Studies on the growth of the technology-based small and micro enterprise (TBSME) have been an import topic in the field of entrepreneurship. According to the entrepreneurial traits and the social cognitive theory, the paper builds a conceptual model among entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of TBSMEs and empirically examines the relationships from 317 TBSMEs in Changsha, Hunan Province by using structure equation modeling. The results show that: (1) entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial orientation take positive effects on TBSME’s performance directly; (2) entrepreneurial self-efficacy also takes positive effects on entrepreneurial orientation directly; (3) the risk-taking dimension and the proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurial orientation have the mediating effects between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and TBSME’s performance, but the innovation dimension doesn’t have.