With the bonding effect of non-renewable energy on economic development is increasingly prominent, the non-renewable energy efficiency becomes the vital key to break through the energy constraint as well as assure the economic sustainable development. The previous evaluation model that purely emphasizes on energy input and economic output is unable to estimate the whole efficiency from original mining to terminal utilization of non-renewable energy. Therefore, the full life-cycle efficiency model of non-renewable energy is constructed to analyze the technique efficiency, scale efficiency, economic efficiency, and environmental efficiency of China during the period of 1981-2009 by means of DEA. The results show that under the background of national economic development and related policies, China's full life-cycle technique efficiency of non-renewable energy is influenced by technique level as well as element allocation, and takes on a fluctuating tendency; there exists enough room for the efficiency improvement of non-renewable energy, especially in the segment of mining and terminal. The level of environmental efficiency is generally low, which needs to urgently improve in the aspects of technical and element allocation approach. The scientificness of evaluation model and controllability of empirical results could be proved by the stationary and equilibrium tests of actual efficiency value. Finally, some suggestions are proposed to improve full life-cycle efficiency of non-renewable energy from the angle of technical progress, element allocation, industrial structure, and policy restraint.