Based on the panel data of China’s large and medium-sized industrial enterprises from 2001 to 2015, this paper compares the technology innovation efficiencies of different types of enterprises in China. The annual analysis of VRS model shows that the comprehensive technical innovation efficiency of China’s large and medium-sized enterprises keeps increasing from 2001 to 2015, and the gap among different types of enterprises is also narrowing. The comprehensive technical innovation efficiency of Sino-foreign joint ventures and foreign-owned enterprises has maintained a leading position for a long time, and the comprehensive technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of domestic-funded enterprises has been in the pursuing position during the vast majority of this period of time. By the end of 2014, the average pure technical efficiency of domestic-funded enterprises exceeded the corresponding indicators of Hong Kong-Macao-Taiwan invested enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises, indicating the trend of catching-up and surpassing. The cross-phase research of the Metafrontier-Malmquist index shows that, the mean value of the index of domestic-funded enterprises is much higher than 1, indicating the tread of fast catching up; The mean value of the index of Hong Kong-Macao-Taiwan invested enterprises is also higher than 1, indicating the increasing tread; the leading position of foreign invested enterprises is facing the challenges from domestic-funded enterprises and Hong Kong-Macao-Taiwan invested enterprises.