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20 March 2023, Volume 44 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A systematic analysis of China′s national innovation system efficacy: Its generation mechanism and influencing factors Feng Ze, Chen Kaihua, Feng Zhuo 2023, 44(3): 1-9.  Abstract ( 366 )      As China has gradually entered the ranks of innovative countries, the scientific and technological innovation in China has undergone major changes, and the requirements for the construction of the national innovation system of China have also changed from improving the structure to improving the overall efficacy. The systematic characteristics of the national innovation system make the research and analysis of the national innovation system efficacy from the perspective of systems theory become the focus of scientific and technological innovation (STI) policy and management research. This paper attempts to introduce the system view, and on the basis of understanding the connotation of the national innovation system efficacy, systematically explore its generation mechanism and influencing factors, and deconstruct and analyze the national innovation system efficacy from the theoretical level. Firstly, based on the system characteristics of the national innovation system, this paper reveals the connotation of the national innovation system efficacy from the perspective of "system structure - system operation - system function", understands it as the organic integration of the result performance and process performance, and analyzes the generation mechanism and interaction of the two kinds of performances respectively. Secondly, integrating the multi-dimensional perspectives of "system structure - system function", "system input - system output", and "system internal operation - system external opening", this paper constructs the system analysis framework of the factors affecting the national innovation system efficacy and the constructs the system structure and general system operation mode of the national innovation system from the perspective of the sub-system efficacy under the function orientation of S&T research and industrial innovation, pointing out that systemic thinking is needed to enhance the efficacy of national innovation system. On this basis, the paper proposes the suggestions of systematically promoting the efficacy of the national innovation system in three dimensions, which echoes the need for high-quality transformation of the China′s national innovation system: optimizing the system structure and layout to improve the result performance of the national innovation system, promoting the multi-level circulation of innovation elements to improve the process performance of the national innovation system, and organically integrating the innovation environment to realize the overall efficacy improvement of the national innovation system. In addition, this paper also proposes four future research directions for deepening the systematic understanding of the national innovation system and promoting the efficacy improvement of the national innovation system. Overall, this study has certain theoretical and policy contributions. In theory, this study is a theoretical exploration of the systematic deconstruction of the national innovation system efficacy. Through the analysis of the system generation mechanism and influencing factors of the national innovation system efficacy, it lays a theoretical foundation for the research of the national innovation system efficacy and broadens its analysis methods. In terms of policy, this study provides some reference for the government to further improve the construction of the national innovation system and enhance the national innovation system efficacy. This paper constructs an analysis framework of the factors affecting the national innovation system efficacy and proposes a systematic way to improve the national innovation system efficacy, which helps guide policy makers to systematically consider the policy integrity in the process of formulating and implementing policies, and fully consider the synergy between system structure, system operation and system environment in the design of the governance mechanism of the national innovation system. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the overall effectiveness improvement of China′s national innovation system supported by sci-tech finance Yang Yuanqi, Yang Yifan, Kou Mingting 2023, 44(3): 10-18.  Abstract ( 213 )       In recent years, against the backdrop of increasing uncertainties in the external environment, such as the reconstruction of the global value chain, the intensified international scientific and technological competition and the vision of a "zero-carbon future", improving the national innovation system (NIS) and enhancing the overall effectiveness of the NIS have increasingly become a strong support for achieving the goals of stable economic operation and realizing carbon peak and carbon neutrality. The development of scientific and technological innovation is inseparable from the support of finance. As a direct "supplier" for innovation, sci-tech finance has become the fundamental guarantee for innovation subjects to break through the "bottleneck" of key core technologies and guide innovation subjects to get closer to the national development strategy. However, it remains to be unclear how sci-tech finance can enhance the innovation ability, improve the efficiency of the innovation process, so as to help improve the overall effectiveness of the NIS. Therefore, this paper is devoted to discussing how to improve the safeguard measures for scientific and technological innovation, and to break the financial barriers in the innovation process, thus giving full play to the role of sci-tech finance to improve the overall effectiveness of the NIS. This paper firstly explains the relationship between the overall effectiveness of the NIS and sci-tech finance. It is proposed that the improvement of the overall effectiveness of the NIS in the new era requires taking into account both the capacity and efficiency of the NIS, paying attention to the coordination of various functions and the complementary sharing of resources, so as to synergize the result performance and process performance. This means that while focusing on high-quality output, the efficient operation of the innovation process should also be concerned. During this process, the strengthening of capacity and the improvement of efficiency are inseparable from the diversified, multi-dimensional and multi-level support of sci-tech finance.Secondly, this paper summarizes and analyzes the overall influence mechanism of sci-tech finance for improving the overall effectiveness of the NIS from the macro level, including the financial support, information management, risk management and control. First, as for the function of financial support, sci-tech finance can guide financial resources and social capital to gather around various innovation subjects, stimulate the innovation enthusiasm, and promote the collaboration between them, so as to support innovation subjects to produce high-quality achievements and improve the efficiency of achievement transformation. Second, sci-tech finance can effectively alleviate the problem of information asymmetry between the innovation subjects and external investors, guide the capital to incline to the actors with innovation ability, so as to give full play to the ability of innovation subjects while improving the efficiency of resource utilization. Third, the interaction and coordination among multi-level and multi-faceted financial entities can also reduce the adverse consequences of various risks to a certain extent, optimize the risk-benefit structure, so as to provide a harmonious environment for the overall effectiveness improvement of the NIS.Then, by constructing a sci-tech finance support framework based on the structure of the effectiveness of the NIS, this paper deeply analyzes the specific support path of sci-tech finance to the improvement of the capacity and efficiency of the NIS from the perspective of innovation chain. It is found that the effectiveness of the NIS covers the ability of basic research, technological innovation, market development, technological iteration and social service, as well as the efficiencies of technological transformation, commercial transformation, technological development and sustainable development across different activity processes. On the basis of providing financial guarantee and regulatory governance for different innovation activities, sci-tech finance smooths and covers the entire process of improving the overall effectiveness of the NIS, effectively promotes the coordination of functions and the complementary sharing of resources, thus continuously improving the overall innovation capacity and efficiency.Finally, based on the above analysis and realistic background, this paper puts forward the following policy insights. (1) Improve both the quantity and quality of sci-tech finance for innovative enterprises, so as to encourage enterprises to become the main body to promote the overall effectiveness improvement of the NIS. (2) Promote the support of sci-tech to the improvement of the NIS effectiveness with the help of Fintech. (3) Build a sci-tech financial ecosystem that is compatible with the overall effectiveness improvement of the NIS. This paper provides theoretical basis and practical enlightenment for promoting the construction of NIS and improving the overall effectiveness of the NIS from the perspective of finance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the influence of collaborative innovation network on collaborative innovation performance in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration Wang Haihua, Sun Qin, Du Mei, Zhou Jie 2023, 44(3): 19-32.  Abstract ( 187 )      With the implementation of "innovation-driven development strategy", innovative elements such as talents, capital and information have flowed freely and efficiently among cities. The spatial structure of China′s economic development is undergoing profound changes, and central cities and urban agglomerations are becoming the main spatial forms of the development elements. Collaborative innovation in urban agglomerations is a process of knowledge creation through constant combination of internal knowledge elements, with cities as carriers, industries, universities and research institutes as innovation subjects. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the advantages of innovation subjects and the influence mechanism of urban agglomeration network, so as to rationally optimize the innovation layout of urban agglomeration and improve the overall innovation ability of regions and countries. According to the social network theory, there is knowledge search and cooperation behaviors across city boundaries in the process of collaborative innovation, and the knowledge flow in the network realizes continuous innovation. Innovation subject is essentially a collection of knowledge elements, and the process of collaborative innovation by innovation subject is also a process of reorganizing knowledge elements and forming a knowledge network to create new knowledge. Therefore, there exists a knowledge network composed of knowledge elements belonging to cities and their combination relations, and a cooperation network composed of cities and their cooperation relationships in the process of collaborative innovation of urban agglomeration. Both of them present a multi-layer network structure of dependency, which together affect the performance of collaborative innovation. We put industries, universities and research institutes and knowledge elements in different cities into the same framework for research based on the perspective of dependency multi-layer network. And the research of this topic not only enriches the theoretical research of urban agglomeration and multi-layer social network, but also provides valuable management enlightenment for collaborative innovation of urban agglomeration. In this paper, a multi-layer network of collaborative innovation in Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration is constructed by using the patent application of industries, universities and research institutes in 2009-2018. Among them, the cooperation network is constructed by 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration as nodes, and the cooperation relationship between cities as a link. Knowledge network is constructed by cities and knowledge elements (the first 4 digits of IPC classification number of joint patent application) as nodes, and the combination relationship between knowledge elements as a connection. Furthermore, the dependent variable of this paper is the collaborative innovation performance of each city. Because innovation is an uncertain process, we use a three-year time window to obtain an average innovation output index. The independent variable is the diversity and combination opportunity of knowledge. The regulating variables are centrality, structural hole, central potential and network density of cooperative network. Meanwhile, GDP, R&D, teacher, MKT, capital, membership are the control variables. Based on the above analysis, we select a negative binomial regression model. The empirical analysis results show that the collaborative innovation network of urban agglomeration plays an important role in collaborative innovation performance, which verifies the proposed hypothesis. First of all, the high-quality knowledge resources in the knowledge network affect the collaborative innovation performance, and have a significant positive impact on it. When a city has diversified knowledge resources with high combination opportunities, it provides a chance for the city to establish a new connection of knowledge elements, which is beneficial for the city to acquire, integrate and absorb new knowledge for collaborative innovation. Secondly, the characteristics of knowledge network and the location of cooperation network jointly affect the collaborative innovation performance of urban agglomeration. Specifically, the centrality of cooperative network positively regulates the impact of knowledge diversity and knowledge combination opportunities on innovation performance, while the structural hole of cooperative network negatively regulates the impact of knowledge diversity and knowledge combination opportunities on innovation performance. On the one hand, the central city can contact a wide range of innovative resources through a large number of direct connections. And it has an advantage in identifying the distribution of innovative knowledge, thus absorbing new knowledge and reorganizing existing knowledge at a lower cost. On the other hand, cities occupying structural holes bring direct costs for them to acquire non-redundant knowledge, which hinders the absorption and utilization of diverse knowledge by cities, and thus is not conducive to collaborative innovation. Finally, the joint influence of cooperative network location and knowledge network characteristics on collaborative innovation performance of urban agglomeration is also influenced by cooperative network characteristics. Cooperative network density positively readjusts the moderating effect of cooperative network centrality on knowledge network characteristics and collaborative innovation performance, while negatively readjusts the moderating effect of cooperative network structural hole on knowledge network characteristics and collaborative innovation performance. The positive trend of cooperative network centrality readjusts the moderating effect of cooperative network centrality on knowledge network characteristics and collaborative innovation performance. On the one hand, there are a lot of connections between cities in high-density network, which improves the efficiency and flow speed of knowledge transfer and reduces the innovation cost, thus strengthening the positive adjustment of centrality and weakening the negative adjustment of structural holes. On the other hand, the connectivity in the high central potential network depends on some cities, which is conducive to the formation of a sound standard of cooperation and the promotion of knowledge flow. Therefore, it can strengthen the positive adjustment of centrality and weaken the negative adjustment of structural hole.Based on the above research conclusions, we put forward some suggestions for collaborative innovation of urban agglomeration. Firstly, the government should break down cooperation barriers and integrate innovative resources. Talent introduction and project combination can be used to realize efficient utilization and reorganization of diversified innovative knowledge. Secondly, the government should optimize the network layout and establish a long-term cooperation mechanism. The construction of leading cities and core cities in urban agglomerations can play their leading and radiating role, and then establish a benign development cooperation order. Finally, the government should improve the connectivity of urban agglomerations and build advantageous industries. Measures such as improving infrastructure and creating cross-city and inter-provincial cooperation projects can encourage the establishment of collaborative innovation cooperation between cities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of frontier topics and essays in Science Research Management and comparison with international studies example Zhang Lu, Lu Ye, Wang Ping 2023, 44(3): 33-42.  Abstract ( 235 )       As an important academic exchange platform in the field of management science, Science Research Management has launched frontier topics since 2018 in line with the domestic and international situation, and responded actively to the latest development strategy of the country, which has continuously added topics that are frontier, innovative and practical. This paper adopts the content analysis method to systematically sort out the front topic selection solicitation of Science Research Management, and compares it with international research, in order to explore the path to improve the academic influence of frontier topic selection and the value of academic research results under topic selection, so as to put forward the future development direction and suggestions of the journal. The findings are as follows: (1) Based on the in-depth analysis of the latest national development strategy, Science Research Management added frontier topics such as national scientific and technological security, regional innovation ecosystem construction, basic research and original innovation ability, guided scholars to take China′s "situation" as the basis of framework construction and research assumptions based on the urgent practical problems to be solved in China, analyzed the imperfect national scientific and technological security system, weak regional innovation ability and carried out a forward-looking analysis on problems such as insufficient original innovation ability. (2) The frontier topics proposed by Science Research Management, which makes full use of China′s institutional advantages, are of great significance to the innovation of management theory with Chinese characteristics. However, the research results under the topic did not fully achieve the research goal of building a perfect theoretical system based on the situation with Chinese characteristics. The first reason is that the practice and problems of management with Chinese characteristics are complex and diverse, and it is difficult to condense the theory to meet the requirements of science and universality as well as Chinese characteristics. Secondly, the existing research of Science Research Management mainly takes the western theory as the underlying structure to support the development of the localization theory system, and less considers the elements with Chinese characteristics. However, compared with the western countries, the embedded national situation, social culture and institutional environment of China′s enterprise innovation management practice are different, so the existing theoretical basis lacks a certain fit with the management practice with Chinese characteristics. (3) In the future, on the one hand, Science Research Management can strengthen the sharing and dissemination of frontier topics and high-quality research results by expanding the publicity channels of frontier topics, setting up research columns on frontier topics, and building display positions for innovative results of topics, so as to attract more scholars to understand and comprehensively and deeply analyze the major problems related to management science in the development process of China behind frontier topics. At the same time, guiding scholars to build a perfect and more national characteristic management innovation theoretical system based on China′s national conditions and enterprise characteristic management practice to guide the development of local enterprises. On the other hand, Science Research Management still needs to go deeper into the local institutional environment and cultural background, and dig out topics that are more of China′s practical significance and can fully reflect the times and frontier nature of academic research. At the same time, Science Research Management is supposed to constantly improve the quality of topics and guide scholars to embed China′s unique situational characteristics into research design, so as to provide original management theory support with academic value for the high-quality innovation and development of local enterprises. Although there are shortcomings in this paper, the more important significance lies in, on the one hand, analyzing the frontier topics of Science Research Management and the current situation of academic research under international related topics, clarifying the differences in research direction between domestic and foreign scholars under the guidance of different situations, and inspiring more scholars to realize that China′s unique institutional situation can give birth to a theoretical system with more characteristics of China′s national conditions, thus attracting scholars to embed China′s unique situation characteristics into research designs. On the other hand, combined with the Chinese situation, this paper puts forward the research prospect, guides scholars to pay attention to the emerging new problems and phenomena, takes the practical problems to be solved in China as the research breakthrough, and provides constantly the frontier theory rooted in Chinese management practice for the field of Chinese management science. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolution of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional collaborative innovation network and its influencing factors Su Yi, Cao Zheng 2023, 44(3): 43-55.  Abstract ( 156 )       Collaborative innovation can realize the sharing of advanced technology and the complementation of advantageous resources among different subjects, and can effectively reduce the risk brought by the uncertainty of single-subject innovation, this is of great significance for guiding innovation activities, allocating regional innovation resources rationally and improving regional innovation ability. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional urban agglomeration is an important link in the regional economic ties among Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and a major carrier of coordinated innovation. It enjoys good conditions for development and strong policy support, but the innovation output is still restricted by such problems as the flow of innovation factors and the gathering of necessary resources, such as knowledge and information. To study the regional collaborative innovation network of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Region, and to study the impact of the structure and multi-dimensional proximity of the collaborative innovation network on the network, this is particularly critical to enhance the ability of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei region to co-ordinate innovation and drive regional economic growth through innovation.Based on the data of joint patent application in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2006 to 2020, this paper constructs a regional collaborative innovation network in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. By using social network analysis (SNA), this paper analyzes the structure of collaborative innovation networks, and tests the necessity and adequacy of the five adjacent dimensions that influence the collaborative innovation networks in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, a quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) regression model was constructed to study the effect of five adjacent dimensions on the evolution of collaborative innovation networks. The research shows that the cities in the Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei region are more and more closely connected, and the capacity of the largest node to absorb resources and obtain information has no significant change compared with other nodes in the three stages, co-innovation networks meet the small-world characteristics of the Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei regional co-innovation networks, with Beijing and Tianjin occupying the first and second core positions respectively, the status, control ability and autonomy of the nodes in the collaborative innovation network show different gradients and have been improved in the past ten years. The proximity of space transaction costs is the necessity and sufficiency that affects the Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei regional collaborative innovation network, while the other proximity dimensions are the sufficient and unnecessary conditions that affect the Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei regional collaborative innovation network. The impact of spatial transaction cost proximity and geographical proximity on the Tianjin Hebei regional collaborative innovation network gradually decreases, the effect of technology proximity on the regional collaborative innovation network in Tianjin, Hebei and China is significant and inverted U-shaped, the impact of social proximity and institutional proximity on the regional collaborative innovation network in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei is gradually increasing. Based on the above findings, this paper puts forward several suggestions on network structure and network evolution for the development of Tianjin Hebei regional collaborative innovation network.Compared with the existing research, the innovation of the paper lies in: first, in the research method level, the scholars use the traditional econometric regression research method to assume that regions are independent of each other, there is no recognition of the possible spatial correlation of transaction costs, and there is a lack of a unified analytical framework to integrate transaction costs and collaborative innovation into the same system. In this paper, the temporal global principal component analysis is used to measure the spatial transaction costs in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The csQCA truth table algorithm is used to analyze the data to obtain the logical possible coverage and consistency scores, to verify that the spatial transaction cost is the necessity and sufficiency that affects the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region regional collaborative innovation network, and to study the significance of the spatial transaction cost proximity to the collaborative innovation network. Secondly, at the theoretical level, scholars study the influence of geographical proximity on collaborative innovation networks from the perspective of geo-economics, however, from the perspective of space transaction cost, technological economy, sociology and institutional economy, the different adjacent dimensions will have different impacts on the collaborative innovation network. Based on the multi-dimensional proximity theory, this paper regards the spatial transaction cost, technology, geography, social and institutional factors as proximity, the influence of multiple adjacent dimensions on the evolution of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region regional collaborative innovation network was analyzed by using quadratic assignment procedure(QAP) regression, which can realize the significance test between "relationship and relationship". Related Articles | Metrics

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The role identification and countermeasures of innovation-driven urban real economic growth: A case study of Hangzhou City Wang Jiwu, Zhao Yangzi 2023, 44(3): 56-64.  Abstract ( 92 )       The real economy is fundamental to promote the development of social economy, and innovation activities are closely related to the development of the real economy. Exploring the relationship between innovation activities and the real economy is of great significance for realizing the transition from "Made in China" to "Created in China". Only by clarifying the causal logic between innovation activities and industrial development, summarizing its spatial development rules and trends, can we take further effective measures to promote the development of the real economy. Cities are the most basic and important units that can effectively implement policies and plans for creating development. However, the research on the relationship between innovation activities and the development of real economy at the city scale is still very scarce. This leads to the problem of "missing link" between "research and planning of urban innovation space development" and "research of urban industrial development". This has greatly affected the pertinence and effectiveness of urban factor resources planning and allocation. At the same time, different industries have their own characteristics of production activities, so innovation activities have different impacts on different industries. At present, there is still a lack of targeted research on specific industries.This paper selects Hangzhou as the object of empirical study. Information industry, health industry and high-end equipment manufacturing industry, which are driven by innovation, are chosen to carry out the empirical research. In terms of data selection, gross output value of main economic indicators of industrial is selected to represent industrial development, and patent data is selected to represent innovation activities. First of all, we establish VAR model to analyze the causal logic between industrial innovation activities and industrial development. Secondly, we use Kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation to judge the spatial distribution and trends of innovation activities, and further put forward planning countermeasures and suggestions.In the perspective of the interaction logic between innovation activities and industrial development, not all the key industrial developments in cities with the attribute of "innovation-driven development" directly benefit from urban innovation activities. Among them, the time sequence evolution process of innovation activities and industrial development of high-end equipment manufacturing industry is specifically manifested as "the increase of innovation activities is the cause, and the acceleration of industrial development is the result". That is to say, the innovation activities of high-end equipment manufacturing industry have a significant causal driving effect on its industrial development, and this driving effect has certain periodic characteristics.In the perspective of the distribution pattern, the development of innovation activities in high-end equipment manufacturing industry presented three main stages from 2004 to 2017, including "agglomeration in the downtown area"," emergence of growth poles" and "scatter distribution". In the first stage, the innovation activities show the development of a single center in the downtown area. In the second stage, with the further development of the downtown area, knowledge production sources relying on universities and innovation clusters appeared in the urban fringe. In the third stage, innovation activities were further gathered around the knowledge production source, and at the same time a large number of clusters appeared in the urban fringe. The evolution of the distribution pattern of innovation activities in Hangzhou high-end equipment manufacturing industry has the spatial development process and characteristics from "small agglomeration and large dispersion" to "multi-center and dispersion" and then to "multi-center and fragmented agglomeration".Based on the space-time evolution process and trends of innovation activities, and with the purpose of promoting the development of high-end equipment manufacturing industry, the corresponding measures for the spatial development of innovation activities are proposed: (1) Focus on innovation and cultivation in surrounding areas of universities. It is necessary to gradually cultivate and promote the gathering of innovative talents around universities and strengthen the ability of independent innovation of enterprises. Universities should become innovation centers and promote the development of neighboring areas. (2) Strengthen the cultivation and development of industrial clusters. The coordinated development of transportation organizations and infrastructure should be fully considered. The joint construction of the downtown area and industrial agglomeration areas should be planed. The integration of industrial agglomeration areas and urban central areas should be improved. (3) Optimize the use of the stock space in the downtown area of the city. We should pay attention to the optimal utilization of space stock resources in the downtown area in the development of innovative space.This study takes a typical city as an example to carry out an empirical study, and discusses the spatial development law of urban innovation activities and its driving role in the development of urban real economy, which is of great significance for implementing the allocation of urban resource elements and organizing the development of innovation activities, and improving the innovation-driven effectiveness of urban R&D investment in industrial development. Furthermore, it will be of great significance to realize innovation-driven development of real economy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synergy path of the high-quality development of urban digital economy: A qualitative comparative analysis based on the techno-economic paradigm Xia Ming, Zhou Wenyong, Xie Zhimin 2023, 44(3): 65-74.  Abstract ( 136 )       China′s economic construction will enter a stage of high-quality development during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period. With the vigorous development of digital technologies such as big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence, and their accelerated integration with various industries, the digital economy is playing an increasingly important role in economic and social development. How to promote the high-quality development of the digital economy has become the focus of the transformation and upgrading of China′s future economic growth mode.Most existing studies focus on the impact of individual factors on the quality of the digital economy, however, as a new wave of techno-economic paradigm, the digital economy is a complex system that is influenced by a combination of multiple factors. Considering the multiple factors affecting the quality of the digital economy, such as technology, capital, facilities, institutions, and markets, as system elements, helps to comprehensively understand the synergistic effects among the influencing factors of the digital economy. Therefore, based on the paradigm theory of technology economy, this paper further extends its application in analyzing the combination of multiple factor relationships, reveals the complex mechanism of multiple factors linking to influence output, proposes an integrated analytical framework for analyzing the quality of the digital economy in cities, and introduces configuration thinking into the study of digital economy quality at the city level, takes 69 cities in China as case samples, using the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method (fs/QCA) to analyze the synergistic influence mechanism of human capital, financial capital, R&D capabilities, digital infrastructure, government scale, and market scale on the high-quality development of the urban digital economy. Conclusions are as follows: (1) Human capital, financial capital, R&D capabilities, digital infrastructure, government scale, and market scale cannot individually constitute the necessary conditions for a city′s high and non-high digital economy quality, indicating that the explanatory power of single condition to the quality of the digital economy is weak; (2) There are three driving paths for the city′s high digital economy quality: network-capital driven, talent- business environment driven, and R&D-market driven; (3) There are two driving paths for urban non-high digital economy quality: network-market restraint and capital-R&D restraint; (4) The influence of the government scale shows a certain asymmetry, that is, a smaller government scale, when matched with sufficient human capital and a larger market scale, is conducive to driving the high-quality development of the urban digital economy, but a larger government scale will not significantly inhibit the development of urban digital economy.This study puts forward two policy implications as follows: on the one hand, the government should combine regional resource endowments and use a configuration approach to formulate targeted education, financial, industrial, and public policies to take advantage of policy combinations and concentrate strong regional resources to develop key core elements. On the other hand, the government should realize a shift from regulatory mindset to prudent and inclusive mindset at the level of supervision, and provide a relaxed institutional environment for the development of the digital economy while carrying out regulation in various aspects such as data asset identification, network platform governance, industry anti-monopoly, and cross-border data circulation to achieve a balance between development and compliance, competition and innovation, efficiency and fairness, and security and openness. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the spatiotemporal prediction of ship carbon emissions based on the deep learning model Luan Jianlin, Feng Yinwei, Li Haijiang, Wang Xinjian, Jia Peng Kuang Haibo 2023, 44(3): 75-85.  Abstract ( 219 )       Maritime transport is the backbone of international trade and global economy, but ocean-going ships are also causing increasing emissions problems. With the advent of the big data era, ship emission governance has also entered a new stage. The traditional measurement and prediction methods of ship carbon emissions have a number of challenges, including poor data quality, single dimension, limited precision and rough resolution. As a result, it is impossible to establish an adequate picture of the actual emissions produced by ships, and it is also difficult to predict the evolution trend of emissions in time and space dimensions, posing significant difficulties in the governance of carbon emissions from ships. At the moment, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and China attach great importance to the decarbonization of ships, and have successively proposed and restated the 2050 shipping decarbonization target, as well as the "dual carbon" goal. The decarbonization of ships is becoming increasingly severe, and it is urgent to further accelerate the decarbonization process of ships.Based on the above background, in order to further improve China′s carbon emission measurement system and prediction theory, as well as increase the accuracy of ship carbon emission measurement and prediction, this study relies on the massive shipping big data resources, employs big data analysis technology and artificial intelligence theory, and conducts an in-depth research on the identification of navigation status in ship carbon emission measurement and the issue of ignoring spatial correlation in ship carbon emission prediction. The aim is to propose a novel navigation status identification method and a ship carbon emission prediction framework in the context of big data.The innovations of this study are mainly reflected in the following aspects: firstly, the traditional navigation status classification method only takes into account two factors: ship speed over ground and main engine load, and the error rate is considerable. In order to improve the accuracy of navigation status identification, a novel spatiotemporal trajectory probe algorithm is proposed based on a thorough examination of multidimensional motion characteristics, such as the duration of navigation statuses, the geographical coverage of ship activities, and the heading changes. It considers a trajectory segment as the base unit and can achieve high accuracy of navigation status identification. Secondly, existing ship carbon emission prediction methods mainly adopt time series data, which means they can only predict the time evolution pattern of carbon emission, but cannot reflect the spatial correlation. In order to realize multiple prediction of carbon emissions in space-time dimensions, a novel spatiotemporal prediction model for ship carbon emissions is proposed in this study, which applies the ConvLSTM method in the field of deep predictive learning. A spatiotemporal dataset creating approach based on GIS identity analysis is also provided. The model can not only predict the temporal evolution of ship carbon emissions, but also properly account for the spatial dependency of carbon emissions using convolution operations.Taking China′s Bohai Sea as an example, a verification experiment for the proposed novel navigation status identification algorithm and ship carbon emission prediction framework is designed in this study. The results show that, firstly, after incorporating more ship motion features, the spatiotemporal trajectory probe algorithm proposed in this study can accurately identify various navigation status with an accuracy rate of more than 90% when compared to traditional algorithms, which effectively improves the accuracy of ship carbon emission measurement. Secondly, the ship carbon emission prediction framework based on the ConvLSTM model combines the advantages of convolutional neural networks (CNN) in processing spatial relationships and recurrent neural networks (RNN) in dealing with time series problems, which and can converge stably on spatio-temporal slice datasets constructed based on GIS identity analysis. Furthermore, it can accurately predict the hotspots of ship emissions, enriching the theory of ship carbon emission prediction driven by deep learning technology.Based on the "dual carbon" goal of China, this study employs the emerging big data analysis technology and artificial intelligence algorithms to improve the carbon emission measurement system of ships, providing a new solution for the prediction of spatial and temporal multidimensional ship carbon emissions, which aids in the exploration of the characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of carbon emission and the law of spatial evolution, and provides a theoretical basis for the formulation and adjustment of decarbonization policy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The impact of China′s fiscal decentralization on regional innovation: Race to the bottom or race to be better Qiu Guoqing, Li Jingwen 2023, 44(3): 86-94.  Abstract ( 124 )   China′s economy fundamentals have changed in essence, which has stepped to a new stage of economic development. In the new normal state, China′s economy of high-quality development is the key point of realization of shifting from that of factor-driven and investment-driven to innovation-driven. The report of the 19th CPC National Congress pointed out that it is necessary to accelerate the construction of an innovative country and strengthen strategic and technological strength and it will be among the forefront of an innovative country from 2020 to 2035. In theory, innovation is not only the result of market choice, but also the result of government promotion. Perfect regional innovation system cannot be formed endogenously in the process of operation by market mechanism and economic system. Therefore, the development of regional innovation activities is intrinsically dependent on government forces. The government plays an important role in the innovation system, including formulating the innovation strategy and guiding the direction of innovation, shaping the innovation environment, coordinating the economic and social interests of the innovation subjects, and providing basic knowledge and common technology for the application research. As an important state function, fiscal decentralization has some unique advantages in stimulating regional innovation, and can play an important role in both supply side and demand side. Based on this background, the paper reveals how the China′s fiscal decentralization system impact on regional innovation level: race to the bottom or race to be better? Therefore, spatial panel Durbin model is used to explore the impact of China′s fiscal decentralization system on regional innovation based on the panel data of 30 provincial-level regions in China from 2000 to 2018. The empirical results show that: First, regional innovation level itself has spatial spillover effect, and innovation activities of adjacent areas have formed a good effect of collaborative innovation agglomeration. Second, China′s fiscal decentralization system improves the regional innovation level, and further deepening fiscal system reform is conducive to mobilize regional government enthusiasm, which will be helpful to stimulate innovation outputs. Third, there is an obvious spatial correlation for the effects of China′s fiscal decentralization on the regional innovation, which indicates that regional innovation of both local and surrounding regions will increase as fiscal decentralization enhances, which is the fundamental cause of race to the better of regional innovation. This study contributes to better understanding of the external driving force of local innovation investment and provides some helpful ideas for stimulating regional innovation. Based on the above research conclusions, the enlightenment of this paper mainly includes the following points: Firstly, strengthen the linkage effect among different provinces. Considering the spatial spillover effect of regional innovation in empirical outcomes, provincial-level regions should strengthen cooperation with each other in innovation activities. Secondly, perfect financial incentive mechanism of supporting the implementation of innovation driven strategy. The central government should also further decentralize the financial power, gradually improve the self-determination of local fiscal revenue and expenditure, and guarantee the flexibility and regional suitability of local fiscal expenditure. Thirdly, setting up fiscal system of innovative powers appropriate to expenditure responsibility, which will gradually transfer grass-roots governments′ innovative expenditure responsibility to upper-level governments, and reduce the pressure on grass-roots governments′ innovative expenditure. Finally, changing government performance appraisal mechanism, and the central and local governments should gradually change the content of performance appraisal oriented by short-term GDP growth. The innovations of this paper are as follows: Firstly, this paper focuses on the provincial spatial effect, and analyzes spatial effect of fiscal decentralization on regional innovation, which enriches the relevant research on the impact of fiscal decentralization on regional innovation. Secondly, the paper will establish a theoretical model of fiscal decentralization and regional innovation, which further explore its theoretical mechanism. The contribution will expand the research content and perspectives of fiscal decentralization on regional innovation and deepen the theoretical knowledge in the fiscal decentralization′s innovation effect. Thirdly, the paper crystallizes the mechanism of the role of fiscal decentralization in regional innovation and provides new empirical evidence for the State and local governments. The evidence will help policymakers improve regional innovation incentive mechanisms and the institutional environment. Moreover, the paper also offers policy recommendations to ensure that fiscal decentralization can bring in the positive effect of regional innovation and shed light on the good uses of fiscal decentralization for governments. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the influence paths of science and technology talent policies on urban innovation Cheng Conghui, Zhong Yan 2023, 44(3): 95-101.  Abstract ( 188 )        Innovation is the primary force to drive urban development. In the comprehensive science and technology policy system, talent policy is an important factor affecting urban innovation, as various types of talents provide intellectual support for innovation. Practically, different cities in China have issued a wide range of science and technology talent policies. Against this background, it is of great significance to study the causal paths through which these policies affect urban innovation. However, the existing literature does not provide an answer to this question. On one hand, most studies on science and technology talent policy evaluated the policy itself, few have focused on how such policies exert consequences quantitatively; on the other hand, studies on urban innovation either focused on its measurement, or considered it as a dependent variable to explore the impacts of both government policies and other conditional variables.Based on the related literature, this paper deconstructs science and technology talent policy into ten dimensions, namely, policy maneuverability, talent cultivation, talent flow, talents incentive, talent investment, talent management and service, the guarantee for talents, science and technology innovation culture and environment construction, talent entrepreneurship and talent evaluation. Through collecting and quantifying the policy documents of 27 provincial capitals and 4 municipalities and measuring the urban innovation level with urban innovation index, the crisp set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA) method is used to analyze the paths through which science and technology talent policy affects urban innovation.It finds that the paths through which science and technology talent policy promotes urban innovation can be summarized into three types: innovation and entrepreneurship-oriented type, cycle-driven type, and regulation and guarantee type. For the first type, city governments pay attention to guide the innovation and entrepreneurship of science and technology talents, to improve the social environment, and to strengthen the construction of urban infrastructure related to the diffusion of knowledge and technology. For the second type, out of the concern for science and technology talents themselves, city governments emphasize the cultivation, motivation, and service for talents, and by promoting the transformation of science and technology achievements to back feed the resource input, to continuously enhance the level of urban innovation. For the third type, city governments emphasize to maintain order by regulating the market, and to guarantee the life of talents.In terms of policy implications, it is completely different to improve the degree of marketization from improving the market normative level. The former is to put science and technology talents into the market environment for competition. The fiercer the competition is, the more obvious the trend of fittest survival will be. However, it may violate fairness and endanger market order. The latter is to impose various restrictions on market competition with the policy tool as imposed hand. By regulating the talent market, science and technology talents in various industries and fields can make progress side by side and hence achieve the goal of urban innovation. Since there are huge gaps in technological innovation resources as well as technological development level among different regions and cities in China, local governments should choose corresponding paths to carry out innovation activities, to enhance innovation output, and to improve the level of urban innovation.This paper makes a systematic exploration on the internal mechanism through which science and technology talent policy impacts on urban innovation for the first time. It contributes to the literature in the following aspects: first, it applies the csQCA method and conducts cross case causality analysis of different cities. The urban innovation results acquired under different combinations of science and technology talent policy elements are helpful to theoretically enrich the literature on both science and technology policy and urban innovation. Second, depending on the specific situation and configuration, it finds three types of influence paths. Conclusions from this research can provide references for local governments to design suitable science and technology talent policy and hence promote urban innovation practically. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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What kind of innovation has the new energy vehicle industry policy promoted? Xiong Yongqing, Qin Shufeng 2023, 44(3): 102-111.  Abstract ( 204 )       There are many controversies about the actual effect of China′s new energy vehicle (NEV) industry policy on promoting the innovation of NEV enterprises. From a macro perspective, China has introduced a series of subsidized and nonsubsidized policies pertaining to the NEV industry during recent years. Although these policies have effectively promoted the rapid expansion of the NEV industry, the effectiveness of industrial policies on R&D and innovation incentives has always been controversial. On the micro level, it is quite common for some NEV enterprises to blindly pursue innovation quantity and ignore innovation quality to extract policy benefits. This practice of seeking quantity rather than quality is essentially a strategic low-quality innovation preference, which is contrary to the ‘initial heart’ of NEV industry policies, which is about promoting high-level R&D and innovation. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of the micro-mechanism underlying the impact of China′s NEV industry policies on innovation preferences is of great practical significance for further ensuring the precision of industry policies in terms of incentivizing innovation.In the process of studying the impacts of China′s NEV industry policies on innovation preferences, there are three issues that we should pay much more attention to. First, the subsidized and nonsubsidized policies pertaining to China′s NEVs are not identical, and their impacts on NEV enterprises are also different. Under the differing effects of these distinct types of industrial policies, enterprises will show varying innovation preferences. Some enterprises will focus on substantive innovation, while others may focus on strategic innovation. Second, the support of industrial policies currently comprises the main driving force of China′s NEV industry. Since the implementation of industrial policies usually manifests that government intervenes and dominates the allocation of some resources, enterprises tend to establish close ties with the organizations that control resources. Political connections have become the most common type of intimate relationship established between enterprises and governments in the context of industrial policy implementation. Therefore, there is bound to be a moderating impact of political connections on the relationship between subsidized and nonsubsidized policies and the innovation preferences of NEV enterprises. Third, China′s NEV industry has experienced multiple stages. During the different development stages of the NEV industry, the innovation foundation and resource endowment of enterprises are different; thus, the effects of subsidized and nonsubsidized policies on the innovation preferences of NEV enterprises are bound to be different.To address the above three questions, this study selects the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares of listed Chinese NEV manufacturing enterprises from 2010 to 2018 as research samples. We study and analyze the different impacts of subsidized and nonsubsidized policies on the substantive and strategic innovation preferences of these NEV enterprises. During analysis, we also take the moderating impact of political connections and the different development stages of China′s NEV industry into account. The results demonstrated that, first, NEV industrial policies have an overall effect on the promotion of enterprises′ innovation preferences; however, different types of industrial policies affect enterprises′ preferences regarding substantial or strategic innovation differently at varying development stages. Industrial policies still do not sufficiently stimulate enterprises′ high-level innovation. Specifically, subsidized policies pertaining to the NEV industry more effectively promote the overall innovation of enterprises, but they are also more likely to cause enterprises to prefer strategic innovation. Although nonsubsidized policies have a relatively small promoting effect on the overall innovation of enterprises, they can more effectively stimulate enterprises to prefer substantive innovation. During the development of the NEV industry, the impact of the subsidized policies increased at first and then decreased. In addition, these policies have had a greater impact on strategic innovation. The impact of nonsubsidized policies gradually increased over this time period, and these policies have had a greater impact on enterprise′ preferences for substantive innovation.Second, the innovation behavior of NEV enterprises is inseparable from their political connections. The political connections of NEV enterprises have a moderating effect on the relationship between industrial policies and innovation preferences, but this moderating effect of political connections is not identical for each of the impacts of the different types of industrial policies on enterprises′ different innovation preferences. Overall, political connections have a positive moderating effect on the influence mechanism of subsidized policies and a negative moderating effect on the influence mechanism of nonsubsidized policies. In terms of the specific innovation preferences of enterprises, political connections have a positive moderating effect on the relationship between subsidized policies and the strategic innovation of NEV enterprises, and a negative moderating effect on the relationship between nonsubsidized policies and the substantive innovation of NEV enterprises.Therefore, in order to promote the substantive innovation of NEV industry policies, it is necessary to change the current ‘one size fits all’ administrative arrangement model of subsidized policies. Meanwhile, the content of non-subsidized policy should be further enriched and the implementation of non-subsidized policy should be strengthened. In addition, it is also a necessity to grasp the moderating effect of enterprises′ political connections in promoting high-level innovation of NEV industrial policies. This paper enriched the analytical framework of nonsubsidized policies and enterprise innovation incentives, and provided empirical evidence for optimizing NEV industry policies and better encouraging enterprises to substantive innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the impact of patent risk perception on the performance of technology entrepreneurship: The mediating role based on organizational control and opportunity recognition Su Shibin, Chen Yuqiong, Li Guangpei 2023, 44(3): 112-122.  Abstract ( 89 )       As an effective means to improve the quality and efficiency of the real economy, technological entrepreneurship is an inevitable choice to solve the deep-seated contradictions and problems in current economic development. It is also important to accelerate the transformation of economic development model, adjust economic structure, and raise the quality and efficiency of economic development. What′s more, technological entrepreneurship is also a concrete measure to implement "high-quality development" as one of the important guiding ideologies of economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee. However, the success rate of technological entrepreneurship in our country is about 25%, and the real industrialization rate is less than 5%, which is far from 80% conversion rate in developed countries. There are many reasons for the above situation, and the high patent risk index is one of the important reasons. The core resource of technological entrepreneurship is patents, and China′s patent risk index ranks second in Asia. There are many patent risks in the process of technological entrepreneurship. There are many patent risks in the process of technological entrepreneurship. However, China′s technological entrepreneurs have insufficient patent risk perception in general, which weakens the ability to avoid patent risks in the process of technological entrepreneurship and greatly reduces the performance of technological entrepreneurship in China. In order to improve the performance of China′s technological entrepreneurship and promote high-quality economic development, we must attach great importance to the patent risk perception ability in the process of technological entrepreneurship.However, the existing relevant achievements have the following shortcomings: First, there is a lack of systematic research results on the relationship between patent risk perception, organizational control, opportunity identification, entrepreneurship policy and technology entrepreneurship performance; Second, whether the existing relationships among risk perception, organizational control, opportunity identification, entrepreneurial policy and entrepreneurial performance are suitable for patent risk perception, organizational control, opportunity identification, entrepreneurial policy and technological entrepreneurial performance need to be verified; Third, the existing measurement of patent risk perception and entrepreneurship policy is far from the reality, especially not suitable for China′s national condition. Therefore, this paper uses social cognition theory to construct a theoretical model of the relationship among patent risk perception, organizational control, opportunity identification, entrepreneurial policy, and technological entrepreneurial performance. Through model fitting and regression analysis on 317 valid questionnaires, it is concluded that organizational control and opportunity identification play a mediating role in the impact of patent risk perception on technological entrepreneurship performance, and entrepreneurial policy have a moderating role in patent risk perception affecting technological entrepreneurship performance through opportunity identification, and so on. After a detailed analysis of the above conclusions, we finally obtained the three innovation points of this research and put forward the following four policy recommendations based on the innovation points: first, various factors should be comprehensively considered to improve the performance of technology entrepreneurship; second, the ability of organizing and controlling patent risk should be strengthened in the process of technological entrepreneurship; third, the ability of identifying technological entrepreneurship opportunities should be improved; fourth, the comprehensive application ability of entrepreneurship policies should be improved; and finally, the limitations and prospects of the research should be put forward. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the governance role of hidden champions under global value chains: A case study based on the perspective of knowledge power Jia Yibo, Su Jingqin 2023, 44(3): 122-132.  Abstract ( 117 )       Over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up, a large number of hidden champions have emerged who have long been embedded in the production and manufacturing links of GVCs. By virtue of their competitive advantages in products, technologies and services, they can gradually influence and shape the existing GVCs governance structure together with leading global firms. The leap-forward transformation of the role played by hidden champions in GVCs has prompted the academic community to re-examine the implicit assumption followed by the GVCs governance theory, that is, local suppliers only assume the governance role of the "dominated", which can also provide basic support for China to re-plan its layout in GVCs and timely adjust its development strategy in the international division of labor. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to explore the governance role of hidden champions in GVCs compared with the original "dominated" role. Based on the perspective of knowledge power, the analytical framework of "Identity-Role" theory is constructed, an exploratory multi-case study was carried out on four hidden champions. The study finds that: (1) the knowledge power of hidden champions consists of five dimensions under GVCs: technology power, marketing power, relationship power, institutional power and acceptance power. (2) In the internal governance activities under GVCs, hidden champions mainly exercise relational power, technical power, identification power and institutional power, and assume the governance role of "knowledge collaborator". (3) In the external governance activities under GVCs, hidden champions have different governance roles in relation to customers or subordinate suppliers respectively. Specifically, in the face of customers, hidden champions mainly exercise technical and relational power, and assume the governance role of "complementary player". In the face of subordinate suppliers, hidden champions mainly exercise relationship power and market power, and assume the governance role of "tractor". The theoretical contribution of this study includes two aspects: firstly, based on the knowledge power perspective, this paper identifies the multiple governance roles of hidden champions in the governance activities of GVCs through constructing a theoretical analysis framework of "Identity-Role", enriching the literature on the governance roles of suppliers in GVCs. The implicit assumption that traditional GVCs governance theory follows, namely the local supplier only assumes the governance role of the "dominated", hardly reveals the growing role of hidden champions. In contrast, this paper reveals the multiple governance roles of hidden champions under GVCs from the perspective of knowledge power by clarifying the differentiated roles and main functions of the five dimensions of knowledge power of invisible champions with "dual identities". The findings provide useful lessons for deepening research related to the governance role of suppliers under GVCs. Secondly, by constructing a constitutive dimension model of knowledge power of hidden champions under GVCs, this paper bridges the theoretical gap in the constitutive dimension of knowledge power resulting from the excessive attention of the existing researches on the global leading enterprises. The existing literature on the dimensions of knowledge power composition under GVCs has mostly focused on global dominant firms, while ignoring the emerging research subject of hidden champions, and thus rarely involve the dimensions of their knowledge power composition. In contrast, this paper deconstructs the dimensions of knowledge power composition of hidden champions under GVCs, reveals the unique dimension of "relational power", and draws on existing research results to analyze the other dimensions and their connotation characteristics, so as to build the constitutive dimension model of knowledge power of hidden champions under GVCs. The findings expand the literature on the dimensions of knowledge power constitution under GVCs. The practical enlightenment includes three aspects: firstly, hidden champions need to embed in GVCs with a more open attitude, and build long-term close relationships with more high-quality customers and subordinate suppliers to continuously acquire critical knowledge resources. Secondly, hidden champions need to improve the internal knowledge integration system to further enhance the "proprietary nature" of internal knowledge resources. Thirdly, hidden champions need to give full play to their multiple governance roles in the industry chains, and effectively transfer and utilize their own key and unique knowledge resources to drive the linkage upgrade of local industrial clusters. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the influence factors on the examination period of high-profit patents based on examination efficiency Huang Zongqi, Qiao Yongzhong 2023, 44(3): 133-141.  Abstract ( 87 )       It is very important to study the factors that influence the examination period of high-profit patents to improve the efficiency of patent examination. This paper takes patent applications to the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) from 1993 to 1999, which have lasted for 20 years as a sample. By observing the mechanism of patent examination by the Chinese Patent Office, the examination period could be divided into two stages: the preliminary examination period and the substantive examination period. The Violin Plot analysis and Cox regression model are used to conduct a phased study on influence factors on the examination period of high-profit patents. Specifically, the Violin Plot is used to analyze the distribution of application years, technical fields and applicant countries on the examination period in different stages. The Cox regression model is used to explore the correlation between the variables and the substantive examination period. The variables include the number of IPC classifications, the number of simple patent families, the number of priorities, the number of claims, the number of inventors, the number of references to patent literature/non-patent literature and the number of forward citations.According to the response of the Violin Plot to the data, the main findings are as follows: Firstly, the preliminary examination period and the substantive examination period are very unevenly distributed, with obvious discrete values. Secondly, the substantive examination period as a whole is longer than the preliminary examination period. Thirdly, the preliminary examination period is not greatly affected by the different application years and technical fields, but is significantly affected by the different applicant countries. Fourthly, the substantive examination period is significantly affected by the different application years, technical fields, and applicant countries. Judging from the final operating results of the Cox regression model, the substantive examination period of high-profit patents has a significant correlation with the number of IPC classifications, the number of priorities, the number of claims, the number of inventors and the number of forward citations, in which the number of IPC classifications, the number of priorities and the number of claims are the protective factors of the substantive examination period, while the number of inventors and the number of forward citations are risk factors. This means that the increase in the number of IPC classifications, the number of priorities and the number of claims will lead to longer substantive examination time, but the increase in the number of inventors and the number of forward citations will lead to shorter substantive examination time.In order to reasonably and effectively improve the examination efficiency and further promote the construction of a world-class intellectual property examination agency, based on the research conclusions of Violin Plot and Cox regression analysis, the following specific recommendations are put forward. In the preliminary examination stage, the first is to appropriately shorten the time limit for applicants to submit substantive examination. The second is to strictly control the reasons for the applicant to postpone the request for substantive examination. The third is to explore a demand-oriented examination model for applicants. In the substantive examination stage, the first is to strictly control the reasons for delaying the reply to the notice of examination opinion. The second is the precise positioning and fine management of the substantive examination departments in different technical fields. The third is to strengthen the examiner′s theoretical study of the corresponding technical field and update professional technical knowledge in time. The fourth is to require applicants to accurately locate the technical field of the patent application and clarify the subject of the patent. The fifth is to require applicants to reasonably limit the boundaries and quantity of claims. The sixth is to strengthen the construction of an intelligent retrieval system to improve the informatization level of examiners′ technical retrieval. When compressing the examination period, the quality of patent examination should also be guaranteed. In this regard, the recommendations are as follows. The first is to increase the outsourcing of existing technology searches. The second is that innovative examination modes such as separation of examination and search can be adopted. The third is to seek more international cooperation in the existing technology search and improve the existing technology database. The scope of the existing technology search could be significantly increased by using external knowledge. Through these, it is expected to achieve a balance between quality and efficiency of examination.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence mechanism of prior experiences on new product development performance Li Yanni, Xu Lanxiang 2023, 44(3): 142-150.  Abstract ( 94 )       With the increasingly fierce competition in the market, the survival and development of start-up enterprises increasingly depend on their ability to launch new products, because new product development is the key means to diversify, update and even reshape enterprises to adapt to changing markets and technologies. However, the problems accompanying this process, such as unreasonable resource allocation, inaccurate market demand positioning, wrong decision-making, and lack of technology and knowledge, make start-up enterprises suffer heavy losses. The economic, social, physiological and psychological problems caused by the loss have hit the confidence of entrepreneurs and plunged them into a downturn. Existing research recognizes that prior experience is the most effective way to acquire technical knowledge, providing entrepreneurs with tacit knowledge and information, role familiarity and social network relationships, which can help start-up enterprises improve their new product development performance. In fact, the effect and influence path of individual cognition on performance output are often driven by multiple factors. The effect path of prior experience on new product development performance depends not only on the strategy of coping with losses, but also on the belief of overcoming losses. However, the related research is slightly weak. Based on conservation of resource theory and social cognition theory, we use 214 entrepreneurs′ questionnaire survey data for empirical analysis to explore the impact mechanism of prior experience on new product development performance. The results show that prior experience has a positive impact on new product development performance; resource-induced coping heuristic and innovative self-efficacy play a partial mediating role in the relationship between prior experience and new product development performance; prior experience indirectly affects the performance of new product development through the chain mediating effect of resource-induced coping heuristic and innovative self-efficacy. The theoretical implications for entrepreneurship research are as follows: (1) The paper constructs the influence mechanism model between prior experience and new product development performance, and elaborates the chain mediating effect of resource-induced coping heuristic and innovative self-efficacy, which makes up for the deficiency of existing research and opens up the "black box" between prior experience and new product development performance. (2) This study finds that resource-induced coping heuristic is a transformation mechanism between prior experience and new product development, which multiplies it into the field of entrepreneurship, and guides the focus of entrepreneurship research from "resource acquisition and integration" to "loss coping", providing a new perspective for entrepreneurship research. (3) This study expands the related research on innovative self-efficacy. A large number of studies have found that innovative self-efficacy is an important variable to explain entrepreneurial success, however, the source of innovative self-efficacy and how to cultivate it are still a difficult problem. This study provides an analytical thinking and perspective for this purpose. It is believed that resource-induced coping heuristic can reduce the level of uncertainty perception and give entrepreneurs confidence. It is an important source of innovative self-efficacy. The implications for entrepreneurial practice are as follows: (1) Prior experience is an important source of new product development performance. It is necessary for entrepreneurs to carefully examine the types and quality of their stored experience, as well as the difficulty and cost of obtaining experienced talents through different channels, and accumulate the required heterogeneous experience accordingly, merge and superimpose all kinds of prior experiences, exert their creative potential, and promote the success of new product development activities. (2) Resource-induced coping heuristic is the basis for successful strategy formulation. If an enterprise issues a series of instructions on the construction of resources such as acquisition, protection and development during its operation, the reserve of the resource pool will increase, thus contributing to the generation of different resource combinations with competitive advantages. Therefore, start-up enterprises should change their decision-making strategies appropriately and effectively, consciously acquire, protect and develop resources heuristically, stimulate innovative behavior through various resource combinations, and then improve the performance of new product development. (3) As a derivative of prior experience, innovative self-efficacy can help start-up enterprises to build confidence and persist in the dilemma of product development losses, and finally realize the improvement of new product development performance. Therefore, start-up enterprises should fully realize the role of innovative self-efficacy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Commercial system reform and total factor productivity of enterprises: The evidence from quasi-natural experiments Li Hui, Yu Dongsheng, Yu Juanjuan 2023, 44(3): 151-157.  Abstract ( 117 )        Improving enterprise total factor productivity is undoubtedly an important focus for high-quality economic development. Taking the commercial system reform as a "quasi-natural" experiment, this paper matches the data of commercial system reform of 286 prefecture level cities in China with the database of China′s A-share listed enterprises from 2010 to 2018, and empirically analyzes the impact of commercial system reform on enterprise total factor productivity and channel mechanism by using multi period double difference model.First of all, through the study of domestic and foreign literature, we find that very few papers focus on the impact of commercial systems reform on enterprise total factor productivity from theoretical and empirical angles. Therefore, this paper takes the lead in introducing a new round of commercial system reform into the analysis framework of enterprise total factor productivity from both theoretical and empirical levels, and explores how the commercial system reform can promote enterprise total factor productivity. This is important to reveal relationship between systems and enterprise total factor productivity during economic reform, optimize business environment, and promote high-quality economic development. It is also the original intention of the paper.Secondly, a multi-phase difference-in-differences model was applied for empirical evaluation. The estimated coefficient of the reform is significantly positive in benchmark regression results. The reform helps enhance enterprise total factor productivity levels. Fortunately, the conclusion was still credible after multiple robustness tests of alleviating non-parallel tendency, changing the measurement method of enterprise total factor productivity, eliminating interference from the Belt and Road Initiative and placebo. Then we conduct mechanism tests and heterogeneity analyses.At the end of this paper, the research conclusions and policy suggestions are given. This study shows that the reform was conducive to enhancing enterprise total factor productivity levels. Fortunately, the conclusion was still credible after multiple robustness tests of alleviating non-parallel tendency, altering proxy variable of enterprise innovation, and eliminating interference from the Belt and Road Initiative and placebo. What had been shown from impact mechanism was that the reform aimed to enhance total factor productivity levels of enterprises by reducing institutional costs of enterprises. According to heterogeneity analysis, more benefits were acquired by small, medium and micro enterprises as well as enterprises with more financing constraints from the reform. Through the conclusion of the study, we will continue to deepen the reform of the commercial system, implement the time limited completion system according to law, effectively reduce the examination and approval time of enterprises, improve the efficiency of the government, reduce the institutional transaction costs of enterprises, optimize the business environment of enterprises, release the vitality of the system and improve the production performance of enterprises. Second, the promotion of commercial system reform should be closely combined with enterprise heterogeneity, implement classified policies and make accurate efforts. Continue to provide more superior, fair and just business and access environment for small and medium-sized micro enterprises, so that small and medium-sized micro enterprises can enter not only the door of the market, but also the small door of the industry, and obtain greater "dividends" from the reform of the commercial system. At the same time, we will further deepen the reform of financial enterprises, improve supporting measures such as financing support and fiscal and tax incentives, effectively reduce the burden on enterprises and promote total factor productivity. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the relationship between entrepreneur background and innovation input Gao Yongqiang, Nie Yumeng, He Xiaobin 2023, 44(3): 158-166.  Abstract ( 174 )       Technological innovation not only contributes to economic update and national strength from a macro perspective, but also determines a firm′s survival, comparative advantages and market value from a micro perspective. Given its importance, firm innovation has always been a hot topic in academia. In China, private firms are active players in the market, and understanding their innovative decisions can be of great account under the policy of Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation. Existing literature has found that firm innovation can be influenced by the personal traits of decision-makers (entrepreneurs or CEOs), such as age, education, military experience, career experience, overseas experience, perceived parents′ social status, native place and political connection. However, we still know little about whether the original social hierarchy of entrepreneurs plays a role in firm innovative decisions. In this study, we focus on farmer-sourced entrepreneurs and their firms′ innovation input aiming to fill the research gap. By integrating imprinting theory and literature on social hierarchy, this study examines the effect of entrepreneurs′ original social hierarchy on firm innovation input. Imprinting theory has argued that early life experiences can leave persistent imprint on individuals, which can influence individuals′ attitudes and beliefs throughout their lives. Social hierarchy research states that people who grew up in low social hierarchy are more risk-prone. Compared with the high social hierarchy, the low social hierarchy possesses much less in terms of resources, status, opportunities, etc. This may lead them to form a mindset of "nothing to lose" in risky decisions. They would pay more attention to the potential benefits instead of potential loss when taking risks. In the Chinese context, farmers are in a relatively low social hierarchy. They own less than urban residents in the aspects of income, education, and perceived social status. Therefore, we propose that farm-sourced entrepreneurs are more risk-prone and are likely to invest more in firm innovation than non-farm-sourced entrepreneurs. However, it is impossible that farm-sourced entrepreneurs do not care about the riskiness of innovation at all, so we propose two moderators that may influence entrepreneurs′ perceived risk of innovation: prior sales rep experience and firm employee training. Firstly, entrepreneurs who once worked as sales rep could have accumulated rich marketing knowledge, which helps them make more accurate judgements about market demand and boost their confidence in innovative activates. Hence, we propose that prior sales rep experience can strength the innovation investment of farm-sourced entrepreneurs. Secondly, investing in employees training can increase their professional knowledge and skills, which lessens the risk of innovative activities. Therefore, we propose that employee training input can strengthen farm-sourced entrepreneurs′ innovation investment. Evidence from the nationwide survey of private firms across China in early 2014 supports our predictions. This study has three main academic implications. Firstly, it enriches research on imprinting theory and social hierarchy. This study suggests a lasting imprinting effect of entrepreneurs′ original social hierarchy on their risk preferences, which supplements for existing research about the imprinting effect of individuals′ early experiences. Moreover, original social hierarchy is measured by an objective indicator in this study, which is better than existing research in which social hierarchy is measured by subjective indicators. Secondly, this study contributes to firm innovation research by deepening the understanding of how entrepreneurs or CEOs affect corporate innovation through their original social hierarchy. Thirdly, this research deepens our knowledge about the inner mechanism of entrepreneurs′ risk preference. Research has pointed out that entrepreneurs who have military experience, overseas experiences or diverse career experience may be more risk-prone since these experiences make them more confident. However, farmer experience increases an entrepreneur′s risk preference by cultivating a mindset of "nothing to lose".Besides, this study has also managerial implications. Realizing the existence of imprinting effect can help entrepreneurs form more accurate self-cognition so that they can take essential actions to overcome cognitive and behavioral biases in decision making. Moreover, this study can help firms select suitable candidates for a position relating to risky activities. For example, when a position needs someone who is risk-prone (such as in R&D department) or risk-averse (such as in risk control department), one′s original social hierarchy and childhood life experiences can be important factors for reference. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impacts of executive cognition on product innovation in the new digital context Ying Qianying, Chen Yantai 2023, 44(3): 167-178.  Abstract ( 182 )       The emergence and wide application of advanced digital technologies not only bring us a profound change in human production and in our way of life, but also put forward new requirements for enterprises to achieve product innovation. Whether enterprises can better drive product innovation and form sustainable competitive advantages in the new digital context has become the key to their survival and development in the new era. Focusing on changes in the process and performance of product innovation in the new digital context, this paper takes executive cognitive flexibility as the starting point and explores the mechanism and influence path from executive cognitive flexibility to enterprise product innovation under the new digital context, and information search intensity (individual attention devotion) and data-driven dynamic capability (organizational capability) are the process mechanism of achieving product innovation, according to the clue framework of "cognition-behavior-capability-strategy". In other words, this research constructed a chain mediation model of "executive cognitive flexibility → information search intensity → data-driven dynamic capabilities → product innovation", based on attention-based view and dynamic capabilities theory. Multiple regression and bootstrap methods are used to test the model. The empirical study results showed as follows. Firstly, in the new digital situation, executive cognitive flexibility has a significant positive impact on product innovation. Secondly, the intensity of information search of individual executive and the data-driven dynamic capabilities of organization have intermediary roles in the relationship between executive cognitive flexibility and product innovation. Thirdly, information search intensity and data-driven dynamic capabilities play a chain mediating effect between executive cognitive flexibility and product innovation, that is, executive cognitive flexibility promotes the level of data-driven dynamic capabilities through promotion of information search intensity, and then positively influences product innovation. Fourthly, in the micro-basic empirical analysis of data-driven dynamic capabilities, both executive cognitive flexibility and external information search intensity positively affect data-driven dynamic capabilities, and executive cognitive flexibility can further affect data-driven dynamic capabilities by promoting information search intensity, and information search intensity plays a partial mediating role. The conclusions of this study also have certain theoretical contributions and practical implications. In terms of theoretical contributions, firstly, it provides a two-dimensional interpretation perspective of individual attention and organizational capabilities for transformation of product innovation process and performance in the new digital context. Secondly, it deepens the explanatory mechanism of information search in executive cognition, data-driven dynamic capabilities and the antecedents of enterprise product innovation, enriches the analysis of information search characteristics in existing studies, and thus expands the relevant research of information search. Thirdly, it enriches the research on the micro-foundation of dynamic capability in the new digital context, thus contributing to the improvement and development of dynamic capability theory. Combined with the empirical research of the new digital context in which the strategic position of big data resources is constantly prominent and the role of digital technology is constantly prominent, it provides new evidence for the applicability of the dynamic capability theory of enterprises in the new context. In terms of practical enlightenment, firstly, it guides the senior management system of enterprises to attach importance to the dynamic transformation and input of attention, thus not only actively exerting subjective initiative, updating management cognition, improving cognitive flexibility, but also paying attention to the effective input of attention, and carrying out efforts and lasting external information search. Secondly, it provides a specific and operable path for enterprises to achieve product innovation, in addition to paying attention to the influence of individual executives, we are also required to pay attention to the superposition of data-driven dynamic capabilities and the role of individual executives, adjust the internal capabilities and resource allocation of enterprises, and when inside and outside are in harmony, it will empower enterprise product innovation and promote sustainable development of enterprises. Thirdly, it applies the flexible and innovative thinking developed by senior managers and the external information knowledge they have to the development of organizational dynamic capabilities, and further exert and amplify their role benefits. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The multilevel influence of team virtuality on employee silence: The role of workplace loneliness and psychological resilience Wang Changfeng, Liu Liu 2023, 44(3): 179-186.  Abstract ( 242 )       With the flattening trend of organizational structure and the popularization of network information technology, especially in the uncertain environment caused by the COVID-19 epidemic, many teams have begun to adjust their organizational structure and management mode to virtualization. Team virtuality describes the virtualization level of a team. While meeting the need for organizational flexibility, team virtuality can also lead to management challenges: In virtual organizational situations, many employees hide behind the screens. Even though they know the problems and solutions in some aspects of the organization′s operation and management process, the employees choose to keep silent. Employee silence will hinder organizational change and development, contrary to the original intention of virtualization adjustment. To reduce employee silence, organizations must understand the formation mechanism of employee silence. Previous studies have confirmed that employees will look for clues to guide their behavior in work situations. As a representation of the work situation, whether team virtuality has an impact on employee silence and how it works, our study aims to discuss these questions.The Affective Events Theory points out that the work situation characteristics can stimulate individual emotional reactions, and the emotional responses will affect individual work behavior. Workplace loneliness reflects the emotion of employees facing teams with different virtual degrees, and it can explain the mechanism of team virtuality on employee silence. In addition, the Affective Events Theory further emphasizes that individual traits play an essential role in the boundary of individual emotional responses. Psychological resilience is a particular trait that can drive employees to recognize and adjust to the work situation. It may be a boundary condition that explains the influence of team virtuality on employee silence through workplace loneliness.Although the existing research on employee silence are relatively rich, most of them explored the internal mechanism of employee silence from the relational and cognitive path, ignoring the influence of emotional factors on work results, resulting in one-sidedness conclusions, which is not conducive to guiding organizational management practice. Drawing on the Affective Events Theory, this paper collects a lot of primary data from 317 team members from 63 research and development teams, and analyzes the multilevel influence of team virtuality on employee silence. The results are as follows: team virtuality has a positive impact on employee silence; workplace loneliness mediates the relationship between team virtuality and employee silence; psychological resilience negatively moderated the relationship between team virtuality and workplace loneliness, also negatively moderated the whole mediating mechanism. The theoretical contribution of this study is reflected in the following three aspects: First, this study explores the influence of team virtuality on members′ interaction in any form of the team, breaking through the limitation of previous studies only focusing on virtual teams. The conclusion provides a new analytical perspective and theoretical framework for explaining employees′ behavioral tendencies. Besides, previous studies mostly explored the formation mechanism of employee silence from a single level. This study used a multilevel analysis method to explore the internal mechanism of team virtuality on employee silence. Second, this study chooses the emotional path, which is rarely used in previous studies, to explain the generation mechanism of employee silence in virtual organization situations. Third, this study comprehensively investigates the interaction effect of team virtuality and psychological resilience, and delineates more precise conditions for the main results.In a business environment characterized by flexible working arrangements and rapid technological development, virtuality is increasingly becoming an essential attribute of teams rather than an exception. The problem for organizations is not to reduce virtuality, but to make better use of it. Based on this, the management implications of this study are as follows: First, managers should be fully aware of the negative impact of team virtuality on employees′ work behaviors, create conditions to maintain the timeliness and synchronicity of communication among members, so that the team can keep the appropriate virtuality. At the same time, the organization should design training programs for virtual work situations. Second, managers should take intervention measures in daily work to minimize employees′ workplace loneliness, such as giving employees value recognition and social care, and lead emotional interaction among members. Third, managers should fully consider the psychological resilience of employees, and hire candidates who can actively adapt to the virtual nature of the team. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reference significance of the scientific research evaluation system in British universities Wang Dongmei, Wang Xiangning 2023, 44(3): 187-192.  Abstract ( 177 )   An effective scientific research evaluation system is the basis for the development of scientific research innovation activities in universities, and it can promote the improvement of scientific research innovation capabilities. Besides, the construction of "Double First-Class" in China puts forward new requirements for the existing scientific research evaluation system of universities. As a country with early reform of scientific research evaluation system in universities, the United Kingdom has rich and effective experience.Based on the above considerations, this paper summarizes the reform background, evolution process and system framework of scientific research evaluation in British universities firstly. After three stages of development, the British scientific research evaluation system has formed a scientific research excellence framework (REF). The REF is mainly composed of five parts, including evaluation unit, evaluation index, evaluation level, evaluation method and evaluation results.Then, the characteristics of REF are analyzed, including evaluation index, evaluation unit, evaluation method and research output. Results indicate that REF focuses on the innovation of scientific research achievements, the social value and social influence of scientific research achievements. On this basis, the differences between the scientific research evaluation system in Chinese universities and the British REF evaluation system are summarized; thus, the improvement suggestions for the scientific research evaluation system in China is further put forward from four aspects: discipline characteristics, third-party evaluation institutions, quality of scientific research achievements and interdisciplinary development.Finally, the reform idea of scientific research evaluation system in China is put forward, combining with the era background of "Double First-Class" construction, which are as follows: (1) Assessment team and assessment unit settings. The evaluation team is set up according to different disciplines and majors, and the first-level discipline is used as the evaluation unit for classification evaluation. (2) Evaluation level settings. Five levels can be set for the evaluation of scientific research achievements: international leading, international recognition, domestic leading, provincial leading and not recognized. (3) Evaluation cycle settings. The normal cycle of scientific research evaluation in colleges and universities is 5 years. (4) Evaluation basis. Due to the differences between disciplines, the assessment team of each assessment unit can formulate assessment standards for their own disciplines on the premise of the three basic indicators. (5) Universities have the right to choose independently. Universities can decide on their own the type and number of first-level disciplines to participate in the evaluation, and independently determine the scholars participating in the scientific research evaluation and their representative achievements. (6) Correlating evaluation results with funding allocations. For the use of the evaluation results, scientific research funds such as "Double First-Class" discipline construction funds, national key laboratory operation funds, key discipline construction funds, and basic scientific research business fees in central universities can be centrally managed, and allocated according to the evaluation results.In summary, the evolution process and system framework of the system framework and characteristics of scientific research evaluation in British universities are summarized, and its reference significance for China are analyzed in this paper. On this basis, the reform idea of scientific research evaluation system is proposed. This study can provide critical insights for the scientific research evaluation in "Double First-Class" construction. Related Articles | Metrics