Since China joined the WTO in 2001, Chinese enterprises have participated in global competition with the help of low-cost labor factors, which forms an extrusion effect on high-level labor factors and makes it difficult for enterprise innovation. Therefore, studying how the Chinese government has formulated appropriate talent policies to ensure that high-level labor factors make an effective agglomeration form for enterprise innovation is of great significance for the high-quality development of regional economy during the 14th Five-Year period of China. However, many literatures focus on the government talent policies oriented by talent quantity to study "talent contest" cities how to affect enterprise innovation, and ignore the key question whether the government talent policies oriented by talent structure can effectively make enterprise innovative development. If this problem is not solved, it will be difficult for the government to formulate appropriate talent policies to ensure enterprise innovative development. Therefore, our paper studies the influence of the government structural talent policies on enterprise innovation and its mechanism.This paper has several intersecting contributions to extant literature, the first of which relates to our novel identification standard of innovative factor structure. On one hand, drawing on the core ideas of the absorptive capacity theory, Williamson hypothesis and general equilibrium theory, our paper designs an identification standard of "agglomeration" and "reverse agglomeration" talent structure within the same city (industry) and studies the government structural talent policies how to affect enterprise innovation. On the other hand, we construct an identification standard of innovation structure within the same city (industry), and find that the linkage effect of talent structure and innovation structure is also one of the important mechanisms by which the positive effect of government structural talent policies on enterprise innovation. Secondly, we design some appropriate tool variables and conduct comparative analysis with a variety of databases and empirical methods to ensure the conclusion more reliable. Extant literatures pay insufficient attention to the possible endogenous problems within the empirical model. On the contrary, our paper uses the two-stage least square method combined with appropriate instrumental variables to make empirical analysis. In addition, we also construct an identification standard of "talent contest" cities dominated by "agglomeration" or "reverse agglomeration" talent structure, and carry out many empirical tests from multiple angles to verify the existence of our hypothesis. Thirdly, we forge new scholarly paths into the literature based on our research object. We design an analysis framework with the linkage change between talent structure and innovation structure as the main content, and put forward that the linkage effect of innovative factor structure is the core mechanisms by which the positive effect of government structural talent policies on enterprise innovation. Empirical analysis results show that the government talent policies oriented by talent quantity form an unreasonable talent structure ("agglomeration" structure) within the same city (industry), and the government structural talent policies are more beneficial for enterprise innovation than that of the talent policies oriented by the talent quantity. Firstly, the government talent policies oriented by talent quantity are not beneficial for enterprise innovation. The government talent policies oriented by talent quantity lead to excessive agglomeration of high-level labor factors in a few leading enterprises within the same city (industry) and form an "agglomeration" talent structure, which is not beneficial for enterprise innovation. Secondly, the government structural talent policies are beneficial for enterprise innovation. The government structural talent policies make a uniform distribution layout of high-level labor factors among enterprises within the same city (industry) and form a "reverse agglomeration" talent structure, which is beneficial for enterprise innovation. Thirdly, the innovative factor structure is an important mechanism by which the influence of government structural talent policies on enterprise innovation. One hand, the "reverse agglomeration" talent structure among enterprises within the same city (industry) is one of the important mechanisms by which the positive effect of government structural talent policies on enterprise innovation, with an explanatory effect of roughly 60.42%. The other hand, the linkage effect of "reverse agglomeration" talent structure and "NN" type innovative structure is also one of the important mechanisms, with an explanatory effect of roughly 23.99%. Our paper suggests that the government should put into the structured talent policies oriented by talent structure through the government "visible hand", and finally make enterprise innovative development. Specific suggestions are as follows. Firstly, the government should adjust talent policies oriented by talent quantity, and make enterprise innovative development through the structural talent policies, especially for the provincial and sub provincial cities. As for incremental talents, talent policies should make a uniform distribution layout of incremental high-level labor factors. As for stock talents, talent policies should transfer high-level labor factors from leading enterprises with excessive high-level labor factors to other enterprises with insufficient high-level labor factors for making a "reverse agglomeration" talent structure within the same city (industry). Secondly, as for a complete set of structural talent policies. One hand, the government should improve the software and hardware facilities to make talents independent and orderly flow. For example, the government should speed up the regional high-speed railway network construction to accelerate the high-level labor factors independent and orderly flow and reduce the talent gap among enterprises within the same city (industry). The other hand, the government should adjust industrial policies to form an "NN" type innovative structure within the same city (industry), as to coordinate the structural talent policies to jointly make enterprise innovative development.