The industrial technological learning is one of the key questions for the technological innovation research and industrial research in developing countries. The case of Chinese optical fiber and cable industry is taken to study the technological learning process. The technological learning process of the Chinese optical fiber and cable industry is reverse. And two reverse learning coexist in the industry including the reverse technological chain learning and the reverse industrial chain technological learning. The influential factors on the technological learning of the Chinese optical fiber and cable industry include technological structure, the institution environment, the learning driving force, and the learning base. The unbalanced distribution of the four factors in the three industrial production phases (optical perform, fiber, and cable) is the main reason for such a reverse technological learning.