In the background of self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology, responsible innovation plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of enterprises and society. Although the importance of responsible innovation is widely recognized, the factors that affect the implementation of responsible innovation in enterprises are still unclear. Based on the behavioral theory of firms, this research explored the differentiated impact of the intensity and duration of positive performance feedback on responsible innovation, and the moderating effects of managerial myopia and TMT age heterogeneity. This paper selected Chinese A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2019 as the research sample and adopted the fixed effect model to test the research hypothesis. The results showed that the intensity of positive performance feedback has an inverted U-shaped impact on responsible innovation, while the duration of positive performance feedback has a positive impact on responsible innovation. Further analysis demonstrated that managerial myopia weakens the relationship between the duration of positive performance feedback and responsible innovation, while TMT age heterogeneity weakens both the relationships between the intensity and duration of positive performance feedback and responsible innovation. The conclusions are still valid after various robustness and endogeneity tests. These findings will not only enrich the behavioral theory of the firm, reveal the impact mechanisms of different dimensions of positive performance feedback on responsible innovation, but also provide important management implications for promoting Chinese enterprises to participate in responsible innovation and achieve sustainable development.