Abstract: By applying input-oriented C2R and super-efficiency DEA model, the R&D efficiencies of 30 Chinese provinces in the Tenth Five-Year Plan period is empirically analyzed, and some related results are obtained. The in-depth results prove that in the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the provincial- level R&D efficiencies are in decline as a whole. The efficiency gap between different provinces experiences a process that at first enlarged and then narrowed down, and the whole efficiency gap is comparatively obvious. Based on the results above, some advices on further improving the provincial- level R&D efficiencies and narrowing down the gaps are put forwrd.