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The internationalization path of hydroelectric engineering technical standards based on the innovation ecosystem: A case study of BSI Tang Zhen, Zhang Lu, Zhang Yang 2022, 43(12): 1-13.  Abstract ( 265 )   PDF      The dominance of technical standards has a profound impact on the pattern and institutional arrangement of global governance. Sino-hydro internationalization is one of the most important informal mechanisms to practicing Chinese concept of global governance. China′s hydroelectric project takes the leading position in the world both in technology and market but is still subject to European and American engineering technical standards, which influence Chinese major role in global governance system. Current situation urgently requests to explore the feasible mode and effective path of Chinese hydroelectric engineering technical standards internationalization. Meanwhile, international mainstream engineering technical standards have undergone a successful transformation from domestic norms to international standards. Among them, British Standards Institution plays a pivotal role in the process of internationalization of British hydroelectric engineering technical standards. Due to this fact, based on the theory of innovation ecosystem, role theory and technical standard diffusion theory, this study tends to investigate the evolution of British standards by identifying the roles and strategic actions of system members, analyzing the competitive advantage of the system. Based on the longitudinal development history of British Standards Institution, this exploratory single-case study would make an in-depth description and theoretical explanation of British Standards Institution, untangle the mode of hydroelectric engineering technical standard internationalization.It comes to the following findings: first, with the change in dynamic environment, different organizations play diverse roles and then perform strategic actions in three stages. The essence of role transformation is that members of innovation system cope with environment change, system evolution and members′ behaviors, following with the change of strategic actions, generating characteristic modes. Second, three characteristic modes include technology standardization, technical standards internationalization and technical standard business internationalization, forming three advantages involving standard leading, network effect and positive feedback of standard. Third, on account of comparison between China and Britain, this study puts forward suggestions from three levels containing collaborative innovation-led technology standardization, technical standards internationalization based on industrial alliances and ecosystem competition centered on hydroelectric engineering technical standards. To be specific, British hydroelectric engineering technical standard embedded in the innovation ecosystem establish high switching cost, resulting in technical standards competition turning to competition in technical standards innovation ecosystem. The possibility of new technical standards replacing current standards depends on innovation ecosystem whether can provide the same or more full-featured environmental conditions and service functions. Hence, the new innovation ecosystem should not only integrate the current ecosystem but also achieve better performance on this basis.This paper makes main contributions as follows: first, it tends to bridge the gap in the role theory with the attempt to observe the dynamic evolution of organizational roles; second, it constructs a technical standard innovation ecosystem based on national and international competitive advantage at macro-level, analyzes members′ relationship at meso-level, discusses how a core member drive the evolution of system members at micro-level. Further, the view of supporting role of government and association in innovation ecosystem proposed in this paper can enrich the existing research about ecosystem; third, it deepens the comprehension of reason that European and American enterprises have been rarely involved in hydropower construction but their technical standards can still occupy a dominant position in the world, emphasize that technical standards is a key competitive advantage for hydroelectric engineering enterprises and even the country. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the intellectual property cultivation mechanism of China′s national science and technology major projects Fang Xi, You Yu, Liu Yun 2022, 43(12): 14-23.  Abstract ( 205 )   PDF      National science and technology major projects strive to master a number of core key technologies related to international people′s livelihood and national security, and its core task is the development of strategic products with independent intellectual property rights. Full use of the intellectual property system can provide support for protecting scientific and technological innovation achievements, promoting the transfer and application of intellectual property, and cultivating and developing strategic emerging industries. To this end, the Ministry of Science and Technology and other four national ministries and commissions jointly formulated the Interim Provisions on the Management of Intellectual Property Rights for national science and technology major projects, which set clear requirements for intellectual property work in project application, project evaluation, contract signing, process management, and acceptance. However, the national science and technology major projects have the characteristics of many participants, a long research period and easy to be affected by the external environment and internal factors. It is a key scientific issue in the field of intellectual property to run the intellectual property cultivation management through the whole innovation chain of national science and technology major projects, realizing the dual effects of promoting innovation with intellectual property rights and the output of more intellectual property rights with innovation.Existing literature mostly focuses on the influencing factors, mechanisms and protection of intellectual property rights. Some scholars have conducted research on issues related to major national science and technology special intellectual property rights, but most of them focus on the ownership and distribution of intellectual property achievements, and there are few researches on the cultivation of major national science and technology special intellectual property rights. Taking into account the characteristics of national science and technology major projects, how to show the intellectual property incubation process in the entire innovation chain is particularly important, and it is necessary to thoroughly study its cultivation mechanism and evolution mechanism.Therefore, the paper first proposes a conceptual model of the intellectual property rights cultivation mechanism for national science and technology major projects under the innovation chain based on synergetics and system theory, and uses the identification of key elements in the intellectual property cultivation process as an entry point to the in-depth study of the coupling relationship of the entire innovation chain of national science and technology major projects with intellectual property cultivation stage. Secondly, through collecting relevant national policies and combining them with the major and special intellectual property rights cultivation process, theoretical elaboration is carried out to establish a theoretical basis for constructing the model. Thirdly, analyzing the internal factors and external environmental factors that affect the cultivation of major national science and technology special intellectual property rights, refines the key elements that affect the cultivation of intellectual property rights. On the basis of extracting key elements, this paper uses system dynamics to establish the causal circuit diagram and flow diagram of the intellectual property cultivation mechanism, and divides the intellectual property cultivation system into four subsystems: the technical standard formulation subsystem, patent cultivation subsystem, innovation revenue subsystem and external environmental impact effect subsystem, to analyze the intellectual property rights cultivation mechanism for the entire innovation. Finally, in response to major special intellectual property rights issues, some suggestions were made in this paper from five aspects strengthening government control, forming a technical standard system, promoting the industrialization of results, creating a good market environment, and exploring full-process management. This research is of great significance for designing an effective path for the cultivation of major scientific and technological special intellectual property rights, realizing precise government policies, and increasing the number of core independent intellectual property rights, thereby enhancing China′s independent innovation capabilities and breaking through foreign blockades on key core technologies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the impact of the talent ecological environment on the agglomeration effect of highly educated talents in China Zhang Bo, Ding Jinhong 2022, 43(12): 24-33.  Abstract ( 229 )   PDF       The essence of competition for talent is the competition of ecological environment, and analyzing the difference effect of talent ecological environment and its subsystems on the aggregation of highly educated talents has important guiding value for scientifically formulating talent policies. Based on the data of highly educated talents in 31 provincial-level regions of China from 2000 to 2018, this paper analyzes the aggregation and change characteristics of highly educated talents in China, empirically tests the impact of talent ecological environment and its subsystems on the aggregation of highly educated talents and finally evaluates the talent ecological environment of different provincial-level regions by using entropy method, factor analysis, OLS regression model and taking the talent ecological environment index and the aggregation effect of highly educated talents as the core indicators. The results show that: (1) Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin are highly concentrated areas for highly educated talents in China. The west, especially the southwest region, is a weak area. The difference in talent gathering power between the two is generally large, but it has shown a shrinking trend. (2) The talent ecological environment has a significant impact on the agglomeration effect of highly educated talents, and generally shows the N-type weakening trend of first increasing, then decreasing and then increasing. (3) The impact of talent ecological environment subsystems on the agglomeration effect of highly educated talents shows differences and variability. Among them, the regional economic development environment, innovation environment, social and cultural environment have a greater impact on the agglomeration effect of highly educated talents, but appear to be weakened, the impact the of living service environment especially housing price is gradually strengthened, and the talent market environment has an impact, but it is not stable. (4) Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong are the best provincial-level regions for a talent ecological environment in China. The Yangtze River Delta is the best area. The midwest is relatively weak. The range in the talent ecological environment between regions is expanding, and the advantages and disadvantages of the talent ecological environment in various provincial-level regions are obvious.The above research conclusions have important guiding significance for talent policy-making in different regions. First, due to the scarcity of high-end talent resources, the competitiveness of the advantaged areas in the ecological environment for talents will not weaken in the short term. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the ecological environment of the weak areas with the help of national macro policies, support attracting more high-end talents, and adjust the unbalanced distribution of high-end talents in various regions. Second, due to the inherent differences in the economic and technological environment of various regions, the regions with weak talents need to gather high-end talents to develop their economy, but their own ecological environment for talents is not enough to attract high-end talents. Therefore, this requires appropriate administrative tools to adjust market attractiveness. Third, each region should improve the comprehensive environmental index according to its own advantages and disadvantages of the talent ecological environment to attract high-end talents, instead of blindly participating in "the battle for talents". Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the driving of regional integration to urban innovation capability——An empirical study of the Yangtze River Delta Kong Lingcheng, Chai Zeyang, Qiu Danxia 2022, 43(12): 34-43.  Abstract ( 201 )   PDF      For a long time, China′s regional economy has been guided by GDP growth, and the phenomenon of market segmentation and local protection is very serious. The traditional thinking of regional economy and local government′s standard interests to some extent inhibit the flow efficiency and allocation efficiency of various factors in different regions, and regional integration is the main way to break down such administrative barriers and institutional barriers. As a major regional policy, regional integration promotes the inter-regional flow of factors, realizes the efficient allocation of resources in a larger space. Regional integration realizes resource sharing and complementarity through intra-regional industrial division of labor and cooperation, improves the optimization effect of resource allocation, and thus can drive the overall regional transformation to high-quality development. In addition, regional integration can also alleviate the problem of insufficient supply of immobile elements, thus providing broad space for regional development. The fundamental purpose of regional integration is to make the best use of regional differences to build economic complementarity, activate the flow efficiency and allocation efficiency of various production factors in the region, and maximize the marginal effect of production factors. With the further development of China′s economic development strategy towards the direction of regional integration, higher quality regional coordinated development should become the main development mode of urban agglomerations in the future.The Yangtze River Delta region is one of the regions with the most active economic development, the highest degree of openness and the strongest innovation capacity in China. In April 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the Yangtze River Delta to achieve higher quality of integrated development. In November of the same year, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed to support the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta as a national strategy. Thus, it is of great significance to promote the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, enhance the innovation and competitiveness of the Yangtze River Delta, and improve the degree of economic agglomeration, regional connectivity and policy coordination efficiency, so as to lead the high-quality development of the whole country and build a modern economic system. However, at present, the development of China′s regional economy is facing such problems as the gradual disappearance of the demographic dividend, the continuous decline of the environmental carrying capacity, the economic slowdown and the structural transformation and upgrading. A large number of studies show that the key to solving the bottleneck of China′s economic development lies in innovation, which promotes the original economic development model to be driven by innovation instead of extensive factors. The strategy of innovation-driven development was put forward at the 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012, and the government work report of the State Council in 2019 pointed out that the strategy of innovation-driven development should be further implemented to promote the capacity and efficiency of innovation. All these prove the urgency and necessity of innovation-driven development at the present stage. In fact, the Yangtze River Delta has always been committed to promoting regional innovation capacity through integration. For example, the Yangtze River Delta large instrument network jointly established by three provinces and one city for the purpose of sharing large scientific instruments, the Shanghai science and technology innovation voucher launched to enhance the radiation effect of Shanghai′s innovation resources, and the G60 science and innovation corridor and the joint construction of industrial parks and so on. Then, has the Yangtze River Delta integration development strategy promoted the ability of urban innovation? What is the mechanism? Are there individual differences? In this regard, the study of this paper will answer the series of questions, for the realization of higher quality regional integration of the Yangtze River Delta development, to promote the regional development model to innovation-driven transformation to provide reference.Firstly, in the theoretical analysis, this paper regards the transaction cost between regions as the degree of regional integration, and the marginal cost of enterprises as the level of regional innovation. By deducing the footloose capital model, this paper finds that the improvement of regional integration is conducive to the improvement of innovation level. And then, based on urban statistics of cities in the Yangtze River Delta from 2005 to 2017, this paper examines the driving role of regional integration in urban innovation capabilities by spatial econometric model. The results show that regional integration plays a significant role in driving the innovation ability of the Yangtze River Delta. This paper further analyzes the innovation incentive mechanism of regional integration from the two dimensions of industrial agglomeration and industrial transfer. The results show that regional integration has promoted regional industrial agglomeration to some extent, but it has not formed a mechanism to improve urban innovation capacity. On the contrary, the intra-regional industrial transfer mechanism promoted by regional integration effectively improves the urban innovation capacity. In addition, this paper still examines the regional heterogeneity of the effect of integrated innovation from three dimensions: city status, development level and decentralization degree. The heterogeneity estimation results show that the regional integration of the Yangtze River Delta has a more significant driving effect on the innovation ability of non-core cities, cities with low economic development level and cities with low fiscal decentralization.The above conclusions have important policy significance and value for promoting the innovation-driven high-quality development of the current regional economy. Firstly, we should further promote the regional integration of the Yangtze River Delta, activate the liquidity and rooting of factors in the Yangtze River Delta, and promote the high-quality development of regional economy. Secondly, it is necessary to promote the reform of market-based allocation of factors in the Yangtze River Delta, improve the construction of factor market system, and provide support for all kinds of factors to freely and efficiently flow to regions and industries with comparative advantages. Finally, in the process of integration, the convergence mechanism of integrated innovation ability should be relied on to bridge the gap of regional innovation ability, so as to realize balanced and coordinated development of regions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the catching up and surpassing of China′s photovoltaic industry from the perspective of innovation ecosystem Dong Caiting, Liu Xielin, Gao Yuchen, Wang Xi 2022, 43(12): 44-53.  Abstract ( 232 )   PDF      With the challenge of global climate change, the development of new energy industry plays an important role in the pursuit of green innovation and sustainable development. China′s photovoltaic industry started in the 1960s, although its development was slow in early stage. While China′s photovoltaic industry has developed rapidly in the past decade, and has successfully caught up with and surpassed other countries to become a global leader in photovoltaic industry. Based on the perspective of innovation ecosystem, this paper explores the mechanism of catching up and surpassing of China′s photovoltaic industry. Through the case study of Chinese photovoltaic industry, it is found that in the entry stage, the deployment policies of photovoltaic technologies in developed countries not only affect the local market, but also have spillover effects on developing countries, thus providing an international market demand window of opportunity for China′s photovoltaic industry. Chinese photovoltaic firms take advantage of this window of opportunity to improve their performance, by embedding in the global innovation ecosystem for technology introduction, establishment of legitimacy and access to capital in the international market. Moreover, the global photovoltaic industry develops slowly, since many advanced core technologies cannot be industrialized. In particular, the deployment policies urge firms to transform the core technology of photovoltaic into products and put them into the market in advance. Therefore, there are still many challenges in the complementary technologies of the global photovoltaic industry, which provids complementary technological windows of opportunity in innovation ecosystem for latecomers. In the catching up and surpassing stage, Chinese PV firms seize the complementary technological windows of opportunity in the innovation ecosystem, to build the local innovation ecosystem for improving their performance by selectively knowledge sharing, collaborating with the firms upstream and downstream for innovation, forming the whole industrial chain, and cluster effect and complementary technologies innovation, thus catch up and surpass the global leaders in other developed countries. In addition, in the surpassing stage, the demand of the international market not only provides opportunities for China′s photovoltaic industry, but also brings challenges due to the financial crisis, antidumping duties and countervailing duties, which decrease the international market demand rapidly. While the Chinese government helps domestic photovoltaic firms cultivate local downstream market demand, thus Chinese photovoltaic firms have stabilized the local innovation ecosystem by taking advantage of the institutional/policy windows of opportunity, and effectively coordinated the upstream and downstream partners to jointly innovate, maintaining the leading position in the global solar photovoltaic industry. This paper believes that the success of China′s photovoltaic industry to catch up with the leaders depends on the application of the innovation ecosystem strategy. Understanding the catching up of new energy industry in developing countries needs to be analyzed from the perspective of the innovation ecosystem. Especially at the technical level, the catching up of latecomers should not only pay attention to the core technological innovation, but also pay attention to the complementary technological innovation in the innovation ecosystem. Furthermore, firms in developing countries can make contributions to the new energy industry by improving complementary technologies, so as to significantly reduce prices and guide the industry into the growth stage. Related Articles | Metrics

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A mindset intending to break through "bottleneck" technologies——A design based on TRIZ Zhang Zhihe, Gao Zhongyi, Tan Runhua, Sun Lijie 2022, 43(12): 54-68.  Abstract ( 192 )   PDF      According to the basic judgment that there is no alternative but to implement excellent scientific and technological strategies and choose a scientific breakthrough path for China in the China-US technological competition, our study proposes a thinking system to solve the "bottleneck" technology problem based on TRIZ with the analysis of the characteristics of "bottleneck" issues, which is the key core technology, is not necessarily a new technology, is an existing technology, one part has, one part does not have, the owner uses the priority to impose restrictions on the non-owner, constitutes a "bottleneck". Specifically, we establish two interrelated mechanisms, namely the "bottleneck" technological macro-breakthrough mechanism at the strategy and application layer, and the "bottleneck" technological micro-breakthrough mechanism at the enterprises′ implementation layer with respect to the TRIZ technological innovation classification. At the macro-level, the government-led strategy layer mainly from the angle of view of conflict management, from the perspective of the macro set including technology, talent, institutional innovation, business environment, market and industry from six aspects of science and technology strategy, as provided in the application level of the enterprise with the leading basic guarantee, promoting enterprise and the integration collaboration among innovation subjects. The enterprise-led application layer is mainly based on the perspective of physical conflict and technical conflict in TRIZ theory, attracting interdisciplinary and cross industry knowledge and talents, building a micro mechanism for enterprises to break through "bottleneck" technology based on specific solutions, and realizing the improvement of technological innovation ability. At the micro-level, enterprises break through the "bottleneck" technology implementation mechanism based on TRIZ technology innovation classification. There are three points to breakthrough "bottleneck" technology, the first point is clearing scientific research foundation of enterprises, targeted research and development of "bottleneck" technology, the second point is the agglomeration of cross-industry, interdisciplinary knowledge and talent, which is the key to break through "bottleneck" technology, the third point is technology marketization which is the end of "bottleneck" technology. Moreover, four detailed breakthrough paths are suggested: first, we should establish the macro mechanism to solve the "bottleneck" technology problem facing the government and enterprises. Only by handling the relationship between the government and the market correctly and giving full play to the guiding role of the government and the decisive role of the market in the allocation of resources, can we lay a good foundation for the breakthrough of the "bottleneck" technology from the strategic mechanism. Second, we should foster the subject status of enterprises in innovation with the assistance of TRIZ. Highlighting the dominant position of enterprises in innovation is conducive for enterprises to gather all kinds of social resources, including talent, technology, platform, equipment and capital. TRIZ method is an effective way to break through the "bottleneck" technology. The "bottleneck" of the technology depends on the physical conflict and technical conflict, and the solution theory of physical conflict and technical conflict in the TRIZ method depends on the separation principle and the invention principle respectively. Based on its related principles, the TRIZ method is introduced into the enterprise, which can point out the research and development direction for the enterprise to solve the key "bottleneck" technology scientifically and efficiently, so as to improve the technological innovation ability of the enterprise. Third, we should establish the interdisciplinary and cross industry linkage mechanism with technology convergence. Characteristics of "bottleneck" technology determines that its breakthrough and innovation are impossible to be achieved by an individual or institution. It needs a series of knowledge systems, technology systems, industrial systems to support and establish interdisciplinary, cross-industry linkage mechanisms, dynamic coordination among the government, the market and enterprises. While clarifying the relationship between the government and the market, we should highlight the main role of enterprises in market-oriented innovation, promote the organic linkage between the government and enterprises, and create a systematic environment for enterprises to break through the "bottleneck" technology. Finally, we should enroll talents effectively through platforms. We should make full use of the functions of all kinds of laboratories and engineering centers, especially enterprise laboratories and engineering centers, to achieve the effective aggregation of interdisciplinary and cross industry outstanding talents, so as to lay the talent foundation for breaking the "bottleneck" technology, which is also the most fundamental foundation. 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Research on the effect of effectuation on innovation of new technology ventures Chen Xiaohong, Deng Quanlin, Guan Jian 2022, 43(12): 69-78.  Abstract ( 139 )   PDF       China is in a critical stage of economic transformation and upgrading, and technological innovation is an important means of industrial upgrading. New technology ventures are effective carriers to accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, promote industrial transformation and upgrading, and realize technological innovation. However, new technology ventures face high environmental uncertainty and resource constraints, which seriously hinder the promotion of innovation activities. How to deal with these problems effectively and make rational innovation decisions to improve innovation performance has become the key to promote the development of new technology ventures. Effectuation provides a new way of thinking for decision-making in uncertain environment. It describes how to think, make decisions and practice under uncertainty, including a series of principles such as flexibility, affordable loss, previous commitment and experiment.However, there is no consistent conclusion on the effect of effectuation on the innovation performance. It needs further study. Does effectuation have an inconsistent effect on the innovation speed and innovation quality of new technology ventures? Does effectuation work differently in different market environments? What are the internal conditions for the effective application of effectuation? Based on the above problems, this paper constructs a theoretical framework to explore the different effects of effectuation on the innovation speed and innovation quality of new technology ventures, and also considers the moderating effect of the external market dynamism and the internal absorptive capacity of enterprises.This study collected data through questionnaires, and collected 162 valid questionnaires through surveys of new technology ventures in Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan and Jiangsu. Through data analysis, it is obtained that: (1) effectuation has a significant positive effect on the innovation speed of new technology ventures; (2) there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between effectuation and innovation quality of new technology ventures; (3) in the environment of high market dynamism, effectuation has a stronger positive effect on the innovation speed, and the inverted U-shaped relationship between effectuation and innovation quality is stronger; (4) the stronger the absorptive capacity of enterprises, the stronger the positive effect of effectuation and innovation speed; and (5) when both market dynamism and corporate absorptive capacity are high, effectuation has the strongest positive effect on innovation quality.This paper expands the study of effectuation and innovation. In the past, the research on effectuation and innovation did not get a consistent conclusion. This study divides the innovation performance into two dimensions of innovation speed and innovation quality, and found a way to reconcile existing conflicts. Besides, in the past, the literatures mainly considered the moderating effect of external environmental uncertainty on effectuation and innovation, ignored the internal conditions of utilizing effectuation, and this study considers the moderating effect of external market dynamism and internal absorptive capacity, and expands the boundary conditions for utilizing effectuation.Practically，the results of this study have important implications for the innovation of new technology ventures. Firstly, this study confirms the positive effect of effectuation on the innovation of new technology ventures, they should create a free, open and inclusive enterprise atmosphere, for utilizing effectuation to provide a good environment. Secondly, decision makers should use effectuation rationally according to the strategic needs of enterprises. If the enterprise pays more attention to the innovation speed, it needs to follow the effectuation more; if they pay more attention to the innovation quality, they should also pay attention to avoid the negative effect of over-effectuation while utilizing effectuation to improve the innovation quality. Then, decision makers should make reasonable use of effectuation at the different stages of entrepreneurship. Finally, while utilizing effectuation to improve the innovation performance in highly uncertain environment, they should also pay attention to improve the absorptive capacity of enterprises, so that the effect of effectuation will be better. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the technical co-opetition mechanism on inter-organizational knowledge flow in the new energy vehicles industry Sun Yutao, Wang Qian, Chen Lingzhi 2022, 43(12): 79-88.  Abstract ( 155 )   PDF       In the era of knowledge-based economy, innovation is the core capability of enterprise development, and knowledge acquisition is the foundation of innovation. For an organization, acquiring knowledge across organizations becomes a key issue to improve its innovation ability. For inter-organizational groups, understanding how knowledge flows is also essential for innovation management and policy making. Existing research on the influence factors of inter-organizational knowledge flow can be divided into two types; one is mainly focused on the contextual factors, such as geographical distance, intellectual property, organizational environment and network location, etc., the other one is the interaction factors, including strength, social capital, trust and so on.In fact, with the development of IT, technical competition and collaboration in the new energy vehicles industry have become widespread, and inter-organizational knowledge activities are also more frequent. This implies that the effect of contextual factors on knowledge flow gradually declines, innovation-oriented interaction becomes the power source of knowledge flow among organizations. However, scholars mainly pay attention to collaboration, while ignoring other types of relationships, such as competition. Yet now, competition is the basic inter-organizational relationship, as the opposite of collaboration, competition usually  is accompanied by it. Therefore, we wonder whether inter-organizational competition and cooperative relationships between organizations could promote knowledge flow, so as to realize the diffusion and integration of new knowledge in the industry. Do the characters of knowledge activities between organizations that have co-opetition relationships consistent with those that have a single relationship? In addition, what′s the role of the innovation scale gap in their knowledge flow? After reviewing the research status at home and abroad and combining with the key problems that needed to be solved, based on the co-opetition theory, this paper studies the mechanism of the technical co-opetition and the moderating effect of inter-organizational innovation scale gap, and proposes the following hypothesis: H1a: The intensity of inter-organizational technical collaboration has a positive effect on knowledge flow; H1b: The innovation scale gap between organizations weakens the positive effect of technical collaboration on knowledge flow; H2a: The intensity of inter-organizational technological competition has a positive effect on knowledge flow; H2b: The innovation scale gap between organizations strengthens the positive effect of technical competition on knowledge flow; H3a: The intensity of inter-organizational technical co-opetition has a negative effect on the knowledge flow; and H3b: Inter-organizational innovation scale gap strengthens the negative effect of technical co-opetition on knowledge flow. In empirical applications, by taking 511 organizations in the "New Energy Vehicles Industry" as samples and using the patent data from 2008 to 2017 from USPTO to measure technology co-opetition and knowledge flow, we introduced the QAP method to build a multiple regression analysis model with organizational pairs as the unit for testing the hypothesis. Considering the relationship has a time lag effect, cross-time matching is carried out in this part. For example, when the time range of the independent variable is from 2008 to 2010, the measurement of the dependent variable is from 2011 to 2013. Finally, with empirical analysis, the following conclusions and implications are drawn: Both technical collaboration and competition between organizations contribute to the knowledge flow, and the positive effect of technical collaboration is more significant. Technical co-opetition is negative to the knowledge flow. In parallel, the role of the innovation scale gap is different. Specifically, it weakens the direct effect of technical collaboration on knowledge flow, and enhances the direct effects of technical competition and technical co-opetition on knowledge flow. According to results, technical collaboration has become an essential means for organizations to access external resources and improve technical ability. However, collaborating with rivals along with higher risk, the uncertainty of knowledge flow will take the intense competition, so if organizations exist competive relationships, they will seriously restrict inter-organizational knowledge activities because of concerns about their own interests. Our study makes some contributions to practice to a certain degree. From the point of large enterprises, they naturally compete with large enterprises in the industry, so they are better to cooperate with enterprises those have high complementary technical resources, which is more conducive to giving full play to the knowledge and resource advantages of both sides and creating more competitive new technologies. Ordinarily, small enterprises, have supporting collaboration relationships with large enterprises. For them, it is imperative to cooperate with enterprises with similar innovation basis in the light of product homogeneity. In addition, policymakers can set up innovation collaboration platforms for different technical goals based on the current development status of the industry, and further introduce competition mechanisms to improve the efficiency of the overall knowledge flow in the whole. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the business model innovation path of platform enterprises from the perspective of configuration Xiong Aihua, Hou De′en 2022, 43(12): 89-97.  Abstract ( 180 )   PDF   With the in-depth implementation of China′s innovation-driven strategy, the pace of business model innovation of platform enterprises has been accelerating, resulting in huge economic benefits and social value. The typical business model innovation of platform enterprises in the digital economy era represented by Alibaba, Jingdong and Meituan was born. However, in recent years, many platform enterprises have lagged behind in business model innovation. The reason for this phenomenon is that platform enterprises have one-sided understanding of business models and fail to promote business model innovation effectively. Therefore, how to drive business model innovation has become an important issue for the sustainable growth of platform enterprises and the effective implementation of China′s digital economy strategy.The existing research on business model innovation of platform enterprises focuses on the two major themes of innovation antecedents and process. Foss and Luo pointed out in their research that innovation is a necessary and important proposition for the value creation of platform enterprises in the Internet era. On this basis, Feng described the modules of revenue model, value creation and factor support in the process of business model innovation from the perspective of space-time fit in the context of the Internet. Most of the existing studies are based on two perspectives of resources and opportunities to examine the influencing factors of business model innovation. Resource perspective research emphasizes the close relationship between data resources, complementary assets, redundant resources and management, resource orchestration and business model innovation. The opportunity perspective focuses on the impact of cross-border search and complementary market entry on business model innovation. To sum up, the existing studies still have the following three limitations: (1) The existing studies mainly examine the "net effect" between variables based on the assumption of linear relationship, which can′t explain the complex causal mechanism between multiple factors, nor can they meet the needs of current non-linear management. (2) Although the existing studies point out that opportunities and resources are closely related to the business model innovation of platform enterprises, most of them focus on the perspective of a single resource or opportunity, and discuss its impact on the business model innovation of platform enterprises from a single element level, ignoring the synergy of opportunities and resources. (3) In recent years, although strategic scholars have gradually paid attention to the impact of opportunity exploitation and resource co-development on business model innovation of different natures, such as efficiency and novelty of platform enterprises, and tried to explain it from the aspects of heterogeneous demand and cross-border operation in bilateral or multilateral markets, they still have not fully revealed the logic and effect of innovation, which needs to be further explored.In view of this, based on the concept of integration of opportunity and resources, this paper integrates five elements of opportunity exploitation and resource co-development to construct a business model innovation path model, and takes 193 platform enterprises as sample cases to investigate the complex causal mechanism by using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method. The results show that the formation of business model innovation path of platform enterprises depends on the combination of elements at the level of opportunity exploitation and resource co-development, and the configuration of different elements at the level of opportunity exploitation and resource co-development forms two types of business model innovation path: Type 1 emphasizes the combination of imitative opportunity exploitation strategy and resource co-development strategy, while Type 2 emphasizes the combination of innovative opportunity exploitation strategy and resource co-development strategy; There are differences in the resource co-development modes of opportunity exploitation adaptation. Imitative opportunity exploitation matches well with resource sharing and resource orchestration, while innovative opportunity exploitation matches well with resource orchestration and resource extension. The conclusion of the study reveals multiple equivalent paths of business model innovation of platform enterprises, enriches the research on the antecedents of business model innovation, and provides theoretical guidance for the business model innovation practice of platform enterprises. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Performance feedback or judging situations: A study of the strategy selection in the R&D search behavior of enterprises 2022, 43(12): 98-106.  Abstract ( 148 )   PDF      With the rapid development of the Internet, 5G and other new generations of information technology, enterprises need to cross-domain organization boundaries to capture innovative opportunities, inspire innovative inspiration and cultivate new skills so as to improve the innovative ability of enterprises through R&D search behavior. However, the existing researches ignore the motivation for the R&D search. In fact, taking what kind of R&D search strategy, whether or not to carry out R&D search and when to conduct R&D search are the key strategic issues in the process of enterprise innovation. Therefore, whether it is caused by problem making or predicting is very important for R&D search behavior. Based on the relevant theories of organizational behavior (OB), with the foundation of analyzing the differences between performance feedback and judging the situation, the alliance routines are incorporated into the research model to study the strategic impacts of performance feedback, judging the situation on R&D search behavior under the moderate of alliance routines. Based on the data from the Shanghai Stock Exchange website and questionnaire, this paper selects 295 enterprises in the manufacturing industry, construction industry and information transmission industry as samples, and analyzes the strategy selection of enterprises′ R&D search behavior combined with the research methods of hierarchical regression.The results show that when the performance feedback is lower than the expected value, enterprises will strengthen R&D search; when the performance feedback is higher than the expected value, enterprises will reduce R&D search intensity; when the decision-maker expects the future performance to be higher than the future expectations, companies will reduce the R&D search. When the performance feedback is lower than the expected value and the expected future performance is better than the future performance, alliance routines play a negative moderating role in it. But when the performance feedback is higher than the expected value, alliance routines strengthen the R&D search behavior of enterprises. Through the study of this paper, we also find that the changes in short-term performance have an important impact on the future R&D search behavior of enterprises.This research results fill the gaps in the theoretical part of enterprise R&D search. The existing researches on R&D search mainly focus on the classification of R&D search, and then study their impact on innovative performance. Combining with the relevant research of rational person, this paper proposes a variable of judging the situation to further explain the R&D search behavior of the enterprise based on the performance feedback research. It is believed that the gap between the expectation of the shareholders for future corporate performance and the expected reality will directly affect the R&D search intensity of enterprises. When the expectations are lower than the future performance, enterprises will strengthen the R&D search; At the same time, it is found that the comparison between the future satisfaction performance of the decision maker and the future expected performance will also have an impact on the company′s R&D search behavior. Therefore, the existing research on search theory is expanded.The results also show that alliance routines have different degrees of influence on R&D search behavior through their gradual and fixed behavior pattern. Alliance routines play a negative moderating role when the performance feedback is lower than the expected value and the expected future value is better than the future performance. However, when the performance feedback is higher than the expected value, alliance routines strengthen enterprises′ R&D search behavior. This research has important practical significance for the selection behavior of R&D search intensity. In the strategic choice of R&D search, enterprise decision-makers can guide organizational change or innovation through appropriate target levels and expectation value. Not only can they respond to performance feedback, but they can also take proactive action to make a full, detailed and scientific prediction of the future and make careful preparation in advance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Can intelligent technology improve the total factor productivity and technological innovation of enterprises? Zhang Wanli, Xuan Yang, Zhang Cheng, Sui Bo, Zhu Yaling 2022, 43(12): 107-116.  Abstract ( 228 )   PDF     The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China first proposed that China′s economy has shifted from a stage of rapid growth to high-quality development. High-quality development should be based on the improvement of production factors, productivity and total factor efficiency. With the emergence of ‘industry 4.0’, the world is facing a huge opportunity for networking, digitization and intelligence, which is also put forward by ‘China manufacturing 2025’. The development of intelligent relevant technologies and industries is gradually becoming the core factor of the global economy. In 2018, the scale of China′s robot market was US8.74 billion, with a year-on-year increase of 39.2%, accounting for 30% of the total amount of global robots. And the global output of industrial robots was 390 thousand, with an increase of 14.6%. The output of industrial robots in China was 148 thousand, accounting for 38%. As the world′s second largest economy, intelligence has played an important role in China. Therefore, it is urgent to promote the development of enterprises and the transformation of industrial structure through intelligence.Based on the relevant intelligence policies of China, using the panel data of listed companies from 2009 to 2018, this paper studies the effect of intelligence on total factor productivity and innovation of enterprise, and analyzes the heterogeneity of factor-intensity, ownership structure and R&D-density through the method of propensity score matching and difference-in-difference. The results are as follows. First, intelligence can improve the total factor productivity of enterprises in the current period. However, the impact of intelligence on innovation is insignificant. Second, intelligence has a lag and dynamic impact on the total factor productivity and innovation. The relationship between intelligence and total factor productivity shows a "U" trend. The effect of intelligence on the innovation functions from the second year, and appears an inverted "U" trend. Third, the effect of intelligence on total factor productivity in labor- and resource- intensity enterprises is greater than that of capital-intensity enterprises, while the effect of innovation is the opposite. Fourth, state-owned enterprises have a bigger positive impact of intelligence on total factor productivity than that of non-state-owned enterprises. In addition, the effect of innovation is not significant. Fifth, enterprises with lower R&D-density have stronger and more positive effect of intelligence on TFP than that of higher R&D-density enterprises. However, intelligence has an insignificant effect on the innovation of all types of enterprises in the current period. The possible innovations and contributions of this paper are as follows: First, we find the intelligent pilot policies, proposed by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology. This paper also uses the control group through the propensity score matching method and analyzes the impact of intelligence on enterprise performance through the difference in difference method. Third, the lag term of dummy variables is also introduced into the model to study the lag effect of intelligence on enterprise performance. Finally, this paper studies the different effects of intelligence on enterprise performance considering the factor intensity, ownership structure and R&D density. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The research on the driving effect of government environmental audit on corporate innovation Yu Lianchao, Zhang Weiguo, Bi Qian 2022, 43(12): 117-124.  Abstract ( 87 )   PDF      As an important means to promote high-quality economic development, government environmental audit has been given a new historical mission and responsibility in the process of economic transformation. The development of China′s government environmental audit starts relatively late and can be summarized in the following four stages: the initial stage (1983-1997), which began to pilot government environmental audit; the exploratory stage (1998-2007), which began to explore government environmental audit; the development stage (2008-2012), which began to combine government environmental audit with other audit; and the strategy stage (2013-to the present), which began to deepen government environmental audit. It can be seen that the government environmental audit is in the reform stage, where there is an urgent need to innovate systems and mechanisms to better promote the construction of ecological civilization and boost the development of the innovative economy. But there are few relevant empirical studies of government environmental audit, and the only empirical research mainly focuses on its environmental effects and lacks a discussion on its economic effects.Therefore, this paper manually collects some data on government environmental audit, and takes China′s Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2018 as the research object to examine the impact of government environmental audit on corporate innovation. The main research conclusions of this paper are as follows: First, government environmental audit has a significant positive impact on corporate innovation. This research conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests such as Heckman′s two-step method, propensity score matching method, and placebo test. Second, the positive impact of government environmental audit on corporate innovation is mainly manifested in the current and next period of government environmental audit, and is not significant in the next two periods of government environmental audit, indicating that the continuous impact of government environmental audit on corporate innovation is not strong. Third, the impact mechanism of government environmental audit on corporate innovation is that government environmental audit mainly promotes corporate innovation through market competition mechanism and financing restraint mechanism. In other words, government environmental audit will promote corporate innovation by improving corporate market competition and alleviating corporate financing constraints. Fourth, the positive impact of government environmental audit on corporate innovation is different in the nature of property rights, that is, compared with state-owned enterprises, the positive impact of government environmental audit on non-state-owned enterprise innovation is more significant, indicating that government environmental audit can effectively make up for the insufficiency of the nature of property rights to promote corporate innovation. Fifth, the positive impact of government environmental audit on corporate innovation is different in the marketization level, that is, compared with enterprises with a higher level of marketization, the positive impact of government environmental audit on corporate innovation with a lower level of marketization is more significant, which shows that government environmental audit can effectively make up for the lack of market-oriented mechanism to promote corporate innovation.The research conclusions of this paper enrich the research on the economic consequences of government environmental audit and the driving factors of corporate innovation in theory, and provide important enlightenment for the audit department to improve the government environmental audit system and promote the development of an innovative economy in practice. The main enlightenment of this article is as follows: First, the government environmental audit guidelines and operating guidelines should be issued in a timely manner to better play the role of government environmental audit in promoting corporate innovation; Second, a periodic government environmental audit system should be established to enhance the sustainability of the impact of government environmental audit on corporate innovation; Third, the reform of privatization of state-owned enterprises should be conducted to better promote the innovation of state-owned enterprises. Fourth, the government environmental audit system and market-based systems should be organically coordinated to better promote corporate innovation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Compulsory license and access to drugs: A case study of the USA and Brazil Huang Can, Xu Ge, Zhang Yurong, Li Lanhua, Zheng Suli 2022, 43(12): 125-134.  Abstract ( 126 )   PDF      Using compulsory license as a threat in price negotiations is an important way to obtain anti-epidemic drugs. However, the results of implementing compulsory license threats vary a lot across different countries. Since the adoption of the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (Doha Declaration) in 2001, there have been twenty-four cases which implemented compulsory license as a threat in anti-epidemic drug price negotiations by seventeen countries. Among those twenty-four cases, only nine successfully got a discount on the drug price. It is still not clear that under what circumstances compulsory license threat can play a positive role. With the global outbreak of short-term epidemics and pandemics, such as the "Covid-19" pneumonia pandemic, the context in which compulsory license is applied has changed significantly. On the one hand, new types of short-term epidemics have emerged, making the implementation and enforcement of compulsory license more complex. On the other hand, the number and scope of countries in need of anti-epidemic drugs have also expanded, not only developing countries face shortages of anti-epidemic drugs, developed countries also need to obtain anti-epidemic drugs in sudden epidemic outbreaks. Existing literature has been intensively focusing on whether compulsory license can help developing countries obtain drugs in long-term epidemics such as AIDS. Although the results of those studies provide valuable implications for developing countries to combat long-term epidemics, their applicability to the growing presence of sudden global epidemic is limited. To take full advantage of compulsory license under the new development of epidemics, it is necessary to extend the scope of existing literature and explore the specific role of compulsory license in different situations. In this study, we try to divide the context of implementing compulsory license into two dimensions. The first dimension is the epidemic, including short-term such as "Covid-19" and long-term epidemics such as AIDS. The second dimension is the country which is searching for anti-epidemic drugs, including developing countries and developed countries. We argue that due to the difference between short-term and long-term epidemics and the heterogeneous challenges faced by developing and developed countries, the effectiveness of compulsory license threats varies across contexts. To explore whether compulsory license will be helpful to obtain anti-epidemic drugs, we selected the two cases of drug price negotiations by the United States and Brazil to conduct the analysis. Firstly, we review the process of implementing compulsory license in the USA and Brazil. Secondly, we summarize and compare the different characteristics of short-term and long-term epidemics and the challenges which developing and developed countries come across when using compulsory license. Thirdly, by linking both the two dimensions, we find the key factors that influence the effectiveness of using compulsory license threats and discuss their effects in different contexts. By comparing the two cases of the USA and Brazil, we identify seven key factors which influence the effectiveness of using compulsory license threats: local manufacturing capability on anti-epidemic drugs, possibilities to import generic drugs, whether other countries use compulsory license, opposition from the domestic pharmaceutical industry, opposition from the State′s economic and trade departments, economic retaliation from the patent holder and their home country, and the number of times compulsory license has been used. The effects of those seven factors vary across contexts. First, in all situations, local manufacturing capability on anti-epidemic drugs and possibilities to import generic drugs are the most important factors for ensuring the effect of compulsory license threat in drug price negotiations. Second, whether other countries use compulsory plays an enhancing role in short-term epidemics; while in long-term epidemics, the more times a country uses compulsory license the less effective it is. Third, for developing countries, economic retaliation from the patent holder and their home country will weaken the effectiveness of compulsory license threat; for developed countries, opposition from the domestic pharmaceutical industry and the State′s economic and trade departments will raise the difficulty of implementing compulsory license and weaken its effectiveness. Based on the findings, we have provided specific suggestions for developing and developed countries on obtaining drugs in both short-term and long-term epidemics.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Productive services and agricultural innovations: Farming season constraints and link heterogeneity Liu Jiacheng, Zhong Funing, Xu Zhigang 2022, 43(12): 135-143.  Abstract ( 93 )   PDF     Productive service-driven innovation is one of the important modes of agricultural innovation and development in the future. It is of great significance to understand the mechanism and applicable conditions of this development mode. Taking the outsourcing service of rice and corn production as an example, on the basis of theoretical analysis, this paper constructs an econometric model and uses the OLS estimation method to investigate and verify the impact of farming season constraints on the supply of agricultural productive service, and then discusses the applicability of productive service driven innovation mode in different links of food production. From the perspective of the division of labor, the formation of a specialized service market which depends on the market scale is the premise of productive service-driven agricultural innovation. Agricultural production is a natural reproduction process. The market scale of its specialized operation includes two aspects: space market scale and time market scale. Different link farming season characteristics will lead to different market scales of specialized services. Due to the long effective operation period, relatively fixed link operation time, and the sequence of operation time in different regions according to latitude changes, the "time scale" of specialized operations in land preparation, sowing and harvesting is long, so the productive service driven innovation mode can be popularized in this kind of links. However, the "time scale" of specialized operation in pest control is too short due to the urgent operation period, low certainty of the operation time and weak regularity of operation time in different latitudes. In this kind of link, the shortage of productive service supply has its inevitability, and the applicability of productive service driven innovation mode is low. With the aging, feminization and part-time employment of the agricultural labor force, the demand for agricultural productive service will continue to rise in the future. How to take corresponding measures to promote the development of service supply may be an important content to be considered. First of all, creating conditions for mechanization is a necessary condition for deepening the division of labor within agriculture and driving agricultural innovation through productive service. China has a vast territory, and the natural environment and economic level vary greatly in different regions，limited by the topography, some areas are faced with the dilemma of using large machinery with high efficiency loss and using small machinery with low relative income. At this time, appropriate government intervention and support are needed. According to the topography, differential subsidy measures and subsidy intensity are taken for the same type of machinery or the same link of productive service, which is conducive to the promotion and application of agricultural production machinery. Secondly, free public training courses on mechanical operation and maintenance are provided for local agricultural machinery operators to further improve the efficiency of professional services and strengthen the comparative advantages of productive service. In addition, making full use of the opportunity of land transfer at this stage, encourage village collectives to guide farmers to unify the planting structure of adjacent plots, so as to create conditions for productive service organizations to fully obtain service scale economy, and so on. All these measures will contribute to developing the regional productive service supply to a higher level. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the formation and growth mechanism of entrepreneur′s cognition in international entrepreneurship Sun Xinbo, He Jiandu, Zhang Yuan, Ma Huimin 2022, 43(12): 144-153.  Abstract ( 105 )   PDF      Economic globalization has made the markets of various countries in the world more closely linked. The emergence of anti-globalization and trade protectionism has made the international market situation more complex. The development of a new round of information technology has added many dynamic factors to enterprises′ international entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurial cognition formed by entrepreneurs based on previous experiences will have a deeper impact on the performance of the enterprise. In practice, the enterprises led by entrepreneurs who integrate traditional Chinese culture into their daily management will be in the process of international entrepreneurship. Therefore, why those companies that integrate traditional Chinese culture into their daily management perform better in the international market has become a core issue that needs to be answered urgently.This paper adopts the exploratory single case study method, selects JINPENG, a typical enterprise that integrates traditional Chinese culture into enterprise management practice, as the case to be studied, analyzes the entrepreneur′s cognition and growth mechanism in international entrepreneurship based on the procedural grounded theory, and uses the international market strategic layout, entrepreneur cognitive content, cognitive mode and Yin-Yang thinking and their core constructs form the "storyline" that depicts JINPENG international entrepreneurship, condense evidence, and build a corresponding schema to provide theoretical guidance for subsequent international entrepreneurial enterprises.The conclusions of this paper include the following three points: first, in the field of international entrepreneurship, national culture is often regarded as an institutional factor. On this basis, this paper finds that the economic strength of the two countries is also an important factor affecting the strategic layout of the international market, and constructs the NCS-ES matrix; further, from a cognitive perspective, national culture is rooted in entrepreneurial thinking as a kind of imprint. Second, based on Western Management Science, the existing research mainly starts from the concept and dimension of entrepreneurial cognition, and explores the impact and mechanism of entrepreneurial cognition on innovation, strategic change, strategy formulation, performance, etc. In recent years, based on the oriental management situation, some scholars have regarded the "strategic strategy" in "Sun Tzu", "harmony, hierarchy, trust, loyalty and obedience" in Confucianism, "governance by inaction" in Taoism, and "change" in "The Book of change". The law of Yin and Yang changes is integrated into the relevant research on entrepreneurial cognition, which further enriches the oriental management theory. On this basis, this research finds that entrepreneurs who are deeply influenced by Chinese culture will break the inertia of thinking and achieve cognitive growth, which all stems from the "Yin-Yang" thinking. Finally, the existing literature on "Yin-Yang" thinking, on the one hand, starts from Chinese traditional culture and based on the classics such as "The Book of change" to clarify that the core of "Yin-Yang" thinking is "change", and there are naturally six relationships between Yin and Yang, self-absorption, multiplication, relative, intersection, mutual growth and corresponding. On the other hand, starting from enterprise practice and management research, it explores the application of "Yin and Yang" in management, such as the three laws of "Yin and Yang", the balance of Yin and Yang, and the cognitive framework of "Yin-Yang harmony". Based on the international entrepreneurial situation, this paper reveals that the biggest characteristic of "Yin-Yang" thinking is "change". It grasps the integrity, dynamics and unity of opposites in the process of change. To think about the problem, thus responding to Su Dongshui′s proposal to explore and enrich the relevant theories of oriental management from the perspective of ancient Chinese management wisdom.This paper delves into the sequence and reasons behind the strategic layout of international markets by enterprises in international entrepreneurship, analyses the evolution of the content and cognitive patterns of entrepreneurs′ entrepreneurial cognition when entering different host markets, and condenses the mindset behind entrepreneurial cognition influenced by traditional Chinese cultural thought, in order to provide inspiration and guidance to enterprises applying traditional Chinese culture to promote international entrepreneurship in practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrating-sharing human resource practice and team innovation performance——The effect of team boundary-spanning behavior and inclusive leadership Chen Yun, Zhao Fuqiang, Chen Kaijia 2022, 43(12): 154-162.  Abstract ( 164 )   PDF       With the rapid development of science and technology, the industry boundary is increasingly blurred, the frequent occurrence of trade sanctions and the spread of global epidemics, the competitive environment becomes more and more volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous, that is VUCA in abbreviation. Enterprises must timely seize fleeting opportunities to ensure their survival and development. However, when the situation is difficult to predict, the change is difficult to grasp, the impact is difficult to recognize and the mode is lack of reference, the organizational innovation based on external resource acquisition, internal resource development and integration of internal and external resource has become a realistic choice for enterprises. However, the team is the basic unit for the normal operation of organization. Thus, team innovation is the top priority for the realization of organizational goals and the maintenance of its competitive advantage. Under the era of cross-border integration of mobile Internet, it is difficult for a team to cope with the environment only with its own resources, so it becomes key important for team innovation how to obtain external resources, develop internal resources and integrate internal and external resources. As we all know, team boundary-spanning behavior is a feasible choice for external acquisition, internal development and integration between internal and external team resources. Therefore, how to enhance team innovation through team boundary-spanning behavior has become an urgent problem in the field of practice and academic research. In the mobile Internet era of VUCA, knowledge is the core and key of organizational resources, while employees are the carrier of knowledge resources and the subject of integration and utilization of other resources. Human resource practice is the framework of organizational rules for ability promotion, motivation stimulation and opportunity provision. Therefore, it has become the focus of the industry and academia how to make full use of the role of human resource practice, enhance the cross-border ability of members, stimulate cross-border motivation and provide cross-border opportunities to realize team innovation. IS-HRP, came into being. However, most of the existing researches focus on specific human resource modules or some aspects of the modules, and have not yet formed a systematic human resource practice.The research shows that team boundary-spanning behavior is an important way for external acquisition, internal development and internal and external integration of team resources. It may be the intermediary bridge between IS-HRP and team innovation performance. Therefore, how to improve team innovation through boundary-spanning behavior now has become an urgent problem to be solved in industry practice and academic research. However, there are few researches on team boundary-spanning behavior to improve the external resource acquisition of team innovation, and the key antecedent of team boundary-spanning behavior management practice is even less.As we all know, the role of management practice depends on the influence of situational factors. Among various possible situational factors that affect team innovation performance, team leaders play an extremely important role. Inclusive leadership can accommodate and integrate different views, ideas, information and knowledge brought by team cross-border, so as to promote the relationship between team boundary-spanning behavior and team innovation performance. Most of the existing researches on inclusive leadership focus on its antecedent variables, but less on its moderating variables. Based on the above analysis, and according to the theory of resource dependence, this study aims to explore the impact mechanism and boundary conditions of IS-HRP on team innovation performance. Based on 312 samples of team leaders all over China and stepwise regression analysis, the empirical research founds the following. Firstly, IS-HRP is positively correlated with team innovation performance. Secondly, team boundary-spanning behavior mediates the impact of IS-HRP on team innovation performance. Thirdly, inclusive leadership positively regulates the relationship between IS-HRP and team innovation performance and that between team boundary-spanning behavior and team innovation performance. Finally, inclusive leadership regulates the indirect effect of IS-HRP on team innovation performance through team boundary-spanning behavior. The higher the level of inclusive leadership, the stronger its indirect effect. Thus, it provides the theoretical basis and decision-making reference for the management practice, leadership style and team behavior to improve team innovation performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the impact mechanism of the difference of professional titles on scientific research achievements——A case study by taking the research in humanities and social sciences as an example Yu Liping, Zhou Guanglan, Duan Yunlong 2022, 43(12): 163-172.  Abstract ( 172 )   PDF   There are still some problems to be solved regarding the difference in professional titles of scientific researchers. For example, what are the changes in the research output of scientific research personnel after being promoted to senior professional titles? And how to better mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific research personnel to do research work. The study on the impact mechanism of the differences among different professional titles on scientific research results could not only conducive to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific researchers, but also be of great significance for related departments to optimize the structure of the professional titles. However, the research in these related fields is relatively weak. First of all, this paper constructs three different impact mechanisms of scientific research achievements, which include the positive and negative impact mechanisms of researchers with junior professional titles on scientific research achievements, the positive and negative impact mechanisms of researchers with senior professional titles on scientific research achievements, and the impact mechanism of the cooperation of researchers with different professional titles on scientific research achievements. In the impact mechanism of researchers with junior professional titles on scientific research achievements, the positive mechanism includes the interest in research, the pressure of future promotion, the assessments of supervisor unit, the income of salary and personal development, while the negative mechanism includes separation of scientific research, extrusion of time and reduction of quality. In the impact mechanism of researchers with senior professional titles on scientific research achievements, the positive mechanism includes the interest in scientific research, the chances of continuous promotion, the assessment for researchers of supervisor unit, the improvement of quality and academic influence, while the negative mechanism includes research slack, energy dissipation and management extrusion. The impact mechanism of the cooperation of researchers with different titles on scientific research achievements includes demonstration effect, leading effect, information sharing, knowledge integration, resource allocation, and so on. Meanwhile, the scientific research results also have a feedback effect on junior professional title researchers, senior professional title researchers and the cooperation of researchers with different titles. Secondly, the simultaneous equation model is used to study the contribution of researchers with different titles to different scientific research achievements, and the coordination effect between researchers with senior professional titles and those with junior professional titles. Also, BP artificial neural network is used to test the robustness. The study results show that the researchers with different professional titles have different mechanisms of action on the research results. The contribution of researchers with senior professional titles to scientific research results is greater than that of researchers with junior professional titles and intermediate professional titles. The contribution of R&D funds to scientific research results is smaller than that of R&D personnel. Scientific researchers with senior professional titles are not well coordinated with those with junior and intermediate professional titles. Finally, this paper puts forward several relative policy suggestions from the perspectives of optimizing the structure of professional titles of humanities and social sciences research and improving the allocation system of scientific research funds for humanities and social sciences. Related Articles | Metrics

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TMT cognition, industrial regulation and firm innovation persistence Yu Fen, Fan Xia 2022, 43(12): 173-181.  Abstract ( 141 )   PDF   Innovation persistence is of great significance for firms to build dynamic competitive advantage, but how to stimulate firms to be persistent in innovation is still a key question in academic fields. Most of the existing factors that influence innovation persistence emphasize the objective factors such as firm characteristics and external environment, while ignoring the internal cognitive causes, which weakens the explanatory power of existing research conclusions to some extent. The upper echelon theory points out that the organizational result is a mapping of TMT cognition, the core of which is that TMT has a strategic and lasting effect on the organization. Compared with other strategic choices, technological innovation has the characteristics of process complexity, human factor domination and lag in return, and persistent innovation relies heavily on TMT′s judgment and continuous attention and investing lots of resources to realize knowledge accumulation, so the influence of TMT cognition can be more significant.Based on upper echelon theory and cognitive perspective, TMT cognition is extended to TMT cognition level and TMT cognition distinctiveness which are captured by text analysis method and text vector method respectively, and then analyze how different characteristics of TMT cognition affect firm innovation persistence from theoretical and empirical aspects. Based on listed manufacturing companies in China, the results show that the stronger the TMT cognition of technological innovation, the more innovation persistence is enhanced. The more distinctive the TMT cognitive of technological innovation, the more significant the innovation persistence. The two aspects above generate a mutual enhancement effect. Besides, we find that when the industry is tightly regulated, the positive effect of innovation persistence is significantly weaker. This shows that TMT cognition is important for innovation strategic decisions, but decision-making context will affect whether TMT are "doing what you say" or "talking without doing" in terms of innovation.The theoretical contribution of this paper lies in three aspects: First, this paper integrates upper echelon theory and cognitive psychology while applying cognitive factor which is of long-term stability into innovation persistence study, further extending the upper echelon theory, which indicates that the cognitive process of TMT can also affect technological innovation in the long term in addition to individual characteristic factors. Second, it extends the characteristic dimension of TMT innovation cognition and deepens the research content of how the cognition of different characteristics affects firm innovation, which responds to Nadkarni′s call that "multi-dimensional analysis should be carried out on the broad-based cognition". Existing research is limited to focusing on the cognitive intensity of innovation, which restricts the theoretical interpretation of reality. This paper also considers the two dimensions of TMT innovation cognition level and distinctiveness, which reflects the characteristics of TMT cognition more comprehensively, and finds that the different characteristics of TMT cognition have direct and interactive effects on innovation persistence. Third, the situational mechanism of TMT cognition research is enriched. Unlike previous studies which most directly associate TMT cognition with firm behavior and performance, this study applies h upper echelon theory and cognitive psychology to Chinese situations, further supporting Ocasio′s views on cognitive context principles and expanding the application scope of these theories. Specifically, this paper puts forward and tests industrial regulation on the relationship between TMT cognition and innovation persistence. Industry regulation is a typical factor with Chinese characteristics, so the discussion of its restricted role is of great theoretical and practical significance.The research conclusion of this paper brings positive enlightenment to how manufacturing firms improve innovation persistence. First, TMT should strengthen their attention to innovation strategy. Besides focusing on their own innovation and development, TMT should actively search for new knowledge inside and outside the industry crossing the boundaries of the organization to discover new elements, so as to be a flexible response to new technologies and opportunities and avoid cognitive convergence and labeling. Second, the government should deepen efforts to streamline administration and delegate power to avoid unreasonable administrative interference in various industries，and give full play to the innovative functions of TMT and transform their innovative willingness into practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the impact mechanism of workplace ostracism on the deviance behavior of the new generation of employees: A moderated mediation model Zhao Jinjin, Liu Bo 2022, 43(12): 182-189.  Abstract ( 263 )   PDF      With the intensification of organizational changes and the increasing complexity of competitive relationships such as workplace resources′ allocation and performance evaluation, the frequency of deviance behaviors in Chinese enterprises has increased sharply, which has seriously damaged the normal performance of organizational functions. The new generation of employees has become the backbone of the company, and their workplace status and importance are increasing day by day. In view of this, exploring the predictive factors of the new generation of employees′ deviation behaviors, revealing the boundary conditions of their occurrence, and proposing effective solutions, has important theoretical significance and practical value.In view of this, this research is based on the theory of resource conservation and cognitive assessment to systematically study the mechanism of workplace ostracism on deviance behavior of the new generation of employees in the context of Chinese organizations. This study uses 452 the new generation of employees from some companies in five provinces as samples. By constructing a structural equation model, the research systematically verifies the influence paths between the variables in the theoretical model, and further uses the regression coefficient model to test the adjustment effect and the adjusted mediation effect in the theoretical model, to verify the research hypothesis item by item. The analysis results show that: Workplace ostracism negatively affects deviance behavior of the new generation of employees by prove goal orientation, and positively affects deviance behavior of the new generation of employees through job burnout; psychological security plays a moderating role in the path of workplace ostracism and deviance behavior of the new generation of employees, and psychological security enhances the positive relationship between workplace ostracism and prove goal orientation, and weakens the positive relationship between workplace ostracism and job burnout.The current study makes some contributions both theoretically and practically. The theoretical contribution of this paper are as follows: firstly, this study is a supplement and improvement to the field of organizational behavior, and the study conclusions also provide a theoretical reference for revealing the relationship between the two in depth. Secondly, the conclusions of this research have important theoretical significance for revealing the "black box" of the influence of workplace ostracism on deviance behavior. In addition, it provides a new theoretical perspective for exploring the formation mechanism of the new generation of employees′ deviance behavior. Thirdly, this study discusses its moderating effect on the mechanism of workplace ostracism based on cognitive and psychological perspectives. Moreover, this also clarifies the boundary conditions of the main effect.The practical contributions of this study are mainly reflected in the following three aspects: firstly, business leaders should strive to transform workplace ostracism into a mechanism element which can stimulate the new generation of employees. Secondly, business managers need to be alert to the causes of workplace ostracism and its negative effects. Thirdly, managers need to create a psychological safety atmosphere actively, take the initiative to eliminate rights barriers and respect opinions of the new generation employee.  Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the characteristics and measurement of convergence research paradigms Xiao Xiaoxi, Lin Deming, Liu Wenbin 2022, 43(12): 190-197.  Abstract ( 179 )   PDF   Convergence research is a new research paradigm based on interdisciplinary approaches to solving major economic and social problems. In recent years, it has become a development trend that major countries pay great attention to. This paper first analyzes and reveals the characteristics of convergence research from the perspectives of ontology, epistemology and methodology, which illustrate the difference between the convergence research paradigm and the traditional research paradigm. Then this paper puts forward an entropy index, i.e., convergence entropy, to measure convergence research, and takes brain science research as an example to carry out empirical research with this index. There are mainly four theoretical results and conclusions from this paper. Firstly, convergence research is especially a holistic reflection on the ontology, epistemology and methodology of scientific research, instead of the paradigm shifting on the level of specific disciplines. Secondly, from the ontological point of view, the convergence research activities are mainly about natural ontology or social ontology, which means that the research problems or objects of convergence research are generally derived from the major challenges of nature and economic society, rather than simply deduced from the existing knowledge system. Thirdly, from the perspective of epistemology, convergence research is a typical constructivism, which not only requires knowledge construction at the individual level, but also emphasizes proactive, systematic and coordinated management and application of knowledge at the organizational and national levels. Fourthly, in terms of methodology, convergence research emphasizes wider openness and deeper integration. On the one hand, convergence research absorbs different disciplines according to the specific research problems, instead of the interaction of the same certain disciplines, which means that different research problems are solved by the convergence of different disciplines. In other words, convergence research involves a larger variety of disciplines at a deeper extent of interactions among these disciplines. On the other hand, convergence research will form a new research framework and research language through the "chemistry" interaction between disciplines, and eventually develop into convergence fields, rather than forming a new branch of disciplines. This paper also has important empirical results, which are mainly about the index of measuring convergence research. In detail, by using the index of convergence entropy to examine the development of brain science research from 1945 to 2020, it can be seen that global brain science research has experienced at least four development stages featured by their convergence entropy values during the 76 years. From 1945 to 1969 is the first development stage, showing a significant upward trend of convergence entropy. From 1970 to 1990 is the second development stage which means that global brain science research entered the plain period of multi-disciplinary integration, showing a relatively steady value of convergence entropy. From 1991 to 2011 is the third development stage, with the convergence entropy value of brain science research entering the second period of rapid increase, indicating that the multi-disciplinary convergence phenomenon in brain science research is more active than before. Since 2012, global brain science research has been in the fourth development stage, with the convergence entropy has been increasing rapidly again, after the brief plain period, which reflects that convergence research not only includes more and more disciplines in quantity, but also has a deeper degree of interdisciplinary integration. The above empirical results are highly consistent with the results of expert qualitative judgments made in 2011 in the USA, which concluded the three major changes in the field of life science research over the last 60 years. This empirical analysis indicates that the index of "convergence entropy" is scientific and feasible to quantitatively identify the convergence research and describe its convergence research stages.Finally, this study helps to promote the formation of consensus on the basic characteristics of convergence research in the science community, and removes cognitive barriers for policy making related to convergence research. It also lays a methodological foundation for the situation analysis and planning of convergence research. Of course, empirical studies on the index of "convergence entropy" in this paper are only conducted on the example of brain science. Whether the index needs to be revised when applied to other convergence fields needs to be furtherly studied, which is also important to promote the further development of convergence research theories and methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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Promotion of reforms in basic research institutes with a two-tier governance system Han Fengqin, Li Dan 2022, 43(12): 198-203.  Abstract ( 100 )   PDF   Self-reliance in science and technology is the primary requirement for China′s development. In the context of the current tight fiscal policy, government investment in basic research has increased rather than decreased, which fully reflects the urgent need to improve the level of original basic research in China. However, the current scientific research organization based on competitive projects obstructs the improvement of the overall level of basic research. Firstly, the project-oriented scientific research organization does not conform to the scientific rules of basic research. Basic research is exploratory and highly uncertain, researchers tend to apply for projects with research basis in order to finish the project on schedule, which makes it difficult for original basic research to obtain support. Secondly, the current competitive funding is not conducive to original basic research, the research institutes lack self-governance right, and the stable funding for scientists is relatively small, which restricts the innovation vitality of the institutes.This paper constructs the theoretical framework of the two-tier governance system of the basic research institutes, and explains the theoretical logic of the two-tier governance system from the outer administration governance and the inner institute governance. On the basis of clarifying the rights and responsibilities of institutes, the government supports the autonomy of scientific research institutes. As an independent research platform, the institutes form an independent self-governance mechanism with scientists as the core. The government provides long-term and stable research funding to institutes, and entrusts them  with the rights to allocate and use research funding freely, and to recruit and evaluate scientists independently. At the same time, it is clear that the institutes are responsible for making breakthroughs in basic research and innovation, and the government will carry out an overall performance evaluation on the innovation capacity of the institutes to ensure the efficiency of stable funding. Institutes construct a scientists-centered governance model, which includes three aspects: (1) the selection and employment mechanism; (2) the training and support mechanism; and (3) the incentive and restraint mechanism. Finally, the institutes′ governance system is constructed which has clear rights and responsibilities on the outer layer and systematic governance on the inner layer and synergistic effect exists between the two layers, and the system can effectively promote the development of basic research institutes.On the basis of theoretical analysis, this paper takes the successful experience of National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing (NIBS) as a typical case, analyzing the functions of the government and institutes in the governance system respectively. Complying with the law of basic scientific research, the government started a pilot project on NIBS. The government applied de-administration on the institute as well as long-term and stable financial research funding. The institute formed an independent governance mechanism, including steady support for scientific research teams, principal investigator in charge, allowing scientists to decide the scientific topic of the research team, improving the income of scientists, building strict peer review evaluation and elimination mechanism, etc. The government and institutes work together to support original basic research breakthroughs and release the innovation vitality of the institutes, which verifies the effectiveness of the two-tier governance system of basic research institutes.The research conclusion includes: (1) The project-oriented basic research organization limited the supporting effect of the funding. It is necessary to establish a two-tier governance system of institutions. (2) The logic of the two-tier governance system of basic research institutes is that the government in the outer layer provides the institutes stable funding, and ensures the institutes fulfill their innovation responsibilities. Institutes in the inner layer construct a scientist-centered governance model, which includes selection and employment mechanisms, training and support mechanisms and incentive and restraint mechanisms. The council system can play the supporting and feedback role between two layers. (3) The successful practice of NIBS can verify the effectiveness of the two-tier governance system of basic research institutes. Finally, this paper puts forward the following practical suggestions: (1) The government should promote the new system of basic research institutes. (2) The government should give research institutes rights of system reform and innovation and carry out institutes′ internal governance mechanisms. (3) The government should increase the proportion of stable financial support for basic research and research institutes and ensure steady funding for researchers. (4) Institutes should establish an effective scientist′s incentive and evaluation mechanism to give full play to researchers′ innovation enthusiasm. References | Related Articles | Metrics