence of which is occupation-organization dual commitment.     The occupation-organization dual commitment plays an important role in human resource management activities especially to organizations keeping suitable talents. But there exist some inconsistent viewpoints, firstly, whether organizational commitment and occupational commitment could have both at the same time or not? Secondly, what′s the antecedent variable of occupation-organization dual commitment? Therefore, there were inadequacies as follows. (1) The empirical research is fragmented in the context of an organization (for example, it only considers the toughness or career resilience structure of some certain variables, rather than the overall architecture). (2) The related study mostly focuses on the general commitment of one or more structure components (as the emotional commitment, continuous commitment and normative commitment), rather than directly introducing "career resilience" which variables combining the characteristics of professional situational.     According to the above situation, this article used the new graduates as the research object. The research considered the effects and functions of career resilience for the occupation-organization dual commitment based on the concept of the overall point. Based on theoretical researches, the paper built up a conceptual model. Then, this study used snowball convenience sampling method to investigate sample based on the data availability, through issuing questionnaires to the graduates who have been worked for about half a year, the number of 961 valid questionnaires responses received.     Thus, the hierarchical linear model was employed based on the data acquired through the snowball convenience sampling. The results reveal that the dual commitment of the career—organization of the new graduates can be achieved at the same time. However, the psychological contract has a moderating effect on the relationship. Under the regulation of psychological contract, the concurrence of the dual commitment of career—organization becomes complicated. For example, the relational psychological contract will positively adjust the relationship between the two factors (i.e. strengthening the positive relationship between career resilience and organizational commitment and strengthening the positive relationship between career resilience and occupational commitment), making it more likely to get the concurrence of the dual commitments under career resilience; whereas, the transactional psychological contract will negatively adjust the relationship between the two factors (i.e. weakening the positive relationship between career resilience and organizational commitment, and weakening the positive relationship between career resilience and occupational commitment), making it difficult to get the dual commitments under career resilience.     In the meantime, the relational psychological contract was found to positively moderate the relationship between career resilience and organization/occupational commitment, but the transactional psychological contract was found to negatively moderate the relationship between career resilience and organization/occupational commitment. Finally, the theoretical significance is discussed and related strategic suggestions are proposed for the human resource management, such as play emphasis on career resilience, play emphasis on relational psychological contract and enhancing new graduates′ sense of fulfillment of the psychological contract. References | Related Articles | Metrics