Abstract: Through measuring science and technology capability of high-technology industry and industrial structure optimization from the year of 1996 to 2007, the quantitative relationship of them is studied. The study methodology includes qualitative theoretical analysis and quantitative empirical analysis. It is found that science and technology capability of high-technology industry and industrial structure optimization are positively correlated with each other and the correlation is very high; 1% improvement of science and technology capability of high-technology industry will bring 0.783% improvement of industrial structure optimization. The three components, such as capability of innovation resources input and R&D, capability of innovation transform and pervasion, capability of supporting innovation of science and economic support capability of high-technology industry have a positive correlation with industrial structure optimization. And joint improvement of these three capability will accelerate the industrial structure optimization.