Abstract: The award for S&T achievement is the best representational index for the agriculture scientific and technology innovation capability. The influence factors of S&T innovation capability for agricultural scientific research institutions are analyzed by taking the award for S&T achievement as the example. The conclusions of empirical analysis are as follows: (1) Matthew effect exists in S&T achievement output and S&T resource distribution; (2) S&T achievement output of agricultural scientific research institutions not only has the effect on the scale and structure of S&T input, but also has a close relation with the economic development factors and agricultural resource condition in the area where the institution is located. (3) Currently, increasing S&T input could increase S&T award production yet, however the diminishing trend of marginal production maybe exist in some institutions.