Corporate environmental responsibility, social responsibility, and corporate governance (ESG) have become important drivers for promoting the high-quality development of enterprises. In the context of digital innovation, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on how to embed multiple stakeholder responsibilities into enterprises′ digital innovation system based on the construction of the ESG system. Based on this, this paper used the data from Chinese listed companies and employed the OLS linear regression model and mediation effect model to examine whether and how ESG performance affect enterprise digital technology innovation. This study found that: (1) In terms of impact effects, ESG performance and its various dimensions have a significant positive promoting effect on enterprise digital technology innovation. (2) In terms of impact mechanism, ESG performance promotes enterprise digital technology innovation through the alleviation of financing constraints and the reduction of enterprise risk levels. (3) In terms of action situation, the promotion effect of ESG performance on enterprise digital technology innovation is more obvious in highly digitized enterprises, highly competitive industries, highly digitized industries, high innovation activity industries, and enterprises in the central and eastern regions. (4) In terms of economic effects, digital technology innovation plays a mediating role in promoting enterprise high-quality development through ESG performance. This paper has examined the mechanism and boundary of ESG performance on enterprise digital technology innovation based on enterprise digital patent data, enriched the relevant research on the economic consequences of ESG performance and the driving factors of digital technology innovation, and it will provide insights for the policy formulation of ESG and digital technology innovation, as well as the promotion of collaborative transformation of digitalization and greening in China.