Abstract:      Intelligent Complex Product Systems (ICPS) integrate advanced information technologies to drive innovation in smart living and production, reflecting the development of new forms of productive forces. However, existing research lacks sufficient exploration into how ICPS development capabilities are formed. This study, grounded in the affordance theory, analyzed the cases from Hisense and Inspur′s smart city products and revealed that the dual affordances of technology and market serve as the driving force behind leading enterprises′ efforts to build ICPS development capabilities. It further demonstrated that establishing complementary management mechanisms centered on shared value propositions—covering discourse, organization, norms, and resource strategies—is crucial for transforming dual technology-market affordances into ICPS development capabilities. Additionally, leading enterprises can cultivate ICPS development capabilities through either a pathway of "diffusion" or "replication": under the diffusion pathway, driven by endogenous technology and concentrated market demands, enterprises focus on top-down value propositions and adopt pioneering strategies; and in contrast, under the replication pathway, guided by exogenous technology and dispersed market demands, the emphasis is on bottom-up value propositions with an integration strategy. The conclusions of this study will not only enrich the literature on the relationship between affordances and ICPS but also provide practical insights and inspiration for businesses developing complex product systems.

Key words: technology affordance, market affordance, innovation ecosystem, development capability of complex product systems