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Research on the dominant logic of "science-based firms"——A case study of NUCTECH Wang Jing, Lei Jiasu 2022, 43(11): 1-10.  Abstract ( 363 )   PDF      In recent years, as the realization of independent research and development of core technologies in key fields is becoming more and more urgent and important for China, "science-based firm (SBF)" has attracted more and more attention. SBF refers to an enterprise that is closely related to basic science, participating in basic scientific research, and obtaining commercial returns through the transformation of basic research results. Unlike the general high-tech enterprises, SBF often show certain particularities in the identity of the founder, the nature and source of core technologies and so on, which make the growth and development process of such enterprises quite different from ordinary enterprises.     From the perspective of the identity of the founder, the original team (or scientists) of basic research and development is (are) always deeply involved in the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements and the process of enterprise establishment. The role, positioning and conceptual understanding of scientific research institutions of the original team (scientists) in the process of technology transfer seriously affect the choice in the commercialization process.      In terms of technical characteristics, the technologies that SBF focus on are often in the early stage of the technology cycle, and the technological opportunities are very short-lived, which need to be quickly caught up through cooperation or other means and so on. In the meanwhile, due to these particularities, SBFs have to face greater uncertainty in the process of growth and development.     In order to cope with this high uncertainty, enterprises often adopt a series of corresponding organizational arrangements and management practice, such as paying more attention to the construction of relationships with universities and public research institutions in order to improve the technological ability and acquire knowledge from them. Hence, SBFs are usually different from general enterprises in terms of management cognition, organizational practice arrangements and so on. Therefore, it can be seen that it is necessary to conduct specialized research on such enterprises. However, in existing theories, the understanding of this kind of SBF especially in the context of China are still greatly insufficient.      In addition, in the context of China which has latecomer′s disadvantage, as an important carrier with "scientific genes", university-  derived enterprises are an important force to develop into high-quality sustainable development of SBF. However, most of the existing theories are aiming at the general development progress of this type of enterprises, which is lack of comprehensive and in-depth disclosure of how this type of enterprise becomes a sustainable SBF.      Above all, this research mainly focuses on the following questions: first, what is the dominant logic behind the innovation and development process of SBF in the context of China; Secondly, whether the dominant logic of an enterprise has the characteristics of rigidity or dynamism and its internal mechanism; Thirdly, the influence mechanism of dominant logic on the innovation, the development strategy and the behavior of enterprises. Based on a longitudinal case study of a SBF (NUCTECH) which is a university spin off in the context of China, this paper explored the dominant logic of innovation development.      The findings show that there is a phenomenon of dual-dominant logic coexisting in such firms, which are the logic of "differentiated demand attribution" and technological opportunity attribution". And through the analysis of different stages, it is found that although the two dominant logics are consistent at different stages, the structure and internal mechanism of the dual dominant logic influencing on the enterprises are evolving dynamically, so this paper also reveals the formation and evolution mechanism of dominant logic in different stages.      In addition, this paper also puts forward the opinion that the dual-dominant logic can reduce the uncertainty brought by the development of SBF, the uniqueness of the evolution of SBF dominant logic in the Chinese context, and the dominant logic of different stages has a differentiated impact on the way and connotation of SBF, of which are all further discussed respectively. The conclusion of this paper can provide important reference for the theory and practice of SBF. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the cross-level effect of digitalization level on the business model innovation of manufacturing enterprises Li Panpan, Qiao Han, Guo Tao 2022, 43(11): 11-20.  Abstract ( 396 )   PDF      With the acceleration of the construction process of digital China, the application of digital technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence has been continuously strengthened in various regions of China. The digital environment formed by this has brought new opportunities for the business model innovation of manufacturing enterprises. In order to truly obtain the innovation effect of digital technology and quickly adapt to the new situation of digital development, it has become the key for manufacturing enterprises to rapidly improve their own dynamic capability. Furthermore, any innovation covers at least two-level phenomena of innovation subject and environment, that is, the research perspective of antecedents of business model innovation needs to be expanded to multiple levels. However, few studies have researched the relationship between digitalization level and business model innovation from the cross-level perspective yet. And researchers have not explored the influence of dynamic capability on the relationship, and the research conclusions lack the support of empirical analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between regional digitalization level and business model innovation, and the cross-level moderating effect of dynamic capability.     To reveal the influence mechanism of digitalization level on manufacturing enterprises′ business model innovation, this paper constructs a cross-level theoretical model of the impact of digitalization level and dynamic capability on business model innovation based on the dynamic capability theory and the iceberg theory of business model and use the hieratical linear model and the 415 manufacturing enterprises in 59 cities to conduct the empirical analysis. The results show that: digitalization level has a positive influence on manufacturing enterprises′ business model innovation. Absorptive capability, adaptive capability and innovation capability can directly boost business model innovation. Absorptive capability, adaptive capability and innovation capability positively regulate the influence of digitalization level on business model innovation in manufacturing enterprises. In addition, typical case is selected to verify the above empirical results. The case analysis results provide evidence for the conclusions that regional digitalization level and dynamic capability are important antecedent variables of manufacturing enterprises′ business model innovation, and dynamic capability is an important driving force of business model innovation under digital environment.     The contributions of this paper include the following aspects. First, this paper confirms that the digitalization level is an antecedent variable of business model innovation with significant predictive power, which expands the research findings on business model innovation in the digital environment. Second, this paper further expands the research scope of the iceberg theory of business model and provides theoretical guidance for enterprises′ business model innovation in the new digital environment. Third, dynamic capability is incorporated into the research framework of regional digitalization level and business model innovation, and the cross-level moderating effect of dynamic capability in this relationship is discussed, which enriches the research results of antecedents of business model innovation.     Furthermore, based on the research results, this paper proposes the following management implications: first, local governments should strengthen the top-level design and system planning of digital development, so as to promote the deep integration of digitalization and manufacturing. Second, local governments should pay attention to the coordinated development of soft and hard infrastructure construction to provide basic guarantee for regional innovation activities. Third, manufacturing enterprises should conform to the trend of digital development and strengthen the endogenous dynamic capability, so as to provide support for the realization of business model innovation, such as establishing a flexible and capable digital team, introducing and cultivating digital talents, and increasing R&D investment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the mechanism of knowledge diffusion from science to technology based on knowledge genes Zhang Shengtai, Ji Yajun, Qiu Luyi, Liu Na 2022, 43(11): 21-31.  Abstract ( 255 )   PDF      Basic research is an important source of technological innovation. Research on the law of knowledge transformation from basic research to technological innovation has important significance of both theory and practice. Tracing back to existing research, there are limitations of studying knowledge diffusion with the method of using citation relation among documents. In view of this, the research studies knowledge diffusion mechanism from science to technology from the perspective of content flow based on knowledge genes, a special type of knowledge unit. Taking the technology field of artificial intelligence as a research case, this paper identifies the first five basic disciplines which are cited by patents of technology field, then analyzes the knowledge relationship between the disciplines and the technology field. And the diffusion cascade network model of knowledge genes is constructed to analyze the mode of knowledge diffusion from science to technology.       After the research, it is found that compared with citations from patent to scientific paper, the flow of knowledge genes can reflect a more authentic knowledge diffusion relationship between the basic science discipline and technology field. The knowledge diffusion intensity represented by flow of knowledge genes from science subject to technology field which is able to filter out influencing factors such as journal influence, is positively correlated with the knowledge correlation degree between science subject and technology field. The flow of knowledge genes could also describe communication efficiency, knowledge influence characteristics and content characteristics of knowledge spreading course from science discipline to technology. It is shown that the short-term influence level of knowledge genes diffusing from science to technology is related to the science discipline source. By analyzing the network structure of diffusion cascades, it is found that the spreading course of knowledge genes from science to technology is affected by Matthew effect, which shows that the more successful the knowledge gene is, the easier it is to spread further. This result also indicates that the knowledge dissemination system from science to technology has a characteristic of self-organization.      Furthermore, this paper compares the transmission characteristics of knowledge genes which spread from science to technology with the general knowledge genes which spread only in technology domain, and discusses the different effects on technological innovation made by the 2 kind of knowledge genes. It is found that the cross-domain spreading knowledge genes have a better performance in diffusion scale, life span and knowledge influence, and the knowledge genes which only spread in technology domain have a better performance in diffusion speed. This result shows 2 different modes of knowledge diffusion in the process of technological innovation. Under the effect of heterogeneous knowledge combination, the knowledge genes which spread across different fields have greater innovation value and spread further.      By investigating how the 2 kind of knowledge genes make an influence on technological innovation, it is found that they have different dynamic characteristics. The rapid generation of general knowledge genes is one of the driving forces for the rapid development of technology. At the same time, the knowledge genes spreading from science to technology also play an important role in promoting technological innovation for they have stronger catalytic ability of innovation, though the generation speed of such knowledge genes is small. This research conclusion reveals the micro mechanism of how the scientific knowledge diffuses to technology domain and make an important impact on technological innovation. Our research provides a theoretical basis for exploring the knowledge transformation pattern from science to technology further. The conclusions made by this research could also be used in innovation prediction of emerging technology field, the layout of basic disciplines and making improvement of innovation efficiency through the optimization of science and technology policy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the disruptive technology development path based on citation network analysis Liu Yun, Gui Bingxiu, Wang Xiaoli 2022, 43(11): 32-44.  Abstract ( 199 )   PDF      The technical development path analysis, to a certain extent, can trace, discover, identify the development direction of technology and support the technology forecasting. Currently, disruptive technology is the focus attention of national strategy, analyzing characteristics and exploring regularities from the perspective of development path can serve the development of disruptive technology. This paper uses the citation network analysis method that related with the tripartite structure model, combine the relationship between the tripartite group and the network traversal weights, constructed a model for measuring the degree of technological disruption of 3D printing based on the importance of network papers, the network characteristics and path characteristics. Studies have shown that the established measurement method for disruptive technology development can dynamically measure the importance of a stable 3D printing technology. Through tripartite analysis, network analysis, and path analysis, it is shown that in a disruptive process of 3D printing, it has repeatedly disrupted its internal sub-technology; the statistical peak of the importance degree of 3D printing technology appeared in 2003, steadily increased before 2003, and remained stable after 2003; in terms of internal sub-technology, through main path analysis, the "selective laser sintering" sub-technology of the 3D printing technology has experienced many disruptions at the level of material application.     In this study, the measurement analysis of the path of disruptive technology development is based on citation network analysis, which is carried out from four aspects: degree of disruption, tripartite group analysis, network feature analysis, and path feature analysis. The main research steps are as follows:    (1) Combining previous research results, from the perspective of technology development path, introduce the concept of disruptive degree, measure the disruptive degree of disruptive technology in the network, to judge the technology under relative and historical conditions development characteristics.    (2) Build an overall paper citation network containing time partitioned files and technical topics, using the node traversal weight algorithm and main path analysis to establish the relationship between the tripartite network and the node traversal weight algorithm, and analyze the characteristics of the technical tripartite group under dynamic conditions and network characteristics.     (3) According to the main path analysis method, extract the main path of sub-technology development from the citation network, and analyze the typical path characteristics of the technology.    In terms of research conclusions, from the analysis of the degree of disruptiveness, the shape of the disruptiveness curve of 3D printing is similar to that of Gartner′s technology maturity curve, both of which are characterized by the presence of a rising peak, and then slowly rebound after a decline. From the analysis of the tripartite group, the type of tripartite group with a large positive deviation from the expected value determines the core structure of the tripartite group in the network; both the overall and detailed networks show that the 9-030T tripartite group is the main structure of the network. Then when calculating the node traversal weights, its influence degree is also the largest. This is also the bridge and foundation for this study to connect the degree of disruption with the analysis of network characteristics.      In terms of research enlightenment, focus on analyzing the development of disruptive technologies from a dynamic process and a relative perspective. Disruptive technology is a dynamic and relative concept. A technology is called disruptive technology. Firstly, there must be a comparison object. Because to talk about disruptive technology, it is often easy to fall into the dilemma of defining the concept of disruptive technology. Secondly, to analyze the dynamic characteristics, combine the dynamics of disruptive technology, and study disruptive technology, it is necessary to take disruptive objects and peripheral environment into consideration at the same time, and develop corresponding research methods and means. In terms of researching the applicability of data, this method selects the paper data as the source, constructs the 9-030T tripartite citation network and calculates the degree of disruption, analyzes the network traversal weights, and analyzes the data source of the main path. Correspondingly, if you can handle some of the constraints, you can also use the citation relationship of patents and open-source software to conduct similar research. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the relationship among social network embedding, ambidextrous equilibrium innovation and international entrepreneurship Peng Huatao, Pan Yueyi, Chen Yun 2022, 43(11): 45-54.  Abstract ( 219 )   PDF      The importance of international opportunities has become increasingly prominent due to the development of globalization. Born globals, as a special kind of international start-up enterprises, born with an international vision and enter the international market at the beginning of establishment. It has always been the focus of research in the academic that how born globals overcome the characteristics of small scale and lack of resources, and occupy a core position in the complex and changeable international competitive environment.      Ambidextrous innovation is an effective means for enterprises to gain competitive advantage, and more and more born globals have gradually realized that whether they can achieve equilibrium between exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation will directly affect their international entrepreneurial performance. On the one hand, they are opposite because they seize the limited resources, so enterprises need to strike a balance between the two. On the other hand, they can promote, complement and benefit each other to overcome the drawbacks of a single innovation model, and enterprises can pursue both high exploration and high exploitation. It′s necessary to explore that whether the equilibrium between the two can promote the international entrepreneurial performance of born globals.      Connections between enterprises can affect innovation and entrepreneurship of enterprises. Social network, as a significant social capital, is a way for enterprises to obtain resources, which is conducive to the realization of innovation and the improvement of entrepreneurial performance. Born globals locate in domestic and foreign markets, with abundant opportunities and extensive information channels. In addition, the results of social networks are reflected in many aspects, not only in the transformation of innovation, so it′s worth exploring that whether social network has the same role for born globals, as well as how it plays an impact between ambidextrous innovation and international entrepreneurial performance. Therefore, based on the theories of organizational ambidexterity and social network, this paper uses Stata 16.0 software to analyze the panel data of born globals in China from 2011 to 2020.      The first purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the balanced dimension and complementary dimension of ambidextrous innovation on their international entrepreneurial performance. And the second purpose is to explore the moderating effect of social network centrality and structural holes, so we construct social network based on the concurrent relationship between directors of enterprises, Ucinet6 software is used to calculate the centrality and structural holes.      The results of study in this paper are as follows: The balance dimension and complementary dimension of ambidextrous innovation both have positive effects on the international entrepreneurial performance of born globals. The centrality, as well as structural holes both have negative moderating effects on the relationship between the complementary dimension of ambidextrous innovation and the international entrepreneurial performance, but have no moderating effects on the balanced dimension.      The theoretical contributions of this paper include the following two aspects. Firstly, it further confirms the relationship between ambidextrous innovation and the international entrepreneurial performance of born globals. We incorporate the balanced dimension and complementary dimension into the study, enrich the research field of ambidextrous innovation and international entrepreneurship, and provide new research ideas for the influencing factors of the international entrepreneurial performance of born globals. Secondly, it further reveals the influence mechanism of social network between the ambidextrous innovation of born globals as well as the output of international entrepreneurship, and illustrates the negative moderating effect of centrality and structural holes.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Innovation culture: Its theoretical origin, evolution mechanism and prospects in China Yang Gang, Wang Jianquan 2022, 43(11): 55-64.  Abstract ( 320 )   PDF      Since the rapid sweeping of the innovation wave, the living environment of the practice subjects is becoming more and more complex and uncertain, and this constantly innovative social and technological environment has brought great challenges to the innovation of the practice subjects. It is obvious that the innovation strategy and action of relying only on "have a narrow escape from death" to carry out innovation changes can no longer adapt to the rapidly changing needs of the times, and the "self-innovation" type of innovation is rapidly eliminated. The practitioners need to explore the top-level design and obtain innovation advantages from different channels. At the same time, the rise of innovation issues such as business model innovation, innovation networks, platform economy, innovation ecosystem and innovation value chain has brought unprecedented challenges to cultural theory.     The emergence of the culture of innovation model has significantly changed the modern way of competition, especially the ways and paths of innovation. The innovation of practical subjects is no longer a single atomic process, but a value-added system process based on the innovation culture ecosystem. As a result, the unique innovation culture is formed by the integration of innovation thinking, national innovation system, ecological niche, value co-creation, competitive network and other ties with each innovation subject, and the practice subject then integrates internal and external innovation resources and innovates based on cultural intermingling will become one of the models commonly adopted worldwide.     The intertwining of innovation contexts and related research topics also brings opportunities and challenges for the study of innovation culture. Innovation through culture has clearly become the mainstream of the times. Therefore, based on four theoretical perspectives: ecological niche, innovation process, DNA evolution, and cultural innovation, this paper first explores the theoretical "roots" of innovation culture, which is a product of the fusion of innovation and cultural theories. Then, the evolutionary framework of innovation culture is further proposed based on theoretical tracing to reveal the evolutionary mechanism of innovation culture. Based on the theoretical traceability, a mechanistic framework is further proposed to reveal its evolutionary mechanism. The research analysis makes an in-depth study of innovation culture from its formation and dynamics and evolutionary path and law respectively. Then, through the analysis of the influence of industry, market, policy and system, cultural differences and other contextual elements, the evolution mechanism is revealed.      Specifically, it includes the following aspects of mechanistic understanding: (1) the law of innovation culture evolution based on "practice/cognition-theory-culture" logic; (2) the "society-organization-individual" oriented innovation culture; (3) the evolutionary model of innovation culture oriented by "society-organization-individual"; (4) the evolutionary structure of innovation culture from "material-behavior-institutional-value" level; (5) the evolutionary structure of innovation culture based on "value chain"; (6) the "value chain - innovation chain - innovation value chain - ecological chain - culture chain" and "value network - innovation network - innovation ecosystem - culture chain"; (7) the evolution path of innovation culture based on "value chain - innovation chain - innovation value chain - ecological chain - culture chain" and "value network - innovation network - innovation ecosystem - culture innovation ecosystem"; (8) the innovation culture evolution path based on the contradictory movement of "productivity-production relations"; and (9) the general mechanism of innovation culture evolution based on the contradictory movement of "productivity-production relations".       Finally, on the basis of the mechanism structure, further outlooks are made for the Chinese context. Specifically,  the following four perspectives are proposed: (1) firstly, constructing a theory of innovation culture with Chinese characteristics; (2) secondly, based on the Chinese context, re-examining the concept and dimensional structure of innovation culture, emphasizing the integration with cross-disciplines at the micro level, and developing a suitable innovation culture measurement scale for China; (3) thirdly, focusing on the value co-creation mechanism of innovation culture of innovation subjects based on a multi-dimensional perspective; (4) Based on the system theory perspective, we explore the integration of innovation culture with innovation value chain, open innovation, innovation network and innovation ecosystem research, and reveal the new connotation, new model and new evolution mechanism of innovation culture. The results of this paper have important theoretical and practical implications for clarifying the development of innovation culture and promoting a deeper study of Chinese-style innovation culture. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A comparative study of the team creativity at home and abroad since the 21st century 2022, 43(11): 65-72.  Abstract ( 232 )   PDF        With the accelerating pace of the new round of science and technology revolution and industry transformation, the competitive situation faced by modern organizations is more uncertain, and how to improve the independent innovation ability is the realistic challenge they faced. As the basic unit of organizational operation and development, a team is an important carrier to stimulate creativity. It featured innovation integration that cannot be achieved by individuals and the innovation flexibility that is lacking in organizational context. Team creativity is the key to the organization innovation performance and competitive advantage, and means that its members are able to cooperate mutually in a complex social system to create value, useful and novel products, ideas and procedures. It is also formed by the team members through interaction and cooperation, with the features such as correlation, gradation, interactivity and diversity. With the generalization of team innovation, team creativity has become a hot topic in both theoretical and practical circles.    Since the 21st century, a large number of valuable research of team creativity have emerged. Based on different research perspectives, scholars have adopted different research methods to discuss the structural connotation, influencing factors and "black box mechanism" of team creativity, making necessary contributions. At present, the domestic and foreign scholars have relevant research achievements analyzed. And many review about team creativity has also published. However, these reviews used the qualitative method, which lacking quantitative research. What′s more, few scholars focused on research difference between home and abroad. Therefore, a systematic and comprehensive review of the existing research of team creativity at home and abroad has important value.    This paper uses the literature metrology method (the CiteSpace software) to analyze the team creativity research from 2001 to 2018. Foreign literature selected the SSCI database under the database of "Web of Science" and took "team creativity/creativity in team" and "group creativity/creativity in group" as the subject search words. The search formula as follows: TS= (team creativity OR creativity in team OR group creativity OR creativity in group), and 410 literatures were obtained. Domestic literatures selected from China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), and 223 papers were obtained by taking "subject word = team creativity" as the retrieval method. Reviews, conference abstracts and other literature unrelated to team creativity are excluded from the final literature in both Chinese and English. On analytical method, namely using keywords co-occurrence get team creativity research hot spot, using Chinese and foreign literatures are cited analysis mining team creativity research of knowledge base, thus reveals the similarities and differences of team creativity research both at home and abroad, in order to provide reference and enlightenment for Chinese enterprise innovation and human resources management practices.    The results show that: (1) there are a large number of researches on team creativity at home and abroad, with an overall trend of growth and rapid development. With the rapid development of economy, the pressure on the survival of organizations increases. Strengthening the construction of innovative teams and improving team creativity have become an important way for the development of organizational innovation and the maintenance of competitive advantages. The study on team creativity naturally attracts the attention of researchers. However, the research on team creativity in China started late and was lagged behind in other countries. Influenced by the innovation-driven development strategy and the strategy of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation initiative", the research on team creativity in China has developed rapidly in a short period of time, with the pace of research constantly accelerating and certain achievements achieved. Compared with foreign countries, there are many gaps in research level and research methods. (2) foreign research hotspot focuses on the interaction factors that affect team creativity and its outcome variables, namely by the team overall characteristics of special properties show synergistic consolidation (team communication, team conflict, task conflict) and creativity for the team to the innovation output, innovation, product development, performance, etc.) into the path of the mechanism, transformation based on the situation. Domestic researches pay more attention to the concept and connotation of team creativity, research objects (R & D teams of enterprises and research teams of universities) and research methods (mostly using empirical methods). There are many similarities and some overlaps between Chinese and foreign research focuses on team creativity, such as transformational leadership and team interaction. At present, the research direction of team creativity in China is generally same as the world, and the essence of the research is basically grasped. However, there are also significant differences. For example, foreign countries pay more attention to the characteristics of team composition, while domestic countries pay more attention to the research methods and research objects. (3) In foreign research on team creativity, a research team represented by Hulsheger, Shalley, Gong, etc., was formed; In domestic research on team creativity, a research team represented by Tang Chaoying and Wang Liying was formed.     Through the comparative analysis of the research on team creativity at home and abroad, it has the following implications for the future research in China. From the perspective of research, we should change from single level to multiple levels to investigate the cross-level moderating effect of high-level variables (such as organizational culture, organizational development stage, etc.) on team creativity, and form a unified paradigm for defining the concept of multidimensional creativity. In terms of the research situation, we should move from the western situation to the eastern situation, that is, we should combine the unique cultural characteristics and value system of Chinese organizations to improve the measurement tools and methods of team creativity. In terms of the promotion mechanism, we should shift from internal stimulation to the integration of internal and external resources, that is, we should pay more attention to the balance between internal and external promotion of the team, optimize the team interaction mechanism, obtain external stimulus, and establish its dynamic coupling of internal and external support network. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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How does digital transformation affect the innovation performance of hub firms?An empirical study from the perspective of modularity Zheng Shuai, Wang Haijun 2022, 43(11): 73-82.  Abstract ( 510 )   PDF      Digital transformation has upended practical experience over long periods of incremental innovation by changing resources allocation and value-creation logic. Therefore, how to unveil the mechanism between digital transformation and enterprises′ innovation performance has gradually become one of the frontier topics in the study of strategic management of innovation, as well as a key practical problem for enterprises to cope with highly turbulent environment in digital era. Meanwhile, the innovation ecosystem nurtured by digital technology facilities has gradually become the enterprises′ innovation center due to its flexibility and openness. Although existing studies has stated how to establish a platform or business ecosystem based on the digital technology and improve the synergy with complementary partners in terms of the hub firm, specifically, the governance mechanism to inhibit conflicts between stability and generativity of the innovation ecosystem, ignoring the role of the platform′s technological architecture which represents another key means to achieve complementor engagement. In order to bridge the discord between digital technology embedding and traditional business practices, the paper explores the mutual interdependence between technology architecture and governance mechanism, thus theorizes its implications for configurations of hub enterprises′ organizations, which in turn leads to superior performance.    Drawing on the modularity theory, we proposed the leveraged as well as collaborative mechanism which well mediate the effects of digital transformation on enterprises′ innovation performance, accordingly we construct the chain mediation model, rooted from the research paradigm of "strategy-structure-performance". That is, digital transformation facilitates the leverage mechanism with the modular product architecture of the hub firm, then affects their coordination mechanism enabled by modular organizational architecture, and finally acts on enterprises′ innovation performance. Furthermore, this paper uses Structural Equation Model for empirical test based on 191 samples from hub enterprises of the innovate ecosystem, and thereby tries to propose the dynamic evolution path between technology architecture and governance mechanism from the perspective of dynamic coevolution of modular architecture within and across firm boundaries.     The research results demonstrate that: (1) digital transformation exerts a significant positive influence on enterprises′ innovation performance; (2) digital transformation indirectly influences enterprises′ innovation performance by modular product architecture and modular organizational architecture respectively; (3) modular product architecture and modular organizational architecture play a chain mediating effect between digital transformation and enterprises′ innovation performance; and (4) The architecture evolution of modular product architecture and its isomorphic modular organizational architecture is an important structural support for hub enterprises to deal with the challenges of digital transformation in its infancy, and put forward the dual coevolution paths of intra- and inter-firm architecture and governance mechanism, which are starting from intra-firm integral product architecture, and transferring to inter-firm integral product architecture, and ultimately to modular product architecture and its isomorphic modular organizational architecture, or starting from intra-firm integral product architecture, and transferring to intra-firm modular product architecture, and ultimately to modular product architecture and its isomorphic modular organizational architecture respectively.     In conclusion, this paper contributes mainly to the existing research from three aspects: First, the study reveals the influence mechanism and economic consequences of the digital transformation, and constructs a chain mediation model to explore the positive influence mechanism between digital transformation and enterprises′ innovation performance, which fills the relevant research gap in empirical research at the micro level. Second, this paper builds a theoretical framework which contains digital transformation strategy, modular architecture and innovation ecosystem, which supplies a new perspective for the theoretical study of digital transformation and innovation ecosystem. Third, this paper enriches the research of the governance mechanism between multiple complementary participants. Moreover, the results suggest that enterprises should build a guarantee mechanism through modular architecture relying on its innovation ecosystem strategically, in order to compete in the digital innovation iteration by a stable core and flexible periphery, and that enterprises should also accumulate experience and skills continuously through the dynamic cycle of "architecture design - leverage coordination - ecological landing - continuous iteration", so as to ensure the integrity, collaboration and sustainability of digital transformation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Innovation-based entrepreneurship: The policy analysis framework and a case study Song Qingqing, Mu Rongping 2022, 43(11): 83-92.  Abstract ( 318 )   PDF      As an essential way of entrepreneurship, "innovation-based entrepreneurship" has triggered new thinking about policy theory construction and practical exploration. This paper systematically reviewed the current research status of innovation-based entrepreneurship policy. We defined "innovation-based entrepreneurship" in terms of technology and market. We constructed a framework for analyzing innovation-based entrepreneurship policy in three dimensions: policy resources, stakeholders, and development stages. Moreover, we used this framework to analyze Implementation Opinions on Promoting High-Quality Development of Innovative Entrepreneurship to Create an Upgraded Version of Innovation and Entrepreneurship.     The analysis results have achieved the following findings:      Firstly, "innovation-based entrepreneurship" can also be referred to as "innovative entrepreneurship". Innovation-based entrepreneurship emphasizes iterative innovation of new technologies, business model, government management, and meeting current market demands or creating future market demands. Therefore, innovation-based entrepreneurship should grasp not only the direction of future technology development but also the direction of future industry development. The success of innovation-based entrepreneurship directly affects the development pattern of strategic emerging and future industries, affecting the innovation-driven high-quality, sustainable development of the national economy and society. Innovation-based entrepreneurship has higher uncertainty than traditional entrepreneurship because of the double uncertainty of technology and the market. The former puts higher demands on the ability of entrepreneurs to grasp the development trend of technology, while the latter puts higher demands on the ability of entrepreneurs to bear the entrepreneurial risks caused by the double uncertainty.      Secondly, the policy resources of innovation-based entrepreneurship mainly include talents, taxation, finance, incubation services, and public services. The stakeholders mainly include innovative entrepreneurs and companies, government departments, universities, research institutions, financial institutions, entrepreneurship service institutions, and large and medium-sized enterprises. The development stages include the incubation and start-up period and the growth and development period.      Thirdly, the policy case in this paper entirely considers the stage characteristics and the needs of specific stakeholders of innovation-based entrepreneurship. Tax reduction, government procurement, and other fiscal policies are more supportive. However, it is worth pointing out that the current innovation-based entrepreneurship policy still has room for improvement in relevance and operability. For example, the policy of weighted tax deduction for R&D costs policy is more applicable to motivate large and medium-sized enterprises to innovate. However, it has little incentive for innovative start-ups with smaller revenues.      Finally, this paper proposes the following policy insights. (1) Innovation-based entrepreneurship is the entrepreneurial activity of high-level innovative talents. The government must take multiple measures and adopt various policy combinations to support and attract high-level innovative talents to join innovation-based entrepreneurship. For example, the government can set up a special innovation-based entrepreneurship guidance sub-fund under the National Emerging Industry Venture Capital Guidance. They also need to strengthen the inspection and testing, certification and accreditation, and in-test certification service systems required for innovation-based entrepreneurship in national incubators and university science and technology parks to enhance the ability of innovation-based entrepreneurship subjects to grasp technology development trends bear the entrepreneurial risks arising from double uncertainty. (2) The effectiveness of innovation-based entrepreneurship policies depends on the relevance and rationality of the policies. The government must clarify the main subjects of innovation-based entrepreneurship policies and the differences in the demand for resource factors at different stages of innovation-based entrepreneurship. They need to strengthen the analysis of the cost of innovation-based entrepreneurship policies, fully consider the characteristics of innovation-based entrepreneurship enterprises, such as financial constraints and insufficient taxable income, choose a policy combination that is mainly supported by fiscal policies, and give policy support that is strong enough to attract high-level innovation talents to join entrepreneurship and gather innovation-based entrepreneurship teams, to form an innovation-based entrepreneurship policy system with Chinese characteristics.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Customer engagement and innovation performance of enterprises:The roles of value co-creation and innovation climate Fu Jialin, Zhang Yimeng, Yan Yanling, Liang Shichang, Zhang Hong 2022, 43(11): 93-102.  Abstract ( 225 )   PDF      In the complex situation where the century change and the epidemic of the century are overlapping how to fully stimulate and release the endogenous power of innovation and development of technological small and micro enterprises, enhance enterprises′ innovation performance, and help national technological innovation and industrialization have become hot topics.    Involving various external stakeholders in the innovation process can improve the innovation performance of technological small and micro enterprises to a certain extent. Customers, as important external stakeholders of enterprises, are an important source of competitive advantage for enterprises. However, their effect on the innovation performance of technological small and micro enterprises has rarely been studied. Drawing on service dominant logic and the theory of planned behavior, this paper explores the influence mechanism of customer engagement on the innovation performance of technological micro and small enterprises, introduces value co-creation behavior and enterprise innovation performance into the study to investigate the influence of customer engagement on innovation performance, the mediating effect of value co-creation behavior and the moderating effect of innovation climate.     A total of 358 sets of customer-employee matched data were collected from 56 technological micro and small enterprises in central China. AMOS 21.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis to test the discriminant validity of the variables; SPSS 26.0 was used for the multiple regression analysis to verify the research hypotheses; the bootstrapping method was applied by Process Macro to further examine the mediating effect of value co-creation behavior and the moderating effect of innovation climate. The empirical results are as follows: First, customer engagement positively influences innovation performance. Second, value co-creation behavior partially mediates the relationship between customer engagement and innovation performance. Third, innovation climate positively moderates the effect of customer engagement on value co-creation behavior.     The conclusions of this paper make the following theoretical contributions, First, customer engagement is an external innovation resource that can be utilized by enterprises, and effective management of this resource can transform enterprise-wide innovation into broader innovation involving both customers and enterprises. In other words, customers who are highly engaged in the enterprise will actively explore and express their real and potential needs, and actively participate in the innovation process of the enterprise, which helps improve the enterprise′s innovation performance. Second, the effect of customer engagement on innovation performance is mediated by value co-creation behavior. Customer engagement, as a psychological state, explains the motivation of customers to participate in innovation, and only with motivation can they generate value co-creation behavior, then, this behavior has an effect on an enterprise′s innovation performance. Third, the innovation climate, as an indispensable factor in the innovation process, is an important boundary condition for customer engagement to affect value co-creation behavior. An intense innovation climate will strengthen the effect of customer engagement on value co-creation behavior, that is, customer engagement and innovation climate play a synergistic role in value co-creation behavior.    The conclusions of this paper have some implications for the management practices of technological micro and small enterprises. Firstly, enterprises attach importance to the role of customers and to enhancing customer engagement. When formulating innovation performance improvement strategies, enterprises should consider customers as the focus, pay special attention to customers′ needs for interests and trust so that customers are willing to rely on and become close to the enterprises, and improve the fit between customers and enterprises. Secondly, enterprises need to encourage customers′ value co-creation behavior. Technological micro and small enterprises should provide customers with platforms and opportunities to participate in the enterprise′s value creation, incentivize customers′ participation in their production activities through word-of-mouth effect and marketing strategies, and actively solicit new ideas and creativity from customers. Finally, enterprises should actively build an enterprise climate that encourages innovation. Enterprises need to continuously explore and actively cultivate a favorable innovation climate, establishing management and incentive systems that can stimulate the innovation climate so that customers can actively share their knowledge and resources with the enterprise and achieve the purpose of value co-creation. In addition, enterprises should build customers′ strong support and tolerance for innovation, which can stimulate their trust and recognition, and form a sense of belonging and mission, which are more likely to generate value co-creation behavior than other efforts. Related Articles | Metrics

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The configuration effect of institutional environment, dynamic capabilities and top managers′ cognition on the frugal innovation of SMEs Qu Xiaoyu 2022, 43(11): 103-110.  Abstract ( 245 )   PDF      Frugal innovation is a kind of resource-constrained innovation paradigm for improving the living standards of low-income consumers. Frugal innovation can overcome the disadvantages of high consumption of resources and over-enrichment of functions brought by traditional innovation, and provide low-income consumers with good quality and low price. Frugal innovation has become an inevitable choice for small and medium-sized enterprises to create more value with limited resources under China′s new normal economy. What drives frugal innovation? From the existing research, many scholars bring external institutional environment into the analysis frame of frugal innovation. Other scholars have emphasized the importance of dynamic capabilities, arguing that when the external institutional environment is not sound, enterprise must enhance its internal dynamic capabilities with great flexibility in order to reduce the impact of the dynamic environment on frugal innovation and enhance the overall competitiveness of the enterprise. In addition to the external institutional environment and internal dynamic capabilities, some scholars have also proposed the role of top manager′s cognition in frugal innovation. It is believed that whether top managers understand the necessary conditions and resources of frugal innovation, whether they approve and support frugal innovation, and whether they participate in the decision-making will influence the implementation of frugal innovation.      Therefore, institutional environment, dynamic capabilities and top manager′s cognition have become the basic logical elements to analyze frugal innovation. Although scholars accept the fact that frugal innovation is influenced by many factors, most of scholars study the influencing factors of frugal innovation from a single level, without integrating the multi-level factors. It is difficult to explain the difference of the degree and realization path of frugal innovation among enterprises. Based on system theory and dynamic capability theory, the paper takes 16 small and medium-sized enterprises as samples, and uses Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to analyze the relationships among the different configurations of institutional environment, dynamic capabilities, top manager′s cognition and frugal innovation. The paper tries to excavate the core and auxiliary conditions of frugal innovation, and explore the driving and restriction paths of frugal innovation.        The results show that: firstly, opportunity recognition capability is a necessary condition for frugal innovation, and the lack of top managers′ cognition is a necessary condition for frugal innovation. Secondly, the driving mechanism of frugal innovation has three paths, including the configuration of good institutional environment and high opportunity identification capability, and the configuration of high opportunity identification capability, high integration and reconstruction capability, high organization flexibility and high top manager′s cognition, the configuration of high organizational legitimacy, high opportunity identification capability, high organizational flexibility and top manager′s cognition. Thirdly, the restriction mechanism of frugal innovation has two paths. When top managers lack cognition, it will restrict the generation of frugal innovation as long as the lack of dynamic capabilities or the lack of institutional environment. The research conclusions of this paper not only expand the research perspective of influencing factors of frugal innovation in theory, but also provide guidance for the small and medium-sized enterprises to create more value and win the advantage under numerous constraints. Related Articles | Metrics

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The evolution law and promotion mechanism of the innovation capability of latecomer high-tech enterprises Liu Haibing, Yang Lei 2022, 43(11): 111-123.  Abstract ( 156 )   PDF      Based on the innovation practice of Huawei, this paper uses the case study method to deeply explore the evolution law and promotion mechanism of innovation capability of latecomer high-tech enterprises. The results show that: firstly, from the perspective of resource management, innovation capability evolves along the path of resource construction capability-resource patching capability-resource integration capability- resource governance capability, with the development process of latecomer high-tech enterprises from the primary production stage-international development stage-global expansion stage- innovation leading stage.      Secondly, the matching decision of strategy to opportunity window is the premise and foundation for the innovation capability of latecomer high-tech enterprises to be improved, and the leading mechanism for the improvement of innovation ability. The logic of matching opportunity window with innovation strategy is to identify opportunity window passively when the capability base of latecomer high-tech enterprises is poor. With the improvement of its capability, the strategy plays an effective role in intercepting the opportunity window. In the globalization expansion stage, opportunity window shows stronger organizational endogeneity. As latecomer high-tech enterprises migrate to the high-end part of the value chain, they can actively predict the opportunity window. In the innovation leading stage, the strategy simulates the expression situation of the opportunity window in the continuous evolution, and creates the opportunity window strategically, so as to help the latecomer high-tech enterprises to continuously lead the industry innovation and keep moving forward. The identification, interception, prediction and creation of opportunity window by strategy decision decide the development direction of the whole organization and the development of innovation capability.     Thirdly, the deep mechanism of innovation capability promotion of latecomer high-tech enterprises is that knowledge structure and learning mode in different stages form a spiral and progressive mechanism. In the primary stage of production, the knowledge stock is very poor, and latecomer high-tech enterprises can adopt the organizational explicit knowledge accumulation under the mode of cumulative learning. In the international development stage, the structure of knowledge is chaotic. Through forgetful learning, the knowledge structure of latecomer high-tech enterprises is optimized, and the qualitative change of organizational explicit knowledge under the guidance of forgetful learning is achieved. In the global expansion stage, the tacit knowledge of organization is accumulating continuously, which can adopt the knowledge system with both explicit and implicit knowledge under the guidance of cumulative learning mode. In the innovation leading stage, latecomer high-tech enterprises need to optimize the organizational knowledge structure dominated by tacit knowledge through the coexistence mode of forgetting learning and relearning, and realize the development and innovation of knowledge in the balance of cumulative learning and forgetful learning.      The theoretical contribution of this paper lies in: firstly, it creatively proposes the transformation mechanism from resource to competitive advantage, reveals the intercommunication in the essential attributes of the two, and provides the deep connection between the theoretical structures; secondly, it constructs a leading mechanism of innovation capability promotion based on the logic of innovation strategy and opportunity window; finally, from the perspective of co-evolution of knowledge and organizational learning model, the deep mechanism of innovation capability improvement of latecomer high-tech enterprises is discussed, and the important role of adaptability of organizational learning mode and optimization of knowledge structure on the improvement of innovation capability is emphasized, and the perspective of existing research on deep mechanism is innovated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of internal and external integrated development on individual innovation performance——The role of knowledge manipulation and proof goal orientation Zhao Fuqiang, Zhou Qian, Chen Yun 2022, 43(11): 124-133.  Abstract ( 110 )   PDF      With the development of global integration, mobile Internet and artificial intelligence, the external environment of organization is becoming increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA). Therefore, innovation is regarded as the core of enterprise competition and sustainable development. However, individual innovation is the basis of organizational innovation, the new ideas generated by it have become the key to the survival and prosperity of organizations. Therefore, it has become an urgent problem for the organization to help employees improve their innovation performance. It is well known that knowledge is the basic raw material of innovation. Therefore, individual innovation performance largely depends on the knowledge exchange. The current research results show that knowledge exchange is the most significant antecedent variable of innovation whether at the individual level, team level or organizational level. Through unrestricted knowledge exchange, employees can effectively collect and utilize the diverse heterogeneous knowledge distributed in individuals and work units, thus promoting the generation of creative solutions.     As we all know, training and development is the key to the promotion of individual innovation ability and the stimulation of innovation motivation. In order to improve individual innovation performance and promote organizational development, in the past, organizational managers focused on the development of internal knowledge resources, but lacked the acquisition of external multiple heterogeneous knowledge. As a result, the improvement of individual innovation ability and performance is limited, so it is a realistic choice for enterprises through the internal and external integrated development to enhance employees′ innovation ability, motivation and performance, help employees and organizations to develop win-win cooperation. Through internal and external integrated development, the organization can obtain external knowledge resources, utilize internal knowledge resources and integrate internal and external knowledge resources, so as to make employees generate their own resource increment, increase the probability of employees entering the value-added spiral, and reduce the possibility of falling into the spiral of loss. All these can promote the positive performance of employees, alleviate the negative results such as job burnout or pressure caused by resource loss, and make them more energy to engage in innovation, so as to increase their innovation performance. However, the mechanisms between internal and external integrated development and individual innovation performance are remain to be answered.     Although the benefits of external acquisition, internal utilization and internal and external integration of knowledge are well known, they all need to be realized through knowledge exchange. Once individual knowledge is shared and becomes a public product, others can freely obtain and use it, which leads to the imbalance of motivation between self-interest and collective interest, and then they will refuse to share their knowledge. In the face of knowledge sharing dilemma, employees may adopt knowledge sharing, hiding or manipulation in order to alleviate the knowledge sharing dilemma. Knowledge sharing shows how employees are consistent with team and organizational goals in terms of function. Knowledge hiding shows how employees manage knowledge according to their own interests and political needs. Knowledge manipulation enhances knowledge value by exaggerating the expected return of knowledge to weaken or ignore the potential defects of knowledge.     The current relevant literatures have found that there are many studies on knowledge sharing, there is also a great amount of research on knowledge hiding, but little on knowledge manipulation. According to the current research, knowledge manipulation is an individual subjective behavior choice under the action of cognition, which is influenced by the individual environment and their own characteristics. According to the theory of social information processing, the occurrence of individual behavior and attitude is the result of the comprehensive action of environment and individual. Individuals collect the relevant information of the events in their environment, use their own experience to analyze and judge the information comprehensively, and adjust their own behavior and decision-making accordingly. In the organizational context, human resource practice is an important information source and influencing factor for employees to process and form cognition in the process of expressing their attitudes and needs. In view of this, from the perspective of information processing, this paper explores the mechanism of internal and external integrated development on individual innovation performance through knowledge manipulation.     According to the current research, as a predisposing factor of individual workplace behavior, goal orientation has been proved to be an important predictor of interpersonal behavior. In order to further open the black box mechanism of internal and external integrated development through knowledge manipulation, this paper chooses proof goal orientation as its boundary condition, examines the situational condition effect of it on the impact of internal and external integrated development on individual innovation performance mediated by knowledge manipulation, and expands the relationship between existing goal orientation and knowledge exchange as well as its relationship with individual innovation performance. The impact of individual knowledge exchange behavior choice on individual innovation performance has always been controversial. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the black box mechanism of internal and external integrated development affecting individual innovation performance through knowledge manipulation, and investigate the scenario boundary conditions of its action mechanism.     Based on the perspective of social information processing and the theory of resource preservation, this paper explored the mediating role of knowledge manipulation in the impact of internal and external integration development on individual innovation performance, and investigated the role of proof goal oriented boundary conditions in its mechanism through constructing a moderated mediation model and being combined with 391 employees′ questionnaire survey, multi time point tracking and hierarchical regression analysis. The empirical research finds the follow. Firstly, internal and external integration development has a significant positive impact on individual innovation performance. Secondly, knowledge manipulation has a significant intermediary role in the impact of internal and external integration development on individual innovation performance. Finally, proof goal orientation moderates the direct impact of internal and external integration development on knowledge manipulation and its indirect effect on individual innovation performance through knowledge manipulation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Guanxi (i.e. connections), a source of innovation resources of SMEs——The mediating effect of customer co-creation Liu Desheng, Xie Minglei, Zhang Luxiu 2022, 43(11): 134-142.  Abstract ( 107 )   PDF      With the development of information technology and the advent of the customer-centered era, the traditional paradigm of new product development is gradually replaced by the customer co-creation paradigm. Customers are no longer passive product recipients, but they play an important role in new product development. In other words, customers play more and more important roles in the process of new product development. For small and medium-sized enterprises, it is particularly important to adapt to new changes for their innovation. However, there is lack of enough discussion about the logic of the impact of customer co-creation on product innovation, and there is limited number of literatures on the difference of the effect of Guanxi on innovation of different scale enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore why Guanxi could benefit or diminish innovation in SMEs, that is, what kind of consequences Guanxi will have on innovation. This should consider whether Guanxi can bring valuable resources, but also how to integrate these resources with the existing resources of the enterprise. Based on the hypothesis that Guanxi is the real source of innovation resources of SMEs, the paper developed a moderated mediating effect model to study the influence of different dimensions of Guanxi - Ganqing, Renqing and Xinren (GRX)  and the mediating effect of customer co-creation on new product innovation of SMEs. Using the survey data of 274 manufacturing SMEs in Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, the paper empirically testes the direct effect of Guanxi on SMEs innovation and the mediating role of customer co-creation on SMEs innovation using the classical linear regression model. The results show that the three dimensions of Guanxi can not only promote the new product performance of SMEs directly, but also influence it indirectly through the mediating effect of customer co-creation. Moreover, the paper also reveals the moderating effect of dynamic environment on Guanxi and SMEs innovation using the hierarchical regression model. In addition, the paper found that the dynamic environment positively moderates the relationship between customer co-creation and the performance of new products. In order to the robustness of the above results, the paper carries the supplementary tests of Sobel-Goodman and Bootstrap. These findings are not change. In general, after robustness tests, the results between Guanxi and SMEs innovation are still supported.     The main conclusions of this paper are as follows. Firstly, from the three dimensions of Guanxi - Ganqing, Renqing and Xinren, the paper discusses the impact of Chinese-style Guanxi on SMEs innovation. The empirical results show that the three dimensions of Guanxi- Ganqing, Renqing and Xinren have a significant positive impact on SMEs innovation, which shows that Guanxi can enhance the new product development ability of SMEs, shorten the time to market for new product, and improve the ability of new product development. Secondly, customer co-creation plays the partial intermediary role between Ganqing, Renqing, Xinren and SMEs innovation, which shows that SMEs can not only obtain a lot of information about market demand, but also make use of customers′ technical and knowledge. At the same time, the interaction between SMEs and customers also enables them to generate more effective solutions through deep participation of customers in the innovation process, so as to improve the innovation performance. Thirdly, dynamic environment is a situational factor that affects the SMEs innovation. When the external environment is volatile, the change of market demand and the speed of technological upgrading will faster, and the relationship between customer co-creation and SMEs innovation will be strengthened.     This paper studies the impact of three dimensions of Guanxi- Ganqing, Renqing and Xinren on SMEs′ innovation, and reveals its internal mechanism by analyzing the intermediary/moderating role of customer co-creation. These results will improve the understanding of the importance of Guanxi resources to SMEs′ innovation, expand the research scope of customer co-creation theory, and provide practical guidance for SMEs′ new product innovation.      Specifically, the main practical enlightenment includes three points. Firstly, SMEs can obtain external innovation resources by rational use Guanxi, including market demand information and technological innovation resources for new product development, so as to alleviate the shortage of their own innovation resources and improve their new product performance. Secondly, external resources do not necessarily enhance the innovation efficiency of SMEs. SMEs need to improve the management process of customer co-creation, effectively integrate market demand information and technological innovation knowledge to increase good new product development performance. Thirdly, SMEs need to pay more attention to the impact of external environment on innovation. The faster the market demand changes and the technological change, the more SMEs need to improve the management process of customer co-creation, enhance the interaction in the process of innovation, and attract more customers to participate in the development of new products, so as to produce more effective demand solutions.     Additionally, based on the quality of the dual relationship between executives and customers, the paper discusses the role of Guanxi on innovation and refines the antecedents of relationship from organizational performance to innovation performance, which contributes to the research depth of innovation theory. This paper also reveals the mechanism of Guanxi promoting innovation of SMEs, and enriches the research on Guanxi and innovation from the perspective of customer co-creation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Heterogeneous environmental policies, executive risk preferences and green technology innovation——Empirical research based on China′s heavy polluting listed companies Wang Fengzheng, Zhao Yuxia, Xia Jiaxin 2022, 43(11): 143-153.  Abstract ( 490 )   PDF       Nowadays, environmental pollution in China is serious, and heavy polluting companies have made terrible contributions. It is urgent to carry out green technological innovation with the new development concept of high-quality economic development. However, due to the unique characteristics of green technology innovation such as long cycle, high risk, and large investment, enterprises lack the passion and motivation for innovation and are prone to act free-riding. In this case, the "visible hand" of the government is needed to play an important role. Can heterogeneous environmental policies with multiple measures really promote enterprises green technology innovation? What are the different impact mechanisms and path of different environmental policies on green technology innovation? As the main body of innovative decision-making, what role do the characteristics of executives (especially executive risk preferences) play? Existing in-depth research needs to be empirically tested.      This paper focuses on the two dimensions of environmental policies and the characteristics of executives, we take China′s Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share heavy polluting listed companies from 2013 to 2018 as a sample, and use Stata 15.1 to empirically test the similarities and differences how the incentive and punitive environmental policies affect enterprises green technology innovation, and the mechanism of executive risk preferences among three variables.      The research finds that: (1) There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between incentive environmental policies and green technology innovation. The reason is that moderate government subsidies can disperse innovation risks, while their marginal utility shows a downward trend as subsidies increase, and high subsidies will eliminate the innovation motivation. (2) There is an U-shaped relationship between punitive environmental policies and green technology innovation. According to the designing principle of Pigouvian taxes, only when sewage charges higher than the cost of enterprises pollution control can punitive environmental policies promote enterprises green technology innovation. (3) The executive risk preferences can promote green technology innovation, because executives with high-risk preferences are more willing to take risks and are more willing to carry out green technology innovation activities. Executives with low-risk preferences are unwilling to develop new projects and implement green technology innovation projects with slow feedback and unclear benefits. (4) The executive risk preferences positively regulate the relationship between environmental policies and green technology innovation. The reason is that executives with high-risk preferences can still actively carry out green technology innovation activities even when the incentive policies are at low level; when the punishment is high, executives with high-risk preferences regard external challenges as opportunities, behaviors are more aggressive, and the level of green technology innovation will be improved.     The results of the research show that it is necessary to integrate organically external environmental policies with the risk preferences of internal executives to promote heavy polluting enterprises to carry out green technology innovation activities. Government departments should start from multiple perspectives of environmental policies, and appropriately match and orderly launch heterogeneous environmental policies; enterprises should appropriately improve the adventurous and innovative spirit of senior management, and improve the risk tolerance of green technology innovation. The above are beneficial to promote the green technology innovation of heavy polluting enterprises and to drive high-quality development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the impact of government subsidies on green innovation of enterprises── The moderating effect of political connection and environmental regulation 2022, 43(11): 154-162.  Abstract ( 393 )   PDF       In recent years, with the intensification of resource scarcity and environmental pollution, the sustainable development of the Chinese economy is facing severe challenges. While promoting the vigorous development of China′s economy, heavy-polluting firms have also become the main source of industrial pollution in China. Therefore, it is urgent to promote the transformation of heavily polluting firms to a low-carbon, environmentally sustainable development model. Unlike traditional innovation, green innovation has positive significance for the survival and development of enterprises especially at reducing the environmental pollution. Therefore, green innovation has become the key to promoting the sustainable development of China′s economy. Nevertheless, the green and innovation system of our country is still in the early stages of development, superadd some uncertain features such as the high cost and high risk, which give rise to lower return than investment of the enterprise, and all resources for innovation is also hard to get. Therefore, the government lead enterprises to offering green and innovate activities through incentive and restraint policies, to promote the green development and alleviate the financing constraints of enterprises.     On this basis, our paper takes the heavily polluting companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges as the research sample, selects panel data from 2012 to 2017, and uses a zero-inflation negative binomial regression model to empirically test the impact of government subsidies on companies′ green innovation. Also, testing the role of political connections and environmental regulations in this process. Our results achieve three main conclusions: First, government subsidies have a significant U-shaped impact on the green innovation of China′s heavily polluting firms. When the subsidy scale is below a threshold, although the government subsidies promote the R&D investment of enterprise, it harms the output of green innovation. Only when the subsidy scale is higher than the threshold, will government subsidies have a significant positive effect on the green innovation of the enterprise; Second, the political connection weakens the U-shaped relationship between government subsidies and green innovation in which the stronger political association, the stronger weakening effect becomes; Third, environmental regulations also weaken the U-shaped relationship between government subsidies and green innovation, and as the intensity of environmental regulations increases, its weakening effect is more pronounced.     Based on our findings, we make the following policy recommendation: (1) To reduce the crowding-out effect of small-scale subsidies，the government should adjust the allocation of resources and provide sufficient policy and financial support for heavy polluters to encourage them to carry out green innovation activities. (2) The state should guide an open and transparent relationship between enterprise and government, to make the government-enterprise association a true assistance to both sides. (3) The government should formulate differentiated regional regulatory policies to mitigate the adverse effect of environmental governance costs on enterprises, it will also stimulate enterprises′ enthusiasm for green innovation.     The research in this paper is of great significance for promoting the green innovation of heavily polluting enterprises and realizing the harmonious and sustainable development of China′s economy and environment. Simultaneously，it also provides a scientific basis for optimizing China′s environmental protection policy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The greater the funding intensity of a single science research project, the better?——A case study of humanities and social science projects Yu Liping, Dai Huayong, Duan Yunlong 2022, 43(11): 163-171.  Abstract ( 148 )   PDF      Intensity of project funding is the amount of funding for a single project. Setting a reasonable amount of funding can not only ensure the smooth development of scientific research, but also play an effective incentive role to mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific research workers. In the past 10 years, more and more attention has been paid to the research of humanities and social sciences, and the intensity of project funding of a single projects of humanities and social sciences in China has steadily increased. However, there is a lack of systematic research on the performance of intensity of project funding. Research on project funding intensity is conducive to the rational allocation of scientific research funds, improving the performance of scientific research funds, and promoting the prosperity of humanities and social science research, which is of great significance to the development of humanities and social sciences. The research in this article also provides a new research paradigm to better analyze the relationship between intensity of project funding and performance.    Based on the analysis of the mechanism of scientific research funding, this paper uses the data from the humanities and social sciences network of colleges and university, taking the first batch of “Double First-Rate” universities in the Ministry of Education as an example, and comprehensively using simultaneous equation models and panel threshold regression models to study the performance of the funding intensity of a single project. The research results show that: First, the intensity of project funding has a guarantee and incentive mechanism for scientific research results. From the perspective of the guarantee mechanism, the performance is better when project funds are slightly surplus, and public resources will be wasted when project funds are relatively abundant. From the perspective of incentive mechanism, the honor mechanism is mainly affected by the project level and more reflected in the material mechanism. Second, the intensity of project funding is generally poor for the performance of academic papers, and it is more appropriate for the performance of academic works, with some room for improvement. Therefore, a reasonable allocation of the intensity of project funding should be set. Third, in recent years, the performance of project funding intensity has shown a downward trend. But when the amount of the research achievements increased greatly, the overall performance of project funding intensity is generally good. Further strengthening the intensity of project funding of the team with fruitful scientific research results can improve performance. Fourth, the contribution of humanities and social sciences R&D personnel is greater than the R&D funding. Therefore, it is important to strengthen the spiritual incentives for humanities and social sciences, and achieve the best incentive effect by combining material and spiritual incentives.     This paper puts forward the following policy suggestions. It is necessary to set a reasonable intensity of project funding, increase the intensity of project funding for academic works and strengthen the intensity of project funding for research teams with fruitful results. What′s more, paying attention to the spiritual incentives for humanities and social sciences scholars is also very important.  Related Articles | Metrics

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The measurement of regional technological innovation capability based on the bit sequence and size of patents Gu Bin, Zhao Xueqi 2022, 43(11): 172-181.  Abstract ( 129 )   PDF      The ability of technological innovation can be directly related to the level of the economic and social development as well as the sustainable development of a region. What is more, it is closely related to the core competitiveness of a region and even of the whole country. In the process of building a community of the shared future for mankind, the scientific and technological innovation plays a quite important role as a driving force as well as a key to promoting the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy. The quantitative measurement of the regional technological innovation capability has the ability to better make an evaluation and orientation to the innovation level in each region. Based on the available data of innovation activities in all provincial-level regions of China from 2008 to 2018, this paper not only takes the number of authorized patents as the main test index of regional technological innovation ability, but also analyzes the distribution characteristics of the order-scale distribution of the number of patents, and in the end makes a further understanding of the changing situation of technological innovation ability in each provincial-level region.     In the first place, this paper carries on the statistic and the comparisons to the number of patents in each provincial-level region, and then does an analysis about the certain impact of GDP and R & D investment on regional innovation. It can be found that the regional innovation level in our country is now suffering from the uncoordinated problems, but the unit data cannot evaluate the specific development well. Therefore, according to the above analysis and reasons, this paper puts forward a possible hypothesis that both the number and scale of authorized patents conform to the Zipf′s law. On the basis of the statistical data of all the 34 provincial-level regions in our country in the recent ten years, this paper can calculate and obtain the parameter value k of the Zipf′s law, which can be next divided into different scale areas so as to analyze the trend of the overall innovation concentration and the characteristics of its scale-order changes.     From the empirical analysis, it can be found that the scale of the number of authorized patents in China has the characteristics of segmentation and it can be roughly divided into two different scale areas, where Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other fairly economically developed provincial-level regions can be taken as the first scale area, and Guangxi, Yunnan, Shanxi and other economically underdeveloped provincial-level regions as the second scale area. In addition, this paper analyzes the scope of the scale area, the characteristics of segmentation as well as the distribution of each scale area, in order to measure the changing situation of the technological innovation ability of provincial-level regions in the whole country.      In conclusion, based on the number of authorized patents, this paper analyzes the degree of innovation agglomeration in each region, and according to the empirical conclusion, it puts forward a few effective related suggestions for better strengthening the exchanges and cooperation and promoting the coordinated development between regions in China. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Can hiring of professional managers contribute to the innovation of farmers′ cooperatives? Li Houjian, Guo Anda 2022, 43(11): 182-190.  Abstract ( 94 )   PDF      As an important subject leading the innovation of China′s agricultural production and management system, farmer′s cooperatives play a vital role in the process of transforming agricultural development mode and promoting agricultural modernization. In recent years, with the strong support of national policies, cooperatives have developed rapidly. By the end of 2018, there were 2.173 million farmer′s cooperatives. However, in the rapid development of cooperative economy, there are still many problems to be solved. On the one hand, some cooperatives lack a good management system, which leads to the internal management chaos of cooperatives and restricts their healthy development. On the other hand, the function of cooperatives has shifted, and the right of management has been taken into the hands of individual rural elites as a tool for them to grab financial funds. Cooperatives are an important carrier for the country to implement the rural vitalization strategy. The innovation of cooperative is not only related to the welfare of hundreds of millions of rural residents, but also related to the transformation and upgrading of agricultural economy and the smooth implementation of the rural vitalization strategy. How to promote the innovation of cooperatives and make their development more standardized has become an urgent problem to be solved.     With the continuous advance of agricultural modernization and the gradual change of consumption mode, cooperatives are facing the transformation of management and marketing mode. In order to optimize the operation and management mode, some cooperatives began to hire professional managers, which extended the concept of professional managers from enterprises to cooperatives. Professional managers are people who are employed by economic organizations, have a high level of professional knowledge and skills, and specialize in management activities. Agricultural professional managers are a new type of professional farmers that have developed in recent years. They are constantly cultivating new types of production and operation entities such as cooperatives, family farms and agricultural enterprises. They are a professional group that is continuously developing and growing under the background of "who will and how to plant the land", which specializes in large-scale and intensive agricultural production and operation.     The purpose of hiring professional managers for cooperatives is to improve their operation and management, enhance their innovation level and achieve their sustainable development. However, can professional managers effectively improve the innovation level of cooperatives? At present, there are few studies to systematically explore this issue and no enough credible empirical evidence has been found. More importantly, it is theoretically impossible to make sense of the problem. On the one hand, hiring professional managers will bring principal-agent problem. According to the "Quiet Life Hypothesis", as hired employees, professional managers pay attention to the stable development of cooperatives and may ignore those arduous, complex and risky innovation activities. On the other hand, compared with ordinary farmers, professional managers have a higher level of professional knowledge and skills. In management and marketing activities, they usually have unique insights and rich experience, which is of great help to the improvement of cooperative management and marketing innovation. Theoretically, we cannot accurately determine the impact of the hiring professional managers on cooperative innovation. This not only causes the lack of scientific basis for the correct evaluation of the impact of hiring professional managers on the innovation of cooperative, but also causes the current stage of the disputes over the sustainable development strategy of cooperatives cannot be resolved.    Exploring the new path of farmer cooperatives innovation is an urgent requirement for the implementation of rural vitalization strategy. This paper examines the impacts of hiring professional managers on the innovation of farmers′ cooperatives using farmers′ cooperatives data from Sichuan province. Using propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression approach, we find that the level of management innovation and marketing innovation of farmers′ cooperatives will be significantly improved after the employment of professional managers. Moreover, we find that the positive impact is heterogeneous due to area of land differences. Besides, the results of case study show that the above results are robust. Finally, through the potential mechanism test, we find that the employment managers can indirectly improve the innovation level of cooperatives by improving the degree of Internet application, organizational learning ability and knowledge absorption ability.     Based on the conclusion, we get the following enlightenment: (1) Cooperatives should be encouraged to actively employ professional managers. If cooperatives want to improve their level of innovation, hiring professional managers is an effective way. Compared with ordinary farmers, agricultural professional managers have richer human capital and can better manage all aspects of cooperative operation. At present, the development of agricultural professional managers is still in the primary stage. First, it is necessary to improve the qualification certification system for agricultural professional managers to ensure the effective supply of agricultural professional managers. Secondly, cooperatives should establish and improve the salary assessment mechanism for agricultural professional managers and the government should establish effective subsidy policies to help cooperatives retain agricultural professional managers through various measures. Thirdly, the government should establish and improve the supervision mechanism of agricultural professional managers and effectively improve the effectiveness of supervision by establishing relevant laws and regulations. (2) Relevant measures should be taken to promote the positive impact of hiring professional managers on cooperative innovation. The research results of this paper show that the cooperatives hire professional managers will have a positive impact on innovation by improving the degree of Internet application, organizational learning ability and knowledge absorption ability. Therefore, agricultural professional managers should strengthen the training of cooperative members and guide them to use the Internet proficiently. Through the training, cooperative members can learn more new technologies and knowledge. And it will enhance their organizational learning ability and knowledge absorption ability. Related Articles | Metrics

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A meta-analysis of the research on organizational human capital Guo Wenchen, Chen Anqi 2022, 43(11): 191-199.  Abstract ( 201 )   PDF      Organizational human capital (OHC) is the source of sustainable competitive advantage for an organization, which has been continuously concerned in recent years. The research on its antecedent variables and outcome variables has attracted wide attention in academia. But in many studies at home and abroad, the relationship between organizational human capital and variables is quite different. In order to clarify the antecedent and outcome variables of organizational human capital, this paper uses the meta-analysis method to compare 606 effect values in 147 studies and 151 independent samples. The results show that the main factors affecting the formation and development of organizational human capital are embodied in three aspects: organizational characteristics (including organizational strategy, organizational culture and organizational support), team characteristics (recruitment practice, training practice, competitive compensation, performance feedback, internal promotion, employee participation and sharing mechanism) and individual characteristics (knowledge, abilities and attitudes).      Organizational human capital also affects organizations and individuals from two aspects, that is, it promotes organizational performance, organizational innovation, organizational learning and competitive advantage at the organizational level, and helps individual behavior, individual performance and career development at the individual level. The influence of antecedent variables on organizational human capital is firstly considered from the dimensions of organizational characteristics, team characteristics and individual characteristics, and then the relationship between organizational human capital and outcome variables is explored from the organizational and individual levels.      It is found that, on the one hand, the organizational characteristics represented by organizational strategy, organizational culture and organizational support, the team characteristics represented by skill-enhancing practices, motivation-enhancing practices and empowerment-enhancing practices, and the individual characteristics represented by knowledge, abilities and attitudes are all positively affecting the formation and development of organizational human capital. On the other hand, it also promotes organizational performance, organizational innovation, organizational learning and competitive advantage at the organizational level, and helps individual behavior, individual performance and career development at the individual level. On the basis of clarifying the antecedent variables and outcome variables of OHC, this paper uses meta-analysis method to quantitatively obtain the specific relationship between OHC and each variable, to obtain the accurate variable effect value, and to distinguish the relative importance of each variable.      The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively sort out the mechanism of the formation, development and transformation of organizational human capital, so as to promote a positive dynamic cycle between individuals and organizations, and continue to promote the coordinated development of the two, so as to lay a foundation for the in-depth research in the field of organizational human capital. The main significance of this paper is to clarify the antecedent variables and outcome variables of OHC through meta-analysis, get accurate variable effect values, and distinguish the relative importance of each variable. In this paper, a large number of existing empirical research literature are comprehensively studied. The relationship strength between OHC and each variable is accurately obtained by using the research method of meta-analysis, and the importance of all variables is distinguished according to Cohen′s (1988) association strength discrimination rule. On the theoretical level, this paper has realized the test of OHC empirical research results on the one hand; while on the other hand, it also puts forward theoretical reference, which is helpful for further study in the future. At the practical level, this paper not only encourages managers to be more focused on OHC, but also suggests that they should select appropriate measures to promote the positive impact of OHC according to the relative importance of each antecedent variable, so as to achieve better management effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence path of AMO strategic human resource management on organizational performance Ge Yuanqin, Li Shuwen 2022, 43(11): 200-208.  Abstract ( 480 )   PDF      During the period of structural transformation, it′s crucial for enterprises′ sustainable development in China to achieve performance advantage. A growing number of researches have shown that an effective strategic human resource management (SHRM) system is an important organizational source to improve performance. Previous research attempts to understand SHRM from the configuration and contingency view. On the one hand, the configuration view states that the collaboration of different human resource practices leads to organizations′ competitive advantage, and organizations can achieve best fit through combining specific SHRM practices. Yet there is a more complicated and non-linear relationship between human resource practices architecture (e.g. training or employee engagement) and competitive advantage. Current studies on human resource management configurations either tend to consider SHRM as a single managerial practice, or as two polarized managerial practices (commitment vs control). This regards all strategic human resource management practices architecture as equally importance in the HRM system, without considering their uniqueness and heterogeneity. Given the constraints of resources, however, organizations can seldom pay equal attention on all human resource practices. To fill this research gap, scholars pointed out that the combination of the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) model and SHRM is able to advance our understanding of the collaborative effect of multiple human resource practices. Nevertheless, extant research fails to use the AMO model to analyze the relative importance of SHRM practices, that is, it remains unclear when and what kind of human resource practices will play a core role in achieving competitive advantage within an organization. Therefore, the first purpose of this paper is to distinguish the relative importance of SHRM practices.     On the other hand, from the contingency′s perspective, the contingent effect of SHRM originates from resource-based and dynamic capability paths, and they are independent of each other. The research based on the explanation of dynamic capability holds that only when the strategic human resource management reaches an agreement with the organizational ability can the final organizational efficiency and strategic efficiency be realized. While the research based on the explanation of resource-based holds that the essence of strategic human resource management is to provide a kind of strategic resource for the sustainable development of the organization, and whether the resource can be transformed into the capital element driving the organization to obtain competitive advantage. It is related to whether the enterprise has the aftereffect power of continuous competition. Some recent studies believe that the relationship between capabilities and resources is not "parallel" or "either or" relationship, but causality, that is, the strength of organizational capacity determines the effective application of organizational resources to a certain extent. Therefore, the second purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the dynamic capabilities of AMO strategic human resource management on performance and the resource-based path.      In order to identify the influential mechanism between AMO strategic human resource management and organizational performance in different organizational development stages, we incorporated enterprise life cycle into our study, measured organizational outcomes with organizational performance, and conducted our research based on over 400 R&D enterprises with more than 25 personnel each. These enterprises are mainly located in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Beijing, Jinan, Qingdao, Hangzhou, Ningbo and Zhoushan, and the industries of these enterprises ranged from new generation of electronic technology software development, electronic communications, new material, mechanical manufacturing to biological medicine. And we explored the multiple-mediating roles of human capital and learning ability in the relationship between AMO strategic human resource management and organizational performance in R&D enterprises using factor analysis and hierarchical regression methods. We found that AMO strategic human resource management affects organizational performance through the multiple-mediating role of ambidextrous learning ability and human capital in the start-up stage of science and technology innovation enterprises, while it only affects organizational performance through the mediating role of ambidextrous learning ability in development and maturity stage.      This paper contributes to the literature in three aspects: First, previous studies have conceptualized strategic human resource management as a single management practice or a two-level management practice, while ignoring the relative importance of internal practices among different functions. Therefore, in response to the call of previous studies, the study combines AMO model with strategic human resource management, and explores the impact of strategic human resource management on organizational performance from three levels of capability, motivation and opportunity. This extends the research results of AMO strategic human resource management carried out by scholars recently, and provides ideas for future research on configuration view of strategic human resource management. Second, although previous studies have classified the impact path of strategic human resource management on organizational performance into dynamic capability and resource base, they believe that they are independent of each other. The results show that the relationship between ability and resource is not "parallel" or "either or" relationship, but causality. The dynamic ability path with learning ability has a positive impact on the resource-based path with human capital, that is, the strength of organizational capacity determines the effective application of organizational resources to a certain extent. This effectively integrates the dynamic capability and resource-based path, and expands from the fields of individual cognition and team internal interaction to the field of ability resource integration. Thirdly, the paper puts the relationship between AMO strategic human resource management and organizational performance in the context of enterprise life cycle, and puts forward the cycle evolution process of their influence paths. This not only provides support or/and challenges for the path relationship between strategic human resource management and organizational performance, but also promotes the development of strategic human resource management theory from the perspective of contingency. Related Articles | Metrics