The energy factor plays a significant supportive role in the formation of new quality productive forces (NQPFs), and enterprises constitute pivotal practice carries of NQPFs. To this end, this study employed the panel data of 910,784 manufacturing enterprises from the 2007-2016 National Enterprise Tax Survey matching the detailed patent information, and utilized a data envelopment analysis model to compute the levels of NQPFs in these enterprises. Subsequently, leveraging the construction of ultra-high voltage power transmission projects as a quasi-natural experiment, it employed a difference-in-differences model to investigate how the energy element supply promotes the formation of enterprise NQPFs. The empirical findings indicated a significant positive relationship between the energy element supply and the formation of NQPFs in enterprises. The mechanism tests revealed that the energy element supply primarily facilitates the formation of NQPFs by fostering digital economic development, industrial agglomeration, modernization of industrial chains, and reduction of enterprise production and operational costs. The heterogeneity analysis suggested that the impact of energy element supply is more pronounced in those enterprises with smaller asset scales, in traditional industries, and in regions characterized by higher levels of economic development and greater energy demand. This paper also found that the supply of energy elements in the form of "oil" and "electricity" both has a positive impact on the formation of NQPFs. This study has enriched the empirical research on the calculation and driving factors of enterprise NQPFs, while revealing the pivotal role of energy in fostering NQPFs formation from a micro-level firm perspective. It will provide vital insights for the development of NQPFs through the establishment of an efficient, stable, and balanced energy supply system.