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Can national high-tech zones act as an effective carrier to stabilize FDI——The evidence from 276 Chinese cities 2022, 43(9): 1-9.  Abstract ( 332 )       Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important driving force for international trade and national economic development, while the structural trade friction among the world′s major economies impacts the division of labor in the global value chain, and inevitably affects the location direction and flow of FDI in the global scope. The Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC clearly regards "stabilizing foreign investment" as an important work to maintain the steady and healthy development of the economy, and encourages foreign investors to invest in high-tech fields such as electronic information, modern medicine and new materials of which the national high-tech zone is an important carrier. Over the past 40 years of the reform and opening up policy, national high-tech zones such as Zhongguancun Science Park, Shanghai Zhangjiang High-Tech Park and Suzhou Industrial Park have grown from scratch, from weak to strong, which are not only regional economic support points and innovation gathering highlands, but also the forefront of China′s opening up. Therefore, the main concern of this paper is: Can the national high-tech zones attract and retain FDI?     Theoretically, the establishment of national high-tech zones is conducive to the formation of industrial agglomeration, technological innovation and infrastructure advantages, thus promoting the region to attract more FDI. However, some high-tech zones in developed countries have not promoted the local technological progress and economic development, while in developing countries, the growth rate of many park enterprises even lags behind that outside the parks. In the Chinese setting of the political bidding competition system, some local governments, in order to pursue the number of high-tech enterprises, also pile up enterprises with quick results and low industrial relevance, resulting in the homogenization of industries in the park. Therefore, the coexistence of theoretical contribution and practical problems leads to the uncertainty of the impact of national high-tech zones on regional FDI, which needs to be supported by rigorous theoretical and empirical evidence. The main content of this paper is as follows:     Firstly, this paper analyzes the impact of national high-tech zones on FDI, and gives the following hypotheses: H1: the establishment of national high-tech zones promotes FDI; H2, the promotion effect of national high-tech zones on regional FDI is more significant in areas with low dependence on natural resources and superior market and human resources.    Secondly, based on the quasi-natural experiment from the national high-tech zones and the data of 276 prefecture-level cities in China from 1994 to 2017, this paper uses difference-in-difference model, and aims to study the influence of national high-tech zones on regional FDI. The results show that: (1) The national high-tech zones have attracted the inflow of regional foreign direct investment, and the policy effects of national high-tech zones are more significant in eastern region, and the regions which have less dependent on natural resources, and superior market and manpower conditions; (2) The national high-tech zones have increased the industrial agglomeration, technological innovation level and infrastructure level of the region, thereby enhancing the region′s competitive advantage in attracting foreign direct investment.    Finally, this paper gives the following suggestions: (1) Government should strengthen the coordinated development in the developed and underdeveloped areas, and expand the policy support for the central and western regions to attract foreign investment; (2) The national high-tech zones management committees of each region ought to formulate a reasonable development strategy based on the local resource endowment characteristics; (3) With the advantages of industrial agglomeration and scientific and technological innovation of the national high-tech zones, enterprises in the park are supposed to be encouraged to actively participate in the construction of traditional infrastructure such as railways and highways, as well as new infrastructure projects such as 5G, artificial intelligence and big data, so as to improve the quality and efficiency of regional infrastructure supply. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on digital maturity measurement and influencing factors of advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises Tang Xiaowen, Miao Yingshuang, Sun Yue, Dong Li 2022, 43(9): 10-19.  Abstract ( 402 )      With the vigorous development of digital economy and the deep promotion of industrial digitalization, traditional manufacturing enterprises have accelerated the pace of digital transformation. In this context, advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises urgently need to realize digital transformation in design, production and sales, and build a new model for development. Enterprise digital maturity was defined as the degree of completion in the process of digital transformation. The evaluation and analysis of digital maturity is an important means to promote digital transformation. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the digital maturity of advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises and explore the main restrictive factors. However, there was a lack of research in this field.     Firstly, based on the "input-output" perspective, this paper proposed a conceptual model of digital maturity of advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises, including four dimensions: human resource investment, capital investment, efficiency of operation and innovation efficiency. Then, through literature analysis, fuzzy rough set method and stochastic frontier approach, the digital maturity index system with 4 primary indicators and 12 secondary indicators was finally constructed. The "VHSD-EM" evaluation model was used to weight the indicators. First, based on the weights under "VHSD" and "EM" method, two comprehensive scores were calculated respectively. Second, Spearman rank correlation test was used to explore the consistency of the two measures. The results showed that the evaluation results had strong positive correlation, indicating that the two methods had good consistency. The final weight of each index could be obtained by averaging the weights determined by the two methods.      Secondly, based on the characteristics of advanced equipment manufacturing industry and the desirability of statistical data, 49 listed companies were selected as the research object. Using data from annual reports of these enterprises, this paper finally measured the digital maturity scores of 49 enterprises from 2015 to 2020. Then, K-means method was used to cluster the evaluation objects. It was observed that there were significant differences in the digital maturity of advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises, with aggregation effect in distribution. Combined with the definition of maturity model, the digital maturity of advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises was divided into five levels (the highest, higher, average, lower, the lowest). The above maturity hierarchy further enrich the research on capability maturity model in theory and provide new insights for the development of digital maturity model. In practice, it is helpful for advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises to evaluate their own digital transformation level and potential, and then scientifically and comprehensively plan the transformation path.     Thirdly, based on Tobit model, it was concluded that government subsidies and the development of Fintech had positive impacts on the digital maturity of advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises. Among them, the government′s financial support is an important factor to accelerate the digital transformation. The research enriches the relevant literature on the influencing factors of enterprise digital maturity, further verifies the conclusions of relevant scholars, and provides empirical support for the view that government service resources and means of production are also the key inputs of output in the "input-output" theory.     Finally, based on the above analysis, this paper put forward some suggestions to promote the digital maturity of advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises. First, enterprises should increase digital investment in human resources and capital, and formulate reasonable investment plans according to the characteristics of industry attributes, scale, technical advantages and so on. At the same time, enterprises should make full use of digital technologies such as internet of things, cloud computing and big data to improve operation efficiency and innovation efficiency. Second, local governments should increase financial subsidies, promote the development of Fintech, improve the digital and intelligent level of public services and social governance to create good external conditions for the digital transformation of advanced equipment manufacturing enterprises. Related Articles | Metrics

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The upgrading paths of the innovation ecosystem of industry alliances 2022, 43(9): 20-31.  Abstract ( 276 )       Promoting the transformation and upgrading of industrial alliance is the strategic key of innovation to drive high-quality development in China′s new national system. However, the upgrading of industrial alliance is confronting with lots of dilemmas, such as the extremely difficult key technology breakthrough, loose co-innovation, high homogeneity of alliance resources and so on. Most of current studies are related to the evolution mechanism of industrial alliance from perspectives of social network, ecology, self-organization, and focus on co-innovation among actors and evolutionary stability of industrial alliance. But the translation and upgrading of industrial alliance in dynamic innovation environment have been ignored. Fortunately, innovation ecosystem, as a new innovation paradigm in the future, provides new concepts and directions for the continuous upgrading of industrial alliances--developing industrial alliance innovation ecosystem (IAIE). Meanwhile, the existing research concerning the structure and evolution of innovation ecosystem provides theoretical support for the exploration of the upgrading law of IAIE, and the successful upgrading of some excellent industrial alliances in China also provides mounting practical evidence.    Therefore, integrating the relevant theories of industrial alliance innovation evolution and innovation ecosystem structure, this paper puts forward structural upgrading essence and the upgrading path conceptual model of IAIE. It focuses on the research logic of ‘upgrading pressure--upgrading starting point--upgrading main control point--upgrading result’ to reveal the upgrading law of IAIE, and technology Innovation Strategic Alliance of Agricultural Equipment, IGRS Alliance and TD Industry Alliance are selected for the multi-case study.      The research findings are as follows: Firstly, IAIE could be described as a horizontal and vertical network composed of the horizontal subsystems of technology research, product development, market application, vertical network of co-innovation and value adoption. The upgrading essence is the coordinating upgrading between co-innovation network and value adoption network. Secondly, three upgrading paths of IAIE have been refined as: the new value adoption leading upgrading, the radiation upgrading based on core innovation platform and the embedded upgrading of diversity relationship. The starting points of the upgrading path are to identify potential market demand, build a core innovation platform and absorb heterogeneous actors. Based on the differences of upgrading rhythm between co-innovation network and value adoption network, the main control points of the three paths are dominated by value adoption network, co-innovation network and the coordination relationship between co-innovation network and value adoption network respectively. Thirdly, facing the combination of different upgrading pressures, the upgrading starting point of IAIE determines the difference in the upgrading rhythm between co-innovation network and value adoption network, and then forms the differentiated characteristics of the upgrading paths. The matching relationship between the upgrading pressure, existing conditions and the characteristics of the upgrading path of IAIE determines the scientific optimal selection.      This study is of great significance both in theory and practice. For one thing, it effectively combines and expands the theories of innovation ecosystem structuration and industrial alliance evolution, and fills the research gap of the upgrading paths of IAIE. It focuses on revealing the essence and basic paths of the structural upgrading of IAIE, and deepening the theoretical connotation of the upgrading of IAIE and the understanding of the internal logic in the upgrading process of industrial alliance. For another thing, this paper provides decision reference for promoting the sustainable upgrading of industrial alliance, and helps to guide the industrial alliance to overcome the practical upgrade difficulties such as key technology breakthrough difficulties, loose technological innovation cooperation and high resources homogeneity.  Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the machine-learning-assisted intelligent decision-making——A study by taking "green innovation" as an example Zhang Chao, Leng Fuhai 2022, 43(9): 32-40.  Abstract ( 294 )      Recent years have seen a rise in the field of policy informatics. Think tank problem analytics is a typical approach in policy informatics, which often involves multi-discipline and multi-field knowledge computing. Large-scale, cross-disciplinary opinion gathering and literature information processing serve as the initial building blocks of policy analytics. The policy simulations, case studies, empirical analysis and scientific discoveries in journal papers can provide professional analysis for decision intelligence. This paper seeks to apply a topic modeling tool on parsing the journal abstracts of the think tank challenge "green innovation". By using a Bayesian hierarchical topic model called LDA, it is possible to find the latent themes that underlie huge collections of documents. We use the LDA to analyze 6891 journal paper abstracts on the topic of "green innovation" as an example, which produces a subset of problems. The English abstracts of 6098 papers were retrieved from the Web of Science core database, while the Chinese abstracts of 793 papers were retrieved from the CNKI core collection, and both sets of abstracts were downloaded.     At various sizes, decision-making processes depend on expert opinions. Over time, scholars have created and employed a variety of techniques for gathering, analyzing, and aggregating expert opinions. Because language is the primary characteristic that sets humans apart from other species, and language is the primary means by which human culture, ideas, and wisdom are transmitted, natural language processing serves the most fundamental component of artificial intelligence. This makes it possible to use NLP to provide pathways for decision intelligence.      The exact procedures of this ML assisted decision intelligence method are: 1) The stakeholders identify the research area and the researcher creates a list of search phrases accordingly. 2) The researcher downloads academic papers (or abstracts). 3) Calculate the degree of confusion of the number of topics, and find the most appropriate LDA topic number. 4) The LDA model analyzes the text to create multiple word bags. 5) The professionals read each topic and deduce the topic labels. Each topic represents a subset of the think tank challenge, which can be parsed repeatedly using language processing models to ultimately create a framework for an understandable and workable solution.     Themes including "economic determinants and high-quality development", "spatial spillover of green innovation and regional development" and "corporate relationships and supply chain networks" are the main results of the parsing of Chinese literature. In contrast, "ecological and environmental governance" and "carbon dioxide emissions and renewable energy" are given substantially more weight in the English LDA output than they are in the Chinese LDA output. The topics "technology costs of enterprises and government subsidies", "innovation policies and sustainable development", "efficiency of science and technology innovation", "green financial markets and enterprise financing", "corporate competition and social responsibility", and "economic development and environmental regulation" can be found in both the English and Chinese literature parsing results. The amount of Chinese literature on green innovation is generally significantly less than the amount of English literature. Overall, the LDA topics derived from the abstracts of the English and Chinese literature are appropriate for future research.     One of the contributions of this study is that it analyses the academic literature collection database to provide knowledge extraction and human-computer collaborative decision making for think tank challenges, which bridges the gap between the academia and other policy stakeholders (e.g., politicians, business practitioners, news reporters, etc.). Natural language processing methods, such as the LDA model can handle rich textual information and retain more information in the process of downscaling textual data. A number of additional studies using LDA in literature analysis have emerged in recent years, with some researchers using LDA as an intelligent literature review approach and others using LDA to identify research hotspots and follow new trends. This study presents a novel approach for improving evidence-based decisions and expanding the field of policy informatics research.     Instead of being the outcome of some individual′s careful deliberation to arrive at a decision, policy making is rather a process of mutual communication and coordination among numerous interested organizations, groups, individuals, including the policy makers themselves. Text analysis offers a think-tank problem analytical approach with machine learning models, which converts a significant amount of complex texts into simple, understandable, and meaningful topics. It is a clever approach for policy analysis, because it can help the stakeholders to communicate and work together to enable decision-making that is based on expert wisdom. Related Articles | Metrics

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An evaluation of the scientific research efficiency of first-class universities under the goal of construction of "double first-class university" Li Kang, Fan Yuejin 2022, 43(9): 41-47.  Abstract ( 193 )      The "double first-class university" construction indicates the direction for the development of higher education in China, and it is a systematic project of China′s higher education reform. In October 2015, the State Council proposed a three-step strategy for the construction of world-class universities. By the middle of 21st century the number and capability of first-class universities ranks among the best in the world and make China an international higher education power. In September 2017, the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, and National Development and Reform Commission jointly announced the list of first-class universities, and 42 universities have been officially confirmed as world-class universities. These universities are the "leading goose" for China to enter the forefront of world-class universities. It occupies a large amount of high-quality education resources. A series of issues such as whether it can be used efficiently and how the resources can be used are urgently needed to be solved. In the meantime, the evaluation of scientific research efficiency is also needed to optimize the allocation of higher education resources and improve scientific research in universities.    Date envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric mathematical programming method used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the similar unit. This method was proposed by the famous American operations researcher A. Charnes and W. W. Cooper in 1978. Professor Levin introduced DEA model into the field of education to measure the technical efficiency of educational production. After that, more and more scholars began to use DEA to discuss the efficiency of higher education. However, when applying DEA model to study the efficiency of higher education, most of them ignore the influence of external environment on the efficiency of decision-making unit, and generally characterize the efficiency difference caused by environment factors as the difference of management efficiency.     This study builds a scientific research efficiency evaluation index system for the first-class universities. Drawing on the ranking of the world′s top four world universities, the index system highlights the quality and service of scientific research output, and try to fully and objectively evaluated the scientific research input and output of universities. Since traditional DEA models cannot distinguish among management inefficiency, environmental impact and statistical noise, to make up this deficiency, we use three-stage DEA model based on stochastic frontier analysis to evaluate the research efficiency of universities which is affected by environment. This paper also deeply explores the impact of environmental variables such as regional economy, residents′ education level and government support on the research efficiency of universities. The study results show that:     (1) The scientific research efficiency of the sample universities is relatively high without considering the environmental factors and random disturbance, but the scientific research efficiency declines significantly after eliminating environmental factors. Specifically, the mean comprehensive efficiency decreased from 0.92 to 0.89, the average pure technical efficiency decreased from 0.97 to 0.93. Compared with the first stage, the number of DEA effective universities decreased from 19 to 18, and in the third stage, Fudan University, Nanjing University and Shandong University changed from non-DEA to DEA effective, as for the Ocean University of China, South China University of Technology, Chongqing University and Northwest A& F university, the status appears totally converse outcome.     (2) Environmental factors, such as regional economic level, residents′ education and local government′s support, play an important role in influencing the research efficiency of first-class universities, but have different impacts on different universities, therefore we can divide universities into three categories. The first type is stable universities, and there are 15 universities that are effective in the first and third stages of DEA calculation, which means environmental factors have no impact on these universities, and effective management keeps their scientific research efficiency at a high level. The second type is development universities, and there are 7 universities that have been proved to have improved their scientific research efficiency after eliminating the influence of environmental factors. For this type of colleges, the government should give appropriate policy preference to curb the negative effects, which are caused by regional economic, cultural and policy differences, so as to provide better external conditions for these universities to promote the efficiency of scientific research. The third type is retrograde universities, and there are 10 universities belong to this category, including China Agricultural University, Tianjin University and Jilin University, etc. The research efficiency of these universities in the third stage is significantly lower than that in the first stage. For this type of universities, it′s necessary to strength the management ability of university manages and construct a reasonable evaluation model in order to reduce their management inefficiency.     (3) The scale returns of non-DEA effective universities are generally decreasing. Among the 14 non-DEA effective universities, only Ocean University of China and Chongqing University have increasing returns to scale, while the other 12 universities have decreasing returns to scale. Obviously, the scale of first-class universities has exceeded the most appropriate level, and it′s impossible to improve the scientific research efficiency by expending the scale of universities. Without the improvement of management efficiency, it′s inevitable that the "double first-class university" construction cannot be sustainable simply relying on the increase of investment.     To achieve the goal of "double first-class university" construction, first-class universities should transform from the extensive development to the intensive development, and from the expansion of scale to the improvement of quality and efficiency. On the one hand, the government and social organization is supposed to take great measures in leading the public opinion to make a correct evaluation. Government departments, evaluation agencies and various higher education associations should pay more attention to the quality and efficiency of scientific research achievements, and establish an external environment in which universities focus on improving the quality and efficiency of scientific research. On the other hand, colleges and universities should deepen the reform of scientific research system, optimize the allocation of scientific research resources, and strengthen the internal supervision and management mechanism for scientific research quality. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reverse transfer of tacit knowledge in M&A based on big data technology Su Yi, Guo Wen, Zhang Aoran 2022, 43(9): 48-57.  Abstract ( 177 )      In order to quickly obtain the core technology of the target enterprises, M&A has become the most effective way for enterprises to improve their competitive advantage. However, the success rate of China′s booming M&A activities is very low, and many enterprises have not obtained key technologies as they wished through M&A. As the most strategic resource of an enterprise, the enterprise′s operating experience, know-how and innovative thinking and other tacit knowledge are the source of competitive advantage. The main difficulty for Chinese enterprises to improve their performance through technological M&A lies in the low efficiency of tacit knowledge transfer and integration. The high tacit characteristics of the tacit knowledge of the targets makes the parties to the M&A whose interests are not completely the same have the right to choose whether to actively contribute and absorb the tacit knowledge. Meanwhile, with the rapid development of modern information technology, big data technology has become a powerful force to promote the efficiency of reverse tacit knowledge transfer in M&A.     Based on this, in order to characterize the long-term, dynamic and imperfectly rational game process of reverse tacit knowledge transfer between the both parties to the M&A, the evolutionary game theory was used in this paper. And based on the characteristics of the application of big data technology in reverse tacit knowledge transfer, the evolutionary game process of reverse tacit knowledge transfer in the context of the application of big data technology by both parties was analyzed and explored, and then understood the mechanism of the key influencing factors on the evolutionary law of the strategic choice of the both parties to the M&A.     The innovations of this paper are mainly reflected in: first, different from the previous research perspectives on reverse knowledge transfer in M&A, this paper considers the interactive relationship between the both parties in the process of reverse tacit knowledge transfer from the perspective of big data technology, and provides a comprehensive research perspective on reverse tacit knowledge transfer of M&A. It also provides new ideas for the potential ways of future research. Second, this paper focuses on the negative impact of cross-organizational culture and inherent characteristics of tacit knowledge on reverse knowledge transfer, and from the perspective of big data technology, the influence mechanism of various factors on reverse tacit knowledge transfer under the background of big data technology application was analyzed. It is helpful to promote the development of relevant literature, and it can also provide more specific and operable guidance for M&A.    The research conclusions show that: first of all, the rational use of big data technology by M&A has a positive effect on reverse tacit knowledge transfer within a certain range, but excessive reliance on big data technology is counterproductive. Meanwhile, the rational use of big data technology in acquirers will enhance the willingness of targets to contribute their own sensitive tacit knowledge. Secondly, the risk cost caused by the unreasonable use of big data technology by the acquirer should be controlled within a certain range compared with the expected benefits. When the cost-to-income ratio is unacceptable and reluctant, the acquirer will eventually choose a negative strategy; When the cost-to-benefit ratio is acceptable, both parties to the merger will eventually choose an active strategy. Finally, an appropriate increase in the intensity of punishment can help both parties evolve toward the optimal direction.     This research expands and enriches the research perspective and research content in the field of reverse knowledge transfer. Besides, the research conclusions can provide practical guidance for the formulation of reverse tacit knowledge transfer strategies in M&A under the background of big data technology application from two aspects: improving information communication mechanisms and channels, and implementing the whole process of big data technology risk management. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the relationship between integration into GVCs and the technical level of China′s manufacturing export Gao Yunsheng, Zheng Lekai, Li Zhixu 2022, 43(9): 58-66.  Abstract ( 149 )       Since its reform and opening-up, especially its accession to the WTO, China has rapidly integrated into the global production network with the advantage of labor force. However, the core high-tech intermediates in China′s manufacturing industry still need to be imported. China′s manufacturing industry may be "solidified" in the processing and assembly links with low value added for a long time, and the technical level of export products may be overestimated. Therefore, the relationship between integration into global value chain and real export sophistication deserves further exploration. By analyzing the impact of integration into the global value chain on the technical level of export products in manufacturing industry, we can understand the status of global value chain and real trade benefits from the perspective of commodity technology structure. It is of great significance for improving product technology and domestic value added and adjusting the industrial structure in the global production network.     This paper analyzes the influence mechanism, and finds that vertical specialization has an impact on the technical level of export products through technology spillover effect, productivity and competitiveness enhancement effect, and cost effect. High quality intermediate input helps downstream sectors to absorb and improve relevant technologies, and the feedback from downstream sectors also helps the suppliers optimize technologies. Participation in vertical specialization focuses on different links of the value chain based on the scarcity of factors. Through three aspects of production, technology and market, it acts on factor accumulation, technology spillover and market expansion, and ultimately improves productivity and international competitiveness. In terms of cost, vertical specialization promotes the scale and standardization of production. Cost sharing can relatively reduce the cost of information exchange, transportation, management and other aspects, simplify the supervision, transaction and other complex processes, and further promote R&D and innovation.     From the perspective of research, this paper calculates the export sophistication by considering the industrial correlation effect of domestic upstream sectors, and analyzes the technical upgrading effect of integration into global value chain. In terms of research methods, the paper uses the latest version of the World Input-Output Database continuous data from 2000 to 2014 to measure the vertical specialization level of China′s manufacturing industry, and then measures the export sophistication of China′s manufacturing industry based on the domestic value added in gross exports. During the period of 2000-2014, the export sophistication of the manufacturing industry is increasing. Labor intensive sector has the highest export sophistication, which also conforms to the current situation of China′s export. In terms of research conclusion, this paper confirms the positive impact of integration into the global value chain on technical level, but finds that manufacturing industry fails to effectively integrate with human capital.     This paper empirically tests the impact of GVC embeddedness on the technical level of export products in manufacturing industry. The results show that the deepening of integration into the global value chain promotes the export sophistication of China′s manufacturing industry. At the same time, we find that human capital accumulation does not promote technology upgrading in the short term. For the manufacturing industry, especially for the departments with long production cycle, it may take a long time for human capital to improve the technical level, while "resource competition" occurs in the same period, so the impact of human capital is significantly negative. According to the analysis of the segmented sectors, with the deepening of China′s manufacturing industry integration into the value chain, the export sophistication of labor intensive and capital-intensive sectors has been improved, while the export sophistication of technology intensive sector has no obvious correlation with the embedding of global value chain. We analyze that this is related to the way of China′s integration into the value chain. In the early stage of reform and opening-up, China was faced with the conditions of relatively abundant labor force and insufficient supply of capital elements. In the vertical specialization division mode led by multinational corporations, manufacturers without core technologies will be locked in the low-end, so it is difficult to achieve the high value-added link of the global value chain. Vertical specialization promotes technical progress and value chain status of developing countries, but it also makes developing countries face the risk of "low-end locking" and "immiserizing growth".     According to the above research, there are the following corresponding policy implications. First, China′s manufacturing industry can participate in the international division of labor in a diversified way and allocate resources more reasonably according to the comparative advantages of each region. Manufacturing industry needs to actively improve its technical level through the "learning by doing" effect and promote the transformation and upgrading of export trade structure. Second, for the problem of "resource competition" in human capital, the servitization of manufacturing can improve the marginal effect of human capital. Manufacturing industry can rapidly combine high-level services with human capital of the industry, rely on advanced technology and services, shorten production cycle, and make full use of human capital. Third, for sectors with "low-end locking", especially technology intensive sector, it is necessary to gradually get rid of the dependence on foreign intermediate products. We can rely on the rapid growth of domestic demand market scale to cultivate the ability of independent innovation, form a complete supply network in China, and then integrally embed into the global value chain.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Has environmental regulation stimulated reversely the innovation-driven regional industrial upgrading? Liu Hewang, Xiang Changyong, Zheng Shilin 2022, 43(9): 67-75.  Abstract ( 182 )      Over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up, China relies on economic reform and opening-up, resource investment, and demographic dividends to create a "miracle of China′s economic growth", but at the same time, the problems of environmental pollution and ecological damage brought about by China′s early extensive economic growth mode with high investment, high consumption and high pollution have become increasingly prominent. Factor-driven development at the cost of resource consumption and environmental pollution is unsustainable. China urgently needs to change the traditional economic growth mode and develop a new driver of economic growth. In order to break through the bottleneck of economic development and shape new advantages of economic development, the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed the implementation of innovation-driven development strategy, highlighting the important role of innovation in economic development. At present, the Chinese economy is in a critical period of transition from high-speed growth to high-quality development. 〖JP2〗To accelerate the transformation of the economic development mode and promote the industrial upgrade, we must closely focus on the innovation-driven development strategy and rely on scientific and technological innovation to accelerate economic development. From this perspective, innovation-driven industrial upgrade is not only a major theoretical and practical issue, but also an important way to take into account environmental protection and sustainable, high-quality economic development. Industrial upgrade is the key tool for coordinating the economic development and environmental protection. On the one hand, industrial structure is directly related to how the economic system uses resources and discharges wastes, which is a converter of natural resource inputs, as well as a control system for the types and quantities of pollutants. On the other hand, environmental regulation will increase the cost of enterprises, and these enterprises have to adjust their production behavior, which leads to industrial upgrade. Therefore, it is essential to combine the research on industrial upgrade with environmental protection.     Most of the existing studies that estimate the effects of environmental regulation on social and economic output. Firstly, they identify the effects of environmental regulation on environmental quality (Auffhammer & Kellogg, 2011) and health (Tanaka, 2015). Secondly, they test the pollution haven hypothesis (Cai et al. 2016; Wu et al., 2017), namely, FDI flows into regions with lax environmental regulation. Thirdly, they investigate how environmental regulation affect innovation and industrial competitiveness so as to test the Porter hypothesis (Albrizio et al.2017). In recent years, however, few papers (Shi and Zhao,2017) show that environmental regulation is conducive to industrial upgrade. The Two Control Zone (Acid Rain Control Zone and SO2 Pollution Control Zone, TCZ) policy that China began to implement in 1998 eased the trend of increased air pollution, but the influence of this policy on the regional industrial upgrade and its mechanism of action have rarely been investigated. This study uses the opportunity provided by the TCZ policy to test whether and how environmental regulation affects regional industrial upgrading. To overcome the possible endogenous problems of the influence of environmental regulation on the industrial upgrade, the research selects TCZ as quasi-natural experiment. Compared with previous studies, this paper provides a new perspective for evaluating the effects of environmental regulation and confirms that stringent environmental regulation benefits regional industrial upgrade mainly through technological innovations over time.     Given the above theoretical and reality background, this paper applies a panel data of 282 cities in China from 1994 to 2010, and the data resources are from China Statistical Yearbook, China City Statistical Yearbook, and China Patent Office Patent Statistics Database. This paper focuses on whether China′s environmental regulations can promote industrial upgrade while controlling environmental pollution. The research process is conducted through the following procedures. Firstly, this paper selects policy as the quasi-natural experiment and uses the difference-in-differences models to discuss the influence of environmental regulation on regional industrial upgrade. Secondly, this paper divides all observations of China′s city data into three subgroups data of such region as east, middle, and west, and empirically analyzes the regional heterogeneity of the transformation and upgrading. Finally, this paper tests three possible mechanisms of TCZ policy on regional industrial upgrade.     We find that compared with non-control areas, environmental regulation has markedly boosted regional industrial upgrade since TCZ policy is implemented in 1998. Moreover, the marginal effect of the policy on the whole is decreasing over time. Meanwhile, the effect of the policy varies across such regions as eastern, middle and western areas, namely, the effect is more pronounced in central areas than the other areas. Further study confirms that environmental regulation promotes regional industrial upgrade not through capital-deepening (proxy by total fixed assets), FDI spillover but through technological innovation (measured by the patent application number). After a series of robustness tests, the conclusions of this paper still hold.    Based on the above conclusions, this paper draws the following policy implications on how to effectively implement environmental regulation policies to incentive innovation-driven regional industrial upgrade. Firstly, further perfect improve environmental regulation system in China, namely, it is necessary to further strengthen environmental regulation based on institutionalized and normalized environmental protection system and mechanism to facilitate the regional industries transformation and upgrading. Secondly, carrying out differentiated environmental regulation policies. Our research confirms that environmental regulation does not significantly promote the transformation and upgrading of the eastern region, which doesn′t exclude the possibility of the transfer of pollution industries in the eastern region to other regions, especially the western region. Therefore, in the process of undertaking the industrial transfer in the eastern region, the central and western regions should pay attention to the "zoning policy" in the layout of pollution industries. Finally, further launch the strategy of innovation-driven development, and come to establish a long-term mechanism to promote sustainable economic development relying on technological progress. Meanwhile, we should effectively activate other paths such as FDI that affect the transformation and upgrading of regional industries to push our economy forward high-quality development and build "beautiful China" in the future. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tax base or tax rate? The relationship between different tax incentives and enterprises R&D innovation He Na, Li Xiangju 2022, 43(9): 76-82.  Abstract ( 155 )       China has always attached great importance to technological innovation and it has even been upgraded to a strategic height that related to national competitiveness. Since the reform and opening up, R&D investment has increased year by year, but there is still a gap between R&D investment intensity and innovation quality compared with developed countries. As the main body of R&D innovation, enterprises are the main driving force of the improvement of China′s innovation level, and its contribution to R&D expenditures account as high as 77.4%. However, there also exist problems like insufficient innovation motivation and low quality of enterprises R&D innovation. To enhance the innovation level, we must pay attention to both quantity and quality, and we must give full play to the enthusiasm of enterprises. The inadequate of enterprises R&D innovation capabilities are mainly susceptible to two factors that is the public goods characteristics of innovation itself, and the failure of financial markets. The former has a significant "spillover effect" due to the "public goods" characteristics of innovation, resulting in private innovation level below the overall level of society. Scholars, represented by Pigou, believe that taxation can solve the problem of spillover problems, and tax incentives are increasingly recognized since their sufficient market orientation and tax statutory advantages, and gradually become the main fiscal and tax incentive method. The latter, "financial market failure", is mainly manifested in the susceptible of innovation to capital restrictions. In the perfect capital market, internal and external financing of enterprises are completely substitutable, yet problems, such as information asymmetry and principal-agent problem, make the two irreplaceable and lead to financing constraints. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate financing constraints, tax incentives and enterprises R&D innovation into a framework for research.     The existing literature mainly focuses on the examination of the impact of tax incentives on enterprises R&D innovation, or the impact of financing constraints on enterprises R&D innovation, but few have studied the impact of tax incentives on enterprises R&D innovation from the perspective of financing constraints. In the process of economic development, the lag of financial development or the formation of financial repressive systems is common phenomenon, which is more common in developing countries. If policy makers in developing countries only use incentive method such as tax incentives and government subsidies to stimulate enterprises R&D investment, and ignore the obstacles to financing channels in enterprises R&D innovation, it may lead to the failure of government incentives policies. The possible contributions of this paper are: First, the paper investigate the impact of tax incentives on enterprises R&D innovation from the perspective of financing constraints, and further explore the transmission mechanism of tax incentives on enterprises R&D innovation from the aspects of both internal financing constraints and external financing constraints. Second, we examine the effects of two types of tax incentives, tax rate incentives and tax base incentives, on enterprises R&D innovation, which provides theoretical and empirical evidence for the optimization and reform of corporate income tax incentives. Third, we study the enterprises R&D innovation from two dimensions, namely the quantity and quality of R&D innovation. Efficient tax incentive can not only increase the intensity of R&D investment, but also guide enterprises to improve the quality of R&D innovation. Only high-quality patents can promote the development of enterprises, thus it is of more practical significance to study the issue from both dimensions of quantity and quality.     This paper uses the panel data of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies over the period 2010-2017, it relies on the Euler equation investment model to build an econometric model and adopt two-way fixed effects model, dynamic regression model, negative binomial regression model and other methods. First, from the perspective of financing constraints, the effects of tax rate incentives and tax base incentives on the quantity and quality of enterprises R&D innovations are studied, and their results are tested for robustness. Second, it further answers such questions as whether enterprises face financing constraints and whether tax incentives and financing constraints will lead to R&D manipulation. Finally, the transmission mechanism of tax incentives on enterprises R&D innovation under the financing constraints is studied. The transmission mechanism of tax incentives on enterprises R&D innovation is mainly studied from two channels: that is, internal financing channel and external bank credit financing channel.     The research results in this paper show that: (1) Tax incentives have positive promotion effect on the R&D investment intensity, and the promotion effect of tax base incentives is greater than tax rate incentives, but further research the impact of tax incentives on R&D manipulation discover that tax rate incentive may lead to manipulation of enterprises R&D. (2) The promotion effect of tax incentives on the quality of R&D innovation is insufficient, especially when the positive promotion effect of tax base incentives on the quality of enterprises R&D innovation has not been formed. (3) Chinese enterprises face relatively strict financing constraints. The impact of financing constraints on the R&D investment intensity is significantly negative, and they are more susceptible to internal financing constraints. Tax incentives can alleviate financing constraints, which in turn promotes enterprises R&D innovation. Among them, tax base incentives are mainly helpful to alleviate internal financing constraints, and tax rate incentives are more helpful to ease external financing constraints.      The enlightenment obtained at the end of the paper is that: (1) Different tax incentives should make good use of each advantage. In regard to tax base incentives, the scope of R&D additional deduction should be further expanded, and the deduction ratio should be increased; and tax credit should be introduced. With respect to tax rate incentives, the overall tax burden of the enterprise should continue to be reduced, and the negative impact of tax incentives based on qualification recognition should be minimized. Attention should also be paid to the possible adverse impact of tax rate and tax base policies mix. (2) Tax incentive policies should serve for high-quality innovation, for example, it can guide enterprises to pay more attention to the quality of R&D innovation through precise and differentiated tax incentives and high-quality tax collection and management. (3) Although tax incentives can alleviate the problem of enterprises financing constraints, the problem still need to be mitigated through channels like financial reforms, financial system improvement and vigorously development of financial markets, which can ensure the effectiveness of policy transmission channels. Related Articles | Metrics

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The role and difference of "non-subsidized" policies in the promotion and application of NEV Xiong Yongqing, Liu Hui 2022, 43(9): 83-90.  Abstract ( 228 )       China′s new energy vehicles have achieved rapid development in recent years relying on the fiscal and tax "subsidy" policies such as "purchase subsidies" and "tax deductions". Excessive fiscal and tax "subsidy" policies have promoted the rapid development of China ′s new energy vehicle industry in the short term, but have also strengthened the "subsidy dependency" of new energy vehicles, inducing large-scale cheating behaviors. It is easy to cause controversy over the "fairness" of international trade. To this end, China has gradually implemented "subsidy declining "plan for new energy vehicles since 2016, and all subsidy policies will be withdrawn by 2020. In the context of China′s new energy vehicle "subsidy" policy gradually "downhill", effectively playing the role of "non-subsidized" policy is very important for the sustainable development of the new energy vehicle industry." Right of way priority y" as an "incentive mechanism" that encourages the environmental protection attributes of new energy vehicles to bring about a reduction in social marginal costs. By giving new energy vehicles the priority of listing or exercising right, the utility level of consumers of new energy vehicles is improved. The implementation of the "Charging guarantee" policy is conducive to reducing the variable costs in the use of new energy vehicles, stimulating and inducing consumers to consume new energy vehicles, and providing important basic guarantees for the development of the new energy vehicle industry. There are some differences in the effect of the "non-subsidized" policy on the time and regional dimensions.      Judging from the existing research literature, since China′s new energy vehicle industry policy is mainly based on "subsidy" policies, there is more research in the existing literature on the role of new energy vehicles "subsidy" policies. There are few studies on the role of "non-subsidized" policies; in addition, there are large differences in "transport bearing pressure" in different cities in China. The existing literature on the differences in the role of new energy vehicle policies in different regions lacks sufficient attention; There are some differences in the effect of time on the dimension of the effect, and the existing literature does not pay enough attention to the difference in the effect of the effect of new energy vehicle policies on the dimension of time. To make up for the lack of existing research, this research is based on a comparative perspective of the role of "non-subsidized" policies of "Right of way priority" and "Charging guarantee", taking China ′s new energy vehicle demonstration and promotion pilot cities as an example. The two-dimensional study analyzes the differences in the role of "non-subsidized" policies of "Right of way priority" and "Charging guarantee", with a view to providing decision-making references for the optimization of new energy vehicles′ "non-subsidized" policies.     The study results show that: (1) The promotion effect of the "non-subsidized" policy is slightly lower than that of the "subsidized" policy, but the promotion effect is very significant. The implementation effect of the "non-subsidized" policy has been increasing year after year after the "subsidy decline " of new energy vehicles, and it has become increasingly prominent in inducing consumers in the passenger car market. As the "subsidized" policy of new energy vehicles "gradually declines", consumers will gradually reduce their dependence on "subsidized" policies such as "purchase subsidies" and "tax deductions" for new energy vehicles, and focus more on the use process. Convenience and practicality brought by the " Right of way priority " and "Charging guarantee" policies. (2) In the "non-subsidized" policy, the "Charging guarantee" policy has a stronger promotion effect than the " Right of way priority " policy, but the role of the " Right of way priority " policy has a relatively greater increase. After the implementation of the "subsidy decline policy", the growth rate of the "right of way priority policy" is significantly higher than that of the "charging guarantee policy". Although consumers are generally concerned about the "Charging guarantee", urban transportation bearing pressure will increase, and the "Right of way priority" of new energy vehicles will surely become the focus of more consumers. (3) There are obvious regional differences in the role of the "Right of way priority" policy. The higher the pressure on traffic load, the stronger the promotion of the "Right of way priority" policy. The "Charging guarantee" policy has promoted the promotion of the new energy vehicle market in cities with different traffic bearing pressures, but there are no obvious regional differences.     This study has three implications for the optimization and adjustment of China′s new energy vehicle promotion policies: (1) With the gradual reduction of fiscal and tax subsidies, the government should strengthen the implementation of "non-subsidized" policy such as "right of way priority" and "Charging guarantee". "Strategic implementation of policies and improvement of relevant implementation details to actively cooperate with the implementation of "subsidy subsidies" for new energy vehicles to prevent the promotion and application of new energy vehicles from entering a "dark moment". (2) While rapidly advancing the layout of infrastructure such as charging piles, more attention should be paid to increasing the implementation of the "Right of way priority" policy for new energy vehicles, and a schedule to stop the production and sales of traditional vehicles should be issued in advance. So that more consumers are guided to purchase and use new energy vehicles, under the current situation of "subsidy decline". (3) The implementation of the "non-subsidized" policy should consider the differences in transportation resources in different cities, and implement the "non-subsidized" policy in accordance with local conditions. On the one hand, we must pay attention to the implementation of the "Right of way priority" policy, enhance the comparative advantages of new energy vehicle consumption and further release the role of the policy; on the other hand, adjust according to the actual implementation of the current "Charging guarantee" policy to improve new energy vehicle consumption environment to provide strong support for the popularity of new energy vehicles in the passenger car market in the future. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The relationship between organizational learning and international new ventures′ embedding paths of GVC: A cross-case analysis of China′s chip industry Tian Bifei, Zhu Renjie 2022, 43(9): 91-98.  Abstract ( 115 )      Integrated circuit (IC) is the most important component of electronic devices, which plays a decisive role in national security of information. Unfortunately, the majority of Chinese IC enterprises have to be embedded in a low position of the global value chain (GVC) due to the low development level of China IC technology. It is urgent for China to develop core technology system of the IC industry. Since international new ventures (INVs) target global market and utilize global resources to create value at their inception, exploring the embedding path of GVC of INVs in China′s IC industry will not only enhance the core competitiveness of China IC industry and China enterprises, but also develop organizational learning theory and localize international entrepreneurship theory.     There are six key elements in INVs′ learning. The first one is feedforward learning which includes the design of strategic vision, the identification of opportunity in the initial stage, and the leadership in the middle stage of entrepreneurship. The second element is accidents-driven learning. When succeed accidentally, INVs will summarize the trend of market in order to transform the occasional success into new profitable way. The third is information search and collection. Trying to collect more external information will benefit INVs to accumulate and absorb knowledge promptly so that they can identify new market opportunity. The fourth one is experiment which includes strategy adjustment, new product and services development and so on. The fifth element is knowledge storage and retrieval. INVs can store and retrieve the learned knowledge to enhance their cognitive capability. The last is continuous improvement which includes technology improvement after experiment failure, knowledge update after application, and upgrade of organizational process.      Based on organizational learning theory, this paper argues that the learning model of INVs can be classified into information exploration learning, technology exploration learning and exploitation learning. Information exploration learning refers to the process of collecting external information, which includes feedforward learning, accidents-driven learning, and information search and collection. INVs using information exploration learning can achieve competitive advantage resulting from information asymmetry. Technology exploration learning includes accidents-driven learning and experiment. It refers to the process of finding new technology, new process and new product by experiment so that INVs can accomplish learning-by-doing. Although facing high risk and uncertainty, INVs using technology exploration learning can enhance innovation performance dramatically. Exploitation learning includes knowledge storage and retrieval and continuous improvement aiming to exploit current organizational knowledge fully and upgrade learning curve. Although facing lower risk and prompter performance feedback, exploitation learning isn′t useful for sustainable development.     Organizational learning is indispensable throughout INVs′ whole process of GVC embedding. It benefits INVs to embed GVC by means of increasing productivity, enhancing market competitiveness and avoiding entrepreneurial risk. According to extant literature, GVC embedding is useful to increase productivity. Meanwhile, GVC embedding helps INVs to enter into international market by accessing external knowledge. Organizational learning fosters INVs to consider their management rules and norms seriously, which is useful to enhance market competitiveness. INVs with strong learning capability can improve the storage of knowledge and retrieve and create knowledge efficiently. Consequently, INVs reduce market entry cost and avoid entrepreneurial risk.      Using cross-case analysis, this paper explores GVC embedding paths of three companies including Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), Spreadtrum Communications (SPRD) and TongFu Microelectronics (TFME).      As the biggest IC manufacturing enterprise in China, SMIC focuses on producing IC solely or jointly with IC designing companies. From its inception, SMIC has been adopting information exploration learning by cooperation with foreign IC corporations. The learning elements of SMIC include feedforward learning, knowledge storage and retrieval, and continuous improvement. By continuous cooperation with international famous IC corporations, SMIC has achieved great performance and upgraded its position of GVC, which can be called horizontal embedding path of GVC.      In terms of SPRD, it has been dedicating to innovate independently since its establishment. The learning elements of SPRD include feedforward learning, accidents-driven learning, knowledge storage and retrieval, and experiment, which can be regarded as technology exploration learning. During the process of GVC embedding, SPRD has been concentrating on research and development (R&D). By establishing research affiliates in developed countries like U.S., SPRD learns and imitates technology from host countries′ enterprises closely, which is useful to broaden information channel. Eventually, GVC embedding strengthens SPRD′s R&D capability, which can be called upstream embedding path of GVC.     As a joint venture, TFME mainly engaged in IC packaging test. In the learning process, it used many learning elements such as information search and collection, knowledge storage and retrieval, and continuous improvement, which can be regarded as exploitation learning. During the process of GVC embedding, TFME has been exporting intermediate goods to foreign top corporations by seeking and widening product line of packaging test, which forces TFME to learn advanced technology and management experience and upgrade its learning curve. As a result, GVC embedding consolidates TFME′s market share, which can be called vertical embedding path of GVC.     In sum, horizontal embedding path of GVC is used for INVs with information exploration learning by cooperation with international corporations. Meanwhile, upstream embedding path of GVC is used for INVs with technology exploration learning by establishing R&D center in both domestic and foreign countries. Moreover, vertical embedding path of GVC is used for INVs with exploitation learning by strengthening its original position of GVC. INVs should choose appropriate embedding path of GVC to internationalize based on the features of their learning elements. Specifically, those using horizontal embedding path of GVC should focus on strategic planning, take advantage of accidents, and collect information. Furthermore, those using upstream embedding path of GVC should emphasize R&D by continuous experiment. Meanwhile, those using vertical embedding path of GVC should concentrate on extant knowledge application and improvement. Once embedded, INVs should improve and upgrade GVC, which requires INVs to construct comprehensive knowledge system and adopt organizational learning in the whole process. Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the impact of openness and appropriability mechanism on enterprise innovation performance under the perspective of innovation funnel Li Zihanxin 2022, 43(9): 99-108.  Abstract ( 190 )       With the shortening of product life cycle, the increasing degree of technical complexity and the speed of knowledge upgrading, enterprises carry out extensive and in-depth cross-boundary external searches, identifying, acquiring, transforming and integrating knowledge from external knowledge sources has become an important means of improving innovation performance. Enterprises′ openness is an important factor affecting innovation performance. However, collaboration with external partners during the entire innovation process also significantly increases the risk of being imitated. The risk of imitation is more serious for companies participating in R&D collaboration, which may trigger the "open paradox". And the risks associated with the "open paradox" run through the entire innovation process. Although there is broad consensus on the positive role of external search in promoting innovation performance, there are still some unresolved issues regarding the appropriability strategy of enterprises cross-boundary and the way of external collaborative innovation management. It is needed to explore the use of formal and informal appropriability mechanisms at all phases of the innovation phase, and collaboration and appropriability strategies with different types of partners also require further research.     Although scholars have studied the intricate relationship between openness and appropriability, so far, there have been few studies empirically explored the relationship between openness, appropriability and performance. Therefore, this study focuses on the impact of three different types of appropriability mechanisms: formal (patents, trademarks, designs and copyrights), semi-formal (contracts and trade-secrets) and informal (lead times and products complexity), and openness (in terms of collaboration depth with eight types of partners) on the two different types of innovation performance, such as efficiency and novelty, at different phases of the innovation funnel. This study aims to analyze the impact of appropriability mechanism and openness on innovation performance at different phases of the innovation funnel based on the theory of boundary-spanning search and protection of intellectual property rights, through the questionnaire survey data of 332 manufacturing companies from Guangdong province.      The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) In the creative phase of the innovation funnel, innovation efficiency is positively related to the use of semi-formal appropriability mechanisms (contracts and trade-secrets), but negatively related to the use of formal appropriability mechanisms, such as patents. Innovation novelty is positively related to the use of informal appropriability mechanisms, and positively related to openness to companies in other industries and universities  too; (2) In NPD and commercialization phase of the innovation funnel, openness to innovation intermediaries and consulting companies is related to innovation efficiency, and innovation novelty is negatively related to openness to suppliers; (3) In all phases of the innovation funnel, innovation efficiency is related to openness to customers, while innovation novelty is positively affected by openness to competitors and other industry companies.      The theoretical contribution of this study is as follows: (1) this is the first study to explore the relationship between appropriability mechanisms, openness, and innovation performance within the same framework, and to further analyze the appropriability mechanisms used at different phases of open innovation, has been clear about the different impacts of appropriability mechanisms at different phases on innovation performance, to help in the field of collaborative innovation research perspectives from general open innovation to the different phases of open innovation, reveal and prove the existence of differences effects of appropriability mechanisms at the different phases of open innovation, will help to deepen the study of open innovation, for the further exploration of the appropriability mechanisms of the entire phases of collaborative innovation in the future provides a new perspective. (2) the study introduced the knowledge protection theory, to distinguish three forms of appropriability mechanisms in collaborative innovation: formal (patents, trademarks, designs and copyrights), semi-formal (contracts and trade-secrets) and informal (lead times and products complexity),revealed the different protection mechanisms of intellectual property rights for collaborative innovation, and deepen the knowledge protection theory in the concrete application in the field of collaborative innovation, expand the theory of innovation appropriability research. (3) this study reveals the formal, semi-formal, and informal appropriability mechanisms at different phases of open innovation on collaborative innovation performance of the specific mechanism, for the appropriability mechanisms on innovation performance effect research provides new theoretical explanation, which deconstructs the open innovation from the theory level the appropriability mechanisms affect the black box of the performance of collaborative innovation, expand the connotation of the theory of open innovation.       The management implications of this study are as follows: (1) when the enterprise adopting open innovation determines the impact of openness on different types of partners and the use of appropriability mechanisms on the innovation performance, it must distinguish each phase of the innovation funnel. In the creative phase, the use of all types of appropriability mechanisms and the openness of certain horizontal partners can have a significant impact on performance, while in NPD and commercialization phase, horizontal and vertical partners and informal appropriability mechanisms can affect innovation performance. The relationship between all appropriability mechanisms and innovation performance is stronger in the creative phase than in NPD and commercialization phase. In addition, the contrasting effect of formal appropriability mechanisms and semi-formal appropriability mechanisms on innovation efficiency has practical significance related to the so-called ‘open paradox’. (2) the contrasting effect of using formal and semi-formal appropriability mechanisms on innovation efficiency may also have an impact on the cost aspects of appropriability strategies. Although strong formal appropriability mechanisms may be required in the creative phase of the open innovation process, at the same time, the knowledge contained in new products or processes may be difficult to obtain patents in the creative phase, as this is not the case. As a result, the costs may outweigh the benefits when enterprises invest in a formal appropriability mechanisms, such as a patent, in the creative phase of open innovation. Therefore, managers should carefully choose expensive formal appropriability mechanisms to protect knowledge in the creative phase of collaborative innovation, and consider choosing semi-formal appropriability mechanisms such as contracts and trade-secrets. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the influence mechanism of "intelligence +" on the innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises Meng Fansheng, Xu Ye, Zhao Gang 2022, 43(9): 109-118.  Abstract ( 194 )       Intelligent manufacturing is an important direction for the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry. "Intelligence+" empowers manufacturing enterprises to transform and upgrade, and promotes the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry. In recent years, driven by the new generation of information technologies such as the Internet of Things, cloud computing and big data, artificial intelligence has demonstrated human-machine collaboration and cross-border integration. It has gradually penetrated into related industries, causing manufacturing processes and business models. The reshaping of business and business formats has promoted the intelligent development of manufacturing enterprises. With the emphasis on artificial intelligence from all walks of life, more and more scholars have studied the impact and importance of intelligence on the development of manufacturing companies from multiple perspectives. From the perspective of production, the intelligent performance of manufacturing enterprises is to enable artificial intelligence to be used in production systems, to make the configuration of production factors more flexible, and to improve enterprise productivity and employee labor productivity. From a product perspective, the intelligent development of manufacturing enterprises in order to increase the scientific and technological content of the product, the rate of defective products has been greatly reduced, and the product quality has been improved. At the same time, the variety and personalization of product types have been achieved, and the purpose of value added has been achieved. From a service perspective, the intelligence of manufacturing enterprises is supported by artificial intelligence technology. Through artificial intelligence, the enterprise′s ability to store and analyze historical data is enhanced, enabling enterprises to provide customers with more proactive and real-time full-lifecycle services.     However, the impact of "intelligence+" on China′s innovation subject, corporate innovation behavior, is rarely mentioned. The innovation behavior of manufacturing enterprises, as the core driving force and main source of maintaining the competitive advantages of manufacturing enterprises, will bring innovation gains to enterprises and transform them into innovation performance. It is of great significance to promote the high-quality development of Chinese manufacturing enterprises, and deserves our attention.      From the perspective of "intelligence+", this study integrates "intelligence +", integrated innovation, environmental dynamics, and innovation performance into a theoretical framework, and analyzes in depth the relationship between "intelligence+" and the innovation performance of manufacturing companies, and "intelligence+", the interrelationship between innovations, and the adjustment of environmental dynamics between "intelligence+" and innovation performance, and "intelligence+" and integrated innovation. By analyzing the relationship between "intelligence+", integrated innovation, environmental dynamics and innovation performance, a model of the mechanism of "intelligence+" on the innovation performance of manufacturing companies was established, and the mechanism of "intelligence+" on the innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises was explored.    An empirical test was conducted through questionnaire data. The sample of this study is mainly taken from manufacturing enterprises in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong and other places where domestic manufacturing is relatively developed. At the same time, considering the regional balance, central regions such as Heilongjiang, Jilin, and western regions such as Ningxia and Gansu were also selected. The regional manufacturing enterprises selected a total of 16 eastern, central and western provinces for a large sample survey. Data collection has gone through the steps of questionnaire design, pre-investigation, and formal investigation.    Based on an in-depth analysis of artificial intelligence theory and innovation theory, combined with the objective reality of manufacturing enterprises, this paper constructs a model of the impact mechanism of "intelligence+" on integrated innovation as an intermediate variable and environmental dynamics as a regulating variable on the innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises. Manufacturing enterprises in 16 provinces and cities in the east, central, and west were selected as survey objects, and the impact mechanism model was tested using 308 valid questionnaire data collected.     The research results show that: (1) On the premise of maintaining other factors unchanged, "intelligence+" can U-shape the innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises, that is, with the increase of the intelligence level of manufacturing enterprises, the innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises will first decline after rising phenomenon. (2) Integrated innovation plays an intermediary role between "intelligence+" and innovation performance. Among them, "intelligence+" can U-shape the integrated innovation of manufacturing enterprises, and integrated innovation can positively affect innovation performance. (3) Environmental dynamics can positively regulate the relationship between "intelligence+" and integrated innovation, and "intelligence+" and innovation performance. When in a highly dynamic environment, the effect of "intelligence+" on integrated innovation and innovation performance is significantly enhanced.     This paper analyzes the relationship between "intelligence +", integrated innovation, environmental dynamics, and innovation performance. The research conclusions have certain reference significance for the development of Chinese manufacturing enterprises towards intelligent manufacturing. First, because "intelligence+" affects the innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises in a U-shaped relationship, when manufacturing enterprises implement intelligent transformation, they can effectively promote the improvement of innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises when their intelligence level reaches a certain level. Due to the large differences in the level of intelligence of Chinese manufacturing enterprises, each enterprise should reasonably arrange the timing and progress of intelligence based on its actual situation. Second, integrated innovation has an intermediary role between "intelligence+" and innovation performance, and "intelligence+" affects the integrated innovation of manufacturing enterprises in a U-shaped relationship.      The research results provide new ideas for companies to improve innovation performance. While promoting the improvement of innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises through "intelligence +", manufacturing enterprises can also promote the improvement of innovation performance by digging to realize integrated innovation of enterprises. Third, the dynamic nature of the environment has a positive regulatory role between "intelligence+" and integrated innovation, and "intelligence+" and innovation performance indicate that manufacturing companies should pay full attention to changes in the external environment in the process of intelligent development and closely pay attention to the adjustment of market demand and policies, and use environmental dynamics to fully promote the improvement of innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises. Related Articles | Metrics

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The relationship among the Internet, industry competition intensity and innovation efficiency Wang Fang, Shi Xin 2022, 43(9): 119-126.  Abstract ( 165 )       Promoting a shift in the mode of economic development to the innovation-driven model is an important way for China′s economy to achieve high-quality development. However, the double-low dilemma of "low quality and low efficiency" in manufacturing innovation has not only hindered the improvement of the efficiency of the utilization of R&D resources, but also constrained China′s economic development towards a high-quality economy. At the same time, the degree of integration between the manufacturing industry and the Internet is increasing. This paper attempts to study whether the application of the Internet in the manufacturing industry can break the dilemma of "innovation inefficiency" from the perspective of innovation efficiency. To provide theoretical and empirical support for deepening the integration of manufacturing and Internet development.     Through a review of the relevant literature, it is possible to qualitatively summarize the possible impact of the Internet on innovation efficiency: First, the biggest change brought about by the Internet is information, including the analysis and flow of information. At the level of knowledge structure, the Internet has greatly improved information asymmetry. Second, enterprises can quickly access low-cost technical resources and knowledge for research and development activities through the Internet, thus improving the efficiency of research and development. Third, firms, consumers, and research institutions are closely integrated through the Internet platform, which improves the efficiency of matching innovation activities. In short, the Internet facilitates the rapid flow of information, the efficient spillover of knowledge and the accelerated updating of technology, which increases the efficiency of innovation in industries. By building an innovation platform, firms can access innovation resources at lower cost, thus improving innovation efficiency. However, the discussion is mostly at the theoretical level and is still lacking empirical evidence.     This paper measures the innovation efficiency based on the data of Chinese manufacturing industry segments, empirically examines the role of Internet use on innovation efficiency in the industry, and selects the degree of industry competition as the threshold variable, in order to analyze how the degree of industry competition affects the relationship between Internet and innovation efficiency.       This paper draws the following conclusions: Firstly, the increased use of the Internet in the industry has significantly improved the efficiency of innovation in the Chinese manufacturing sector, and the findings remain robust after a series of robustness and endogeneity tests. Deeper integration of the manufacturing industry and the Internet can promote knowledge spillover with lower information search and matching costs, increase the industry′s knowledge stock, and boost the industry′s innovation efficiency. It can be seen that the use of the Internet in industry is another source of driving innovation capacity enhancement in addition to human and physical capital investment.      Secondly, the role of the use of the Internet in innovation efficiency is influenced by the degree of competition in the industry. When the industry is highly competitive, there is a catalytic effect of the Internet on innovation efficiency, i.e. there is an innovation effect of flight from competition. However, as the level of competition decreases, so does the incentive effect. When the level of competition exceeds the second threshold, this facilitative effect turns into a disincentive effect. This may be because, when the intensity of competition within an industry is stronger, it indicates that more firms are entering this market, resulting in more knowledge spillovers and lower learning costs between firms, which is conducive to more efficient innovation. Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the regional differences and loss sources of green innovation efficiency of Chinese enterprises under technology heterogeneity Qian Li, Wang Wenping, Xiao Renqiao 2022, 43(9): 127-138.  Abstract ( 110 )       Green innovation is an important way to ease the current pressure on resources and the environment and achieve high-quality development of the Chinese industry. In recent years, China′s industrial enterprises have continued to increase R&D investment, but the technological, economic, and environmental benefits have not improved significantly. It is necessary to improve the green innovation efficiency of enterprises and realize the transformation of industrial enterprises into a green development mode. Due to differences in resource endowments, economic development, investment in innovative resources, and market environment in different regions of China, it means that the production technology sets available for green innovation are different. Scientifically measuring the green innovation efficiency and technology gap of industrial enterprises in different regions, and clarifying the source of efficiency loss, is conducive to the formulation of differentiated green innovation policies in different regions of China, so as to improve the enterprise′s green innovation ability.      Based on the characteristics of regional technology heterogeneity and green innovation input sharing, this paper builds a meta-frontier-shared input related two-stage DEA model to measure the green R&D efficiency, achievement conversion efficiency and overall efficiency of Chinese provincial industrial enterprises from 2008 to 2017.Under the meta-frontier framework, the "technical gap ratio" index is used to measure and analyze the green innovation technology gap and its changing trends among enterprises in eastern, central and western regions of China. Kruskal-Wallis was conducted on the difference between the two-stage TGR values of the three major regional enterprises test. From the perspective of the ineffectiveness of regional technology gaps and ineffectiveness of business management, the two-stage green innovation inefficiency value is decomposed to dig out the true root cause of efficiency losses, and locate the key links and key strategies for improving the efficiency of enterprises in various regions. The results show that:       (1) The average efficiency of green innovation of Chinese industrial enterprises under the meta-frontier is 0.647, and the average efficiency of green R&D and achievement transformation is 0.774 and 0.831 respectively. The efficiency under the meta-frontier does not exceed the corresponding efficiency under the group frontier. The green R&D efficiency of industrial enterprises in the eastern, central and western regions of the meta-frontier is 0.804, 0.669 and 0.834 respectively. The efficiency of enterprises in the eastern and western regions is relatively high, while the efficiency in the central region is significantly lower. In the stage of green achievement transformation, the efficiency of enterprises in eastern, central and western regions was 0.948, 0.784 and 0.763 in order. During the period of investigation, the efficiency of the two stages of green innovation in the country and the three major regions has not improved significantly, showing a slight downward trend.       (2) The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the difference in the technology gap between green R&D and achievement transformation among the three major regions was significant. In the green technology R&D stage, the average TGR of the eastern, central, and western enterprises were 0.979, 0.790, and 0.919, respectively. The average TGR of enterprises in eastern, central and western regions were 0.989, 0.877 and 0.847 respectively. In the green R&D stage, the technology gap between the enterprises in the east and middle regions hovered around 0.2, while the technology gap between the enterprises in the east and west regions in the achievement transformation stage was the most obvious, and it showed a trend of continuous expansion.      (3) There are obvious differences in the root causes of green innovation efficiency losses of enterprises in different regions. Inefficiency decomposition finds that the two-stage efficiency losses of green innovation of enterprises in the eastern region are mainly due to the improper management of the enterprises in the region. Enterprises in the region need to focus on employee innovation mission, responsibility training and corporate culture construction to improve the level of corporate green innovation management. While the enterprises in the central and western regions are due to ineffective technology gaps and ineffective management. They all cause efficiency losses, and the efficiency losses caused by backward regional technology account for more than 50%. Enterprises in the region need to have both internal and external training, focusing on improving the regional technical level and optimizing the innovation environment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the impact of technological selection behavior on value creation of post-acquisition Pei Xudong, Xue Hua, Wang Boying, Huang Yuzhou, Li Suicheng 2022, 43(9): 139-148.  Abstract ( 80 )      How companies realize value creation through technology acquisition activities is a very important issue that lacks in-depth exploration. Preliminary research believes that technology acquisition only provides opportunities for value creation, and acquired technological resources can be used reasonably in subsequent product or service innovation to create new value. However, scholars′ research shows that it is difficult for companies to use technological resources of acquired companies to create new value of post- acquisition.     Value creation in technology acquisition is a multi-stage process based on systematic considerations. In addition to considering how to re-allocate and make full use of the acquired technological resources to make them more valuable, it is more worthy of acquiring company′s attentions to identify and screen value opportunities of external technological resources accurately. Technology selection is the source and trigger point of technology acquisition process, and different technology selection behaviors may have different impacts on technological knowledge leverage methods. Specifically, when using intra-boundary technology selection to improve and optimize existing processes and expand attributes and utility of products and services, acquiring companies may choose integrated technological knowledge leverage. Boundary-spanning technology selection means selecting technological resources on the track of new technologies, independent technological knowledge leverage is adopted to make new technological resources self-contained and use them as innovation input elements to fully tap their potential, thereby creating differentiated products and services for acquiring companies. However, existing research is limited to improving the efficiency of technological resource leverage of post-acquisition, and ignores the important role of technology selection behaviors of pre-acquisition, and separates the relationship between them. How effectively match between them, in turn, affects value creation has not been received full attention to scholars.     This paper constructs a theoretical model about technology selection of pre-acquisition, knowledge leverage methods and value creation of post-acquisition, puts forward research hypotheses, and tests them with 257 questionnaires survey data of high-tech companies. The empirical results indicate that there is a matching relationship between technology selection behaviors and technological knowledge leverage methods. Technological knowledge leverage methods have been helpful to the creation of new value. Acquisition experiences have different moderating effects on the relationship between technology selection behaviors and technological knowledge leverage methods. The research results open the "black box" of how to create value for companies in technology acquisition, and answers the question of “how successful buyer can get the best value from technology acquisition”.     The theoretical contributions and managerial implications are as follows: Firstly, the results show that the realization of value creation in technology acquisition not only depends on technological knowledge leverage methods of post- acquisition, but also closely related to technology selection behaviors of pre-acquisition. Preliminary research believes that value creation is the result of internal reforms of acquiring companies, reshaping their core capabilities, organization structure and resource systems by absorbing valuable technological resources to achieve technological innovation of post-acquisition. This view mainly emphasizes how companies can effectively use acquired technological resources, while ignoring the importance of technology selection behaviors. This paper links technology selection behaviors with technological knowledge leverage, not only examines the effect of technology selection on technological knowledge leverage of post-acquisition, but also points out that it is an important pre-requisite and basis for the realization of value creation. The results suggest that companies should consider comprehensively in the process of technology acquisition, especially in the process of technology selection, combining their own technological foundation, technological needs, and weighing two technology selection behaviors. As a result, the research summarizes the inherent laws of technology selection behaviors in acquisition, and enriches theories of technology selection and value creation in the field of technology acquisition.     Secondly, the results reveal the objective fact that value creation can be achieved by matching technology selection behaviors and technological knowledge leverage methods. Specifically, when companies adopt intra-boundary technology selection, they will seek a method that can combine technological knowledge of acquired companies with their own existing technological knowledge base, thereby expanding and extending existing technological foundation. When companies use boundary-spanning technology selection, they tend to use new technological knowledge independently, rather than linking with existing technological knowledge, to promote their innovative activities in the direction of new technologies. The results enlighten managers that if external technological knowledge is selected in the existing technological field, integrated knowledge leverage can better create new value for companies, while independent knowledge leverage can better create new value of new external technological knowledge across existing technological fields. Therefore, the research answers the question of how technology selection behaviors of pre-acquisition match knowledge leverage methods of post-acquisition to create new value from the overall level, enriching and expanding the relationship between technology selection behaviors and technology leverage methods in technology acquisition theories.     Finally, the results also show that acquisition experiences have different moderating effects on the relationship between technology selection behaviors and knowledge leverage methods. Preliminary research has ignored the fact that technology acquisition is dependent events, and there are obvious learning effects among multiple acquisition activities, which limits our understanding of the connotation of acquisition experiences to a certain extent. This paper empirically tests different moderating effects between intra-boundary technology selection and integrated knowledge leverage, as well as boundary-spanning technology selection and independent knowledge leverage, which is helpful to solve the problem that the preset acquisition experiences are the same in the existing research, which results in many contradictory research results.      The conclusions enlighten acquiring companies that when selecting similar technological knowledge, its explicit acquisition experiences can effectively promote mutual penetration and integration of new and old technological knowledge, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of integrated technology leverage. Tacit acquisition experiences can help them identify potential value of heterogeneous technological knowledge through boundary-spanning technology selection, and help companies reduce managerial rigidity and waste of innovation resources caused by excessive reliance on explicit acquisition experiences. Therefore, the research further clarifies complex relationship between technology acquisition experiences, technology selection behaviors and technology leverage methods, as well as expands and deepens theoretical boundary of existing acquisition experiences. Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence mechanism of the alliances within patent pools on patent litigation sued by alliance partners Zhang Yunsheng, Lai Liubin 2022, 43(9): 149-158.  Abstract ( 113 )       Enterprises within the same industry often form a patent pool to allow cross-licensing of patents among pool members. Patent pools are an effective institutional arrangement to eliminate patent licensing barriers, save transaction costs, allow mutual acquisition of complementary technologies, reduce patent disputes, and jointly strengthen technology development and trade. Patent pools also promote efficiency because members of a pool often share technical standards. To the extent that these goals are accomplished, members within a patent pool can contain outside competition and profit in global markets. Nevertheless, some members of the same patent pool end up in litigation over patent disputes for individual interests.    The purpose of this research was to test whether alliances between two members within patent pools reduce patent litigation sued by alliance partner, and whether the risk of litigation is higher or lower depending on characteristics of the partnership and of each enterprise. We posed the counterintuitive hypothesis that repeated alliances actually increase the risk of litigation. Based on the theories of alliance learning, coopetition and social network, this paper focused on the alliance network of patent pools, and used a manual collected database of 14,454 pairs of alliance between 76 members of 12 pools managed by MPEGLA in the period of 2006-2018. Information about these pairs was gathered from public databases. Negative binomial regression model was employed to empirically analyze the effect of alliances within patent pools on patent litigation sued by alliance partner and the moderating effect of exploratory collaboration, competitive learning, network centrality and technological similarity.      The empirical results show that there was a positive association between alliances within patent pools and member′s patent litigation intensity sued by alliance partner. This risk of litigation was higher when the two members had a similar technology base. The risk was lower when the partners engaged in exploratory collaboration and allowed competitive learning. The risk was also lower when one partner had higher network centrality than the other. This study expands the influence path of alliances within patent pools on the interaction between partners, and is the first to document that alliance partnerships increase the risk of litigation between partners. Despite the benefits of partnership, alliances are still subject to competition to maximize individual gain. The results have clear implications for developing strategies to reduce litigation between alliance partners, and provide evidence in support of theories in the field of management. In the current study, the risk of litigation was reduced when enterprises engaged in an exploratory collaboration. In this type of collaboration, enterprises engage in more intensive interaction to share expertise, explore new technologies, and develop new products. Closer interactions can engender mutual trust and reduce opportunistic behavior, lessening the chance of litigation over patent disputes. Strong alliance learning ability is another factor than can lower the risk of litigation. Learning ability describes each firm′s access to information about the other firm′s strengths as well as weaknesses. This mutual awareness deters each partner from litigation because learning ability strengthens R&D and the chance to make breakthroughs in key technologies, thus improving each firm′s industry status and bargaining power.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on evaluation of the compound patent portfolio based on the structural equation-group exponential lasso method Ren Peimin, Zhao Shuran, Jiang Wenyuan 2022, 43(9): 159-168.  Abstract ( 97 )      As an important subject of innovation, the innovation ability of enterprises is reflected in all the patents it owns, usually in the form of patent portfolio. It is of great significance to accurately evaluate the value of patent portfolio. In the macro sense, it is the necessary guarantee for the State to measure the innovation ability of enterprises and formulate reasonable industrial technology policies. In the microcosmic sense, it is the pre-condition for the smooth progress of enterprise technical cooperation, transaction and pledge financing, and it is also the need of product and project investment evaluation.    Based on the compound two-tier patent portfolio as the research object, the paper selects the indicator of forward cites, claims, family, backward cites and so on to construct the value evaluation model. First of all, the statistically relevant method is used to combine similar indicators of the value of patents within similar patent portfolios, and then to design a variety of patent grouping structures, to analyze the optimal grouping structure of patent groups by structural equations (SEM), and then to select the optimal variable groups and important variables using the group exponential lasso method (GEL), so as to determine the pricing formula of patent portfolio.     After analyzing the drug as an example, it is found that the combination of internal indicators of similar patent groups is better by geometric average, and the combination between patent groups is better by patent category, and the formula of drug patent portfolio value is obtained. The main conclusions are: compound patent determines the value of patent portfolio, product patent plays a complementary role, other types of patents have little effect on the portfolio value itself; in patent indicators, forward cites indicators are the most important, claims, the family plays a complementary role, backward cites do not have a significant role.    Later, the SEM-GEL method proposed in this paper is compared with the author′s other methods of further innovating and expanding the design according to traditional ideas, it shows that it has the advantages of reasonable grouping basis, high fit degree and clear combination form.     In addition to analyzing the complex two-tier patent portfolio of drugs, the model can be used to analyze the complex multi-patent portfolio of different industries and other issues，such as patent portfolio financing screening, high-tech product technology value evaluation, technology enterprise research and development strength measurement, research and development performance evaluation of researchers and many other applications and research fields.      The innovation point of the thesis is as follows: (1) the quantitative evaluation of complex double-layer patent portfolio is studied. The existing research only involves a single-layer patent combination, and most of the research is qualitative or simple related analysis; this paper considers the interaction between the internal patent groups of the portfolio, as well as the interaction between the patents within the group, and conducts a quantitative analysis. (2) Use the competitive analysis of structural equation model to obtain the optimal grouping form of patent. Existing studies on the interaction of patent values within patent portfolios are only theoretical analyses. However, competitive analysis can be used to verify the theoretical inference of the interaction between patent groups. (3) The group exponential lasso method is selected to determine the pricing formula of the patent portfolio. Using this method, different groups of variables can be filtered, and internal variables of the same group of variables can also be filtered. The overall impact of each group on the explained variable can be compared, so that the key variable groups and key variables can be clearly identified, which provides strong empirical support for the analysis of the problem. Related Articles | Metrics

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The sharing- and collaboration-oriented intellectual property management mode of the design industry Jin Yin 2022, 43(9): 169-175.  Abstract ( 106 )       In the design industry, the full use of design knowledge will enhance the value of design, improve the efficiency of design process, and develop the effect of knowledge aggregation. The existing researches create design knowledge management systems, which can realize the function of design knowledge acquisition, organization, retrieval and analysis. They are all closed design knowledge flow systems, which are limited in design enterprises or design institutions. On the one hand, the acquisition of design knowledge is slow and there are limitations in the types and quantity of knowledge. On the other hand, the vast majority of small and medium-sized design enterprises that constitute the main body of design industry cannot bear the costs of research, development and use of the system. There are also research attempts to develop design knowledge service platform. These researches introduce various kinds of participants to provide knowledge services. However, in the multi-party participation mode, there will be problems of intellectual property risk of design knowledge and evaluation of the effect and pricing of design knowledge services. These problems seriously hinder the application of knowledge management system.      An important way to solve the above problems is to transform design knowledge into design intellectual property. As a form of knowledge defined in the form of clear legal property rights, design intellectual property rights have a much higher degree of marketization and standardization. They have more objective evaluation standards and facilitate the participation of all parties in the market. They can provide adequate legal protection for property owners, keep the smooth process of management and knowledge service, and greatly improve the system efficiency.      The primary purpose of intellectual property management in design industry is to share knowledge, promote the circulation and utilization of design knowledge as the form of intellectual property in the industry. In terms of knowledge inflow, it provides design knowledge corresponding in real cases for the design process, which can save time and improve efficiency for designers; in terms of knowledge output, it encourages designers and design institutions to sort out design knowledge in design projects and share with others by getting paid for knowledge services. A good knowledge sharing mechanism will promote the collaborative innovation of the whole industry. This collaboration is not only the collaboration within the enterprise or under the connection of design projects, but also the collaborative innovation between designers and design institutions based on knowledge aggregation and evolution in the environment of knowledge sharing community in the whole design industry.      By analyzing the design knowledge in the design process, the design knowledge flow model is established. In this model, design knowledge is constantly used and evolved to form a spiral path of knowledge innovation and development. By inducting design knowledge, we can sort out the form of design results, as well as the corresponding types of intellectual property rights. The design results shall be convenient for the circulation of design knowledge in the whole system: convenient for design knowledge management and intellectual property management, convenient for knowledge reuse in design practice, and convenient for authorization and use of design intellectual property.      On the basis of the research on the flow process of design knowledge and the standard types of design results, this paper constructs the intellectual property management mode of design industry around the flow process of design knowledge in all levels of design industry.     The main task of design organization is to realize the effective concentration and rational utilization of design intellectual property rights in the whole industry. Design organizations need to carry out the following work: (1) Building design intellectual property service platform. (2) Formulating the management standard of design intellectual property. (3) Providing supportive services of design intellectual property management. (4) Promoting the awareness of intellectual property management in the whole industry.     The main task of design institutions is to establish the internal design intellectual property management system, which mainly includes: (1) Standards of internal design intellectual property management. (2) Managing design knowledge. (3) Specification of design knowledge usage. (4) Specification of knowledge output. (5) Design knowledge database.      The main task of the designer is to acquire and sort out the knowledge according to the operation standard of design intellectual property management which was formulated by the design organization in the design process. The effective operation of intellectual property management mode in design industry depends on the active promotion and coordination of design organization, design institutions and designers. Design organization builds platform, provides services, guides and motivates design institutions to submit and use design knowledge achievements. Design institutions establish internal intellectual property management system; promote the accumulation, innovation and achievement transformation of design knowledge. They can obtain the income of intellectual property rights from the outward circulation of design results and form a virtuous circle to encourage the interior, and improve the efficiency of interior design production by promoting the utilization of design knowledge. Designers implement specific intellectual property management procedures to achieve the effective use and output of design knowledge in the design process. The three levels of intellectual property management jointly promote knowledge sharing and collaborative innovation in the design industry. And multi-level intellectual property management mechanism is also conducive to the realization of sustainable development of collaborative innovation mode. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reflective knowledge reconstruction, improvisation ability and innovation effect of enterprises Rui Zhengyun, Ma Xifang 2022, 43(9): 176-184.  Abstract ( 123 )      This paper explored and verified the impact of reflective knowledge reconstruction and the improvisation ability of an enterprise on its innovation performance. In this paper, reflective knowledge reconstruction is defined as the reprocessing and reorganization of the original organizational knowledge structure and cognitive mode. Different from the experiential learning that emphasizes previous experience and knowledge accumulation, the reflective knowledge reconstruction prompts the members of an organization to re-examine the existing knowledge system and dominant logic, which helps break through the past organizational practices, foster new innovation momentum in the organization, and support the enterprise′s continuous innovation. However, most of the existing research on the reflexive knowledge reconstruction is limited to the team level, such as team reflection, only a few pieces of research on the enterprise level. In addition, the influence mechanism of reflective knowledge reconstruction on innovation performance remains to be revealed.     In order to reveal the effects of the reflexive knowledge reconstruction on innovation outcomes, it is necessary to explore the internal mechanism and construct an analysis framework based on the interaction process between variables. Improvisation theory holds that the organizational improvisation ability can enhance the enterprise′s environmental adaptability and guarantee the sustainable development of innovation activities. As such, this paper tries to explore the boundary conditions of the influence of reflective knowledge reconstruction on the enterprise′s innovation performance.    To open the "black box" that reflective knowledge reconstruction affects innovation performance, we conduct an empirical study. The samples used in this study were collected from companies in the Yangtze River Delta including electronics, machinery manufacturing, information and communications, and biopharmaceutical industries. During the survey, a total of 318 enterprises were contacted, 230 questionnaires were recovered, 34 invalid questionnaires with incomplete answers were eliminated, and 196 questionnaires were actually valid. In the overall sample, most of the respondents are male (63.78%); in terms of education, 47.96% have bachelor degree or above. The surveyed enterprises are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, 78.57% of which have fewer than 100 employees, and 61.73% of which have been established for more than 5 years.    This paper evaluated the validity and reliability of the research scale. The results showed that the Cronbach′s of all the research variables were greater than 0.7, indicating that the scale has high validity and reliability. Also, values of factor loading and other indicators of all items showed that the scale also had high validity.     The results of hierarchical regression analysis based on 196 technological enterprises show that reflective knowledge reconstruction is an important factor to improve the enterprise′s innovation performance. Moreover, reflective knowledge reconstruction can indirectly promote innovation performance by cultivating organizational improvisation ability. When the environment is volatile, the mediating effect of the organizational improvisation ability is stronger. In addition, the disturbance of the technological environment may enhance the influence of reflective knowledge reconstruction on the "creative" dimension of improvisational ability; while the disturbance of market environment may enhance the influence of reflective knowledge reconstruction on the "immediate" dimension of improvisational ability.     This paper has important theoretical contributions. First, this study proposes that reflective knowledge reconstruction can promote the improvisation ability and innovation performance of enterprises. Previous studies emphasized the importance of the ability to organize improvisation, but lack of detailed discussion on how to cultivate and enhance the ability. By introducing the concept of reflexive knowledge reconstruction, this paper proves that reflexive knowledge reconstruction is an important factor for the enterprise′s improvisation ability, thus enriching the theoretical research on improvisation ability.     Second, this paper reveals the influence mechanism of reflective knowledge reconstruction on innovation performance. More specifically, this study finds that improvisation ability plays an intermediary role between reflective knowledge reconstruction and innovation performance, thus establishing a complete logical chain. This not only shows that reflective knowledge reconstruction is an important basis to promote enterprise innovation, but also provides an explanation for the internal process in which reflective knowledge reconstruction affects enterprise innovation.     Finally, this paper reveals that environmental disturbance is a boundary condition that affects the outcomes of reflective knowledge reconstruction. In other words, reflective knowledge reconstruction is not positive and effective in all cases equally, and its utility increases with the increase of the degree of environmental turbulence. In this paper, the environmental disturbance is incorporated into the analysis framework to discuss its moderating effects between reflective knowledge reconstruction and innovation performance. We find that when the degree of environmental disturbance is high, the indirect effect of reflective knowledge reconstruction on innovation performance through improvisation is more significant. This mediated model constructed in this paper not only considers the boundary conditions of mediation role of improvisation ability between reflective knowledge reconstruction and enterprise innovation, but also helps to clarify the situation of the effectiveness of reflective knowledge reconstruction.     This study provides some management inspirations for managers to improve the innovation performance of enterprises. First, managers should attach importance to and promote the subordinates′ reflective knowledge reconstruction. Managers need to make employees aware that outdated knowledge and perceptions (including values, beliefs, etc.) may hinder and mislead the innovation of enterprises. That means taking targeted measures to train and strengthen the employees′ critical thinking and cultivating an open and inclusive organizational atmosphere. Second, managers should improve the improvisation ability of enterprises. Therefore, managers need to consciously stimulate the communication and interaction between employees, as well as departments; eliminate the barriers of sharing and learning new knowledge within the organization. Third, as the process of influencing innovation performance by reflective knowledge reconstruction is regulated by environmental disturbance, managers need to develop the ability to predict, identify and respond to both future technological changes and market demand changes. The present work has some limitations which need to be addressed in future studies. For example, this paper studies reflective knowledge reconstruction as a single dimensional construct. In future research, a more detailed deconstruction of the construct may be considered. Related Articles | Metrics

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The configuration effect of the impact of strategic human resource management on product innovation Li Shuwen, Luo Jinlian, Liang Fu 2022, 43(9): 185-193.  Abstract ( 207 )       Scientific and technological innovation is one of the important factors to promote the progress of human civilization. With the arrival of the era of innovative economy, S&T enterprises are increasingly endurance the pressure of sustainable development. Under the structural reform of supply-side, product innovation is the key to the sustainable development, high-quality development and leapfrog development of S&T innovation enterprises. However, it is not clear how to enhance the product innovation of S&T innovation enterprises. The thrive of S&T enterprises to innovate, urges an in-depth exploration to understand what kind of strategic human resource management architectures are adopted to encourage R&D personnel to invent. According to previous studies, an effective strategic human resource management system is an enterprise′s source of competitive advantage as SHRM policies, practices, and organizational procedures represent an organization′s value orientation and major strategic activities. SHRM also shapes an organization′s and individual′s perception of employees who can facilitate organizational innovation. Furthermore, SHRM policies and procedures offer a critical, strategic background and tool for organization′s creative and innovative activities.    Furthermore, the situational and adaptive natures of SHRM and its impact on organizational development has attracted scholars′ attention due to the changing of global economic situation and increasing complexity of external environment. SHRM essentially pursues external fit and internal consistency. The former emphasizes on the vertical fit between SHRM and situational factors on the basis of the contingency perspective, while the latter stresses the internal combination among SHRM architectures based on the configuration perspective. The majority of studies have illustrated that the effectiveness of SHRM depends on conditions over which an enterprise has no direct control, yet, leaving its internal consistency and horizontal fit underdeveloped (Han et al., 2019). Even though some studies examined the complementarity effect of different architectures based on configuration perspective, synergies among SHRM architectures are far from being fully understood. In a similar vein, studies have stressed the importance of fit, and proposed a series of human resource management practices, yet, leaving such questions unanswered as to which combinations of SHRM architectures would be more or less important in a certain context. Thus, the perspectives of configuration and contingency of strategic human resource management provides a way to solve this problem.      In this paper, more than 400 S&T innovation enterprises are taken as case samples, and the qualitative comparative analysis method of fuzzy sets is used to analyze the configuration effect of strategic human resource management components on product innovation in different life cycle stages. The results show: (1) There is a path to drive high product innovation for S&T innovation enterprises in the initial stage; five paths in the development stage, and they are distributed in three types of S&T innovation enterprises; four paths in the mature stage, and they are distributed in two types of S&T innovation enterprises. (2) Opportunity-enhancing human resource management is the necessary condition for S&T innovation enterprises to achieve high product innovation in the mature stage, while in the initial stage and development stage, no human resource management architectures can become the necessary condition to achieve high product innovation. (3) In the initial stage, strategic human resource management architectures cannot play a decisive role in high product innovation; in the development stage and mature stage, the interaction effect of opportunity-enhancing and motivation-enhancing human resource management are more important to drive high product innovation. (4) From the perspective of vertical comparison of enterprise life cycle, the core role of strategic human resource management architectures mainly follows the development logic from nothing to have, from motivation enhancing to opportunity enhancing.      This study contributes to theoretical literature in three aspects: firstly, our conclusion has extended the existing view of strategic human resource management, that is, on one hand, there may be a situation of best practices advocated by the universalistic perspective in S&T enterprises in their initial stage. On the other hand, there may be interaction effects of various architectures simultaneously. However, these architectures are only peripheral ones, and cannot determine high product innovation. In this sense, our conclusion offers a new research perspective of combining the contingency and configurational perspectives of strategic human resource management.      Secondly, our conclusion, on one hand, extends previous research boundary by introducing strategic human resource management into the research field of enterprises′ function, and answering the question of "which architectures are more important than others in different S&T enterprises". On the other hand, this conclusion is a good complement to the extant configurational perspective with the architecture combination difference in strategic human resource management, that is, the driving paths of product innovation represent significant variance in terms of core architecture combination in S&T enterprises lacking of different architectures.      Thirdly, on one hand, this study draws on enterprise life cycle to broaden the contingency perspective, indicating that context not only has an effect on the relation between strategic human resource management and organizational outcomes, but also is an influential condition of the architecture combination of strategic human resource management. Furtherly, this study implies the concept of "weak contingency" developed by previous researches into strategic human resource management, thereby expanding the application boundary of the configurational perspective. On the other hand, this study sheds light on the development logic of the internal core architectures of strategic human resource management from the view of vertical comparison of enterprise life cycle, which provides new insights into the research on the measurement and dynamic mechanisms of strategic human resource management with different samples in the future.      In summary, the conclusion of this paper is helpful to deepen the understanding of the importance of strategic human resource management architectures combination in S&T innovation enterprises in different life cycle stages, and provide enlightenment for seeking a variety of better and even the best product innovation driving path.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Confucianism, foreign cultural impact and corporate innovation Zhang Xuan, Shu Shiyu 2022, 43(9): 194-200.  Abstract ( 265 )      National culture is relevant to business outcomes. As the essence of Chinese traditional culture, Confucianism has influenced the social development of past dynasties over China′s long history. Therefore, the values, beliefs and, notably, economic activities of modern-day entrepreneurs are greatly affected by Confucianism. Max Weber once pointed out that the promotion of familism in Confucianism lead to the joint relationship between groups, which stifle the development of individual innovation ability, thus hindering economic development. In 2018, the research and development (R&D) expenditure of China has reached RMB 1.965 trillion, accounting for 2.18% of GDP, and ranked 17th in the Global Innovation Index (GII), which has brought great challenges for Max Weber′s judgment.     Confucianism is the most profound culture in China, which not only penetrates into people′s daily life, but also integrates into the management concepts of enterprises. Specifically, the innovative ideas contained in the Confucianism, such as "One day innovated, do so day to day. Yea, let there be daily innovation (苟日新, 又日新, 日日新)", play a significant role in guiding the innovative behavior of corporations. Meanwhile, to transform the nation from a technology-imitated economy into a knowledge-based economy, the Chinese central government has launched several policies to attract foreign innovative talents for the Chinese corporations who are expected to complement the cognitive limitations and problem solving styles of native talents, so as to maximize firm value. But foreign talents also bring about foreign culture, the interaction between Confucianism and foreign culture became uncertain, and the collision and integration between different cultural types has different effects on corporate innovation.      China is the second largest economy in the world, the effect of Confucianism on economics and technology as well as the multiple integration of Confucianism and other cultures are worth studying. Indeed, recent literature has documented that national culture affects numerous facets of corporate behavior. In light of the important role that culture can have in shaping corporate policy, our study aims to answer three questions: (1) How Confucianism influence corporate innovation in China? (2) Under the impact of foreign culture, can Confucianism and foreign culture jointly foster corporate innovation? And (3) What is inside of the black-box that cause the conflicts or integration happens?      Through the analysis of existing literature and Confucian classics, the paper finds that Confucianism may has both positive and negative aspects to enterprise behavior, and puts forward two competitive hypotheses: Confucianism fosters or stifles corporate innovation behavior. On the basis of supporting the hypothesis that Confucianism will foster corporate innovation behavior, this paper further explores the conflict and integration effects of two or more cultures under the impact of foreign cultures. In order to test the hypothesis results, the paper utilities the data of China′s A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2017 as the research sample. The paper also uses multiple regression research method and finds that Confucianism can foster the corporate innovation. After joining foreign cultures, the promoting effect of Confucianism on corporate innovation was weakened and cultural conflicts arisen. In addition, the paper replaces the measurement of Confucianism, foreign culture and corporate innovation respectively, and finds that the results remain unchanged. The results are also robust to propensity score matching and two-stage instrumental regressions that account for endogeneity. In order to further examine the empirical results and explore the integration effect of culture, the paper selects the data of listed companies with foreign executives as a new sample, and conducts subgroup regressions according to categorize of the regions and the dimensions of Hofstede′s cultural index. The results suggest that foreign cultures from Asian region with relatively similar cultural dimensions do not merge with Confucianism as expected. On the contrary, it enlarges the part of Confucianism that is not conducive to corporate innovation, thus resulting in conflicts. While the foreign culture from the American region with greater differences in cultural dimensions will enhance the role of Confucianism in promoting corporate innovation. In a word, the foreign culture with low power distance, individualism and low uncertainty avoidance has the inclusive and complementing effect, which help to balance the negative effects of Confucianism on corporate innovation.     Compared with the existing literature, the paper might have three contributions: First, enriching and expanding the relevant research of corporate innovation. Most of the existing literature explore the influencing factors of corporate innovation from the perspective of national policy and enterprise system, the paper focuses on the impact of informal system such as culture on corporate innovation. The conclusions not only provide new ideas for exploring influencing factors of corporate innovation, but also enrich the theoretical connotation of culture and innovation. Second, the extant literature provides little evidence about the relationship between culture and decision-making from the perspective of conflict and integration of multiple cultures. Therefore, the paper analyses the impact of the combined effects of multiple cultures on corporate innovation. There are two kinds of contact results between different cultures, one is integration, the other is conflict, which has different effects on corporate behavior, thus enriching the theory of cultural conflict and integration. Third, China′s demand for self-innovation is increasing, cooperating with foreign talents has become an important way for many enterprises to choose. Our study also provide useful insights to the Chinese government regarding the effectiveness of their foreign talent policies, to Chinese firms to evaluate the value of recruiting foreign talents, and to other emerging economies to shape their foreign talent recruitment decisions and investment policies in ensuring value creation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the consensus efficiency of R&D tasks in knowledge heterogeneity teams based on knowledge coordination Zheng Jiangbo, Cheng Fang, Chang Jiatai 2022, 43(9): 201-208.  Abstract ( 116 )      A R&D team composed of members with different skills and knowledge fields can take advantage of the cross-disciplinary expert′s knowledge and intelligence to handle the contradiction between individual knowledge and overall tasks, thus enabling them to understand the R&D tasks more comprehensively. However, while the knowledge heterogeneity of team members benefits from multi thinking and perspectives, it is often difficult for the team to quickly reach consensus on the goals and completion methods of R&D task, which leads to task conflicts and even prolongs the period of product development. Therefore, exploring and studying the important factors affecting the efficiency of task consensus in knowledge heterogeneous teams has gradually become the focus in academic circles. The consensus of team members on task-related content is a step-by-step cognitive process of mutual communication between team members. For knowledge heterogeneous teams, the essence of consensus formation can be viewed as learning-based knowledge coordination activities among team members.      In order to reveal the specific process of coordination activities on the task consensus efficiency of knowledge heterogeneity team from micro perspective, the paper discusses the realization premise of knowledge coordination based on the construction of team learning mechanism, including the heterogeneous characteristics of team members′ knowledge and the characteristics of members′ roles; then starting from the selection of knowledge learning objects and knowledge learning of team members, the specific process of knowledge learning of team members and its possible impacts on team members′ task consensus are studied. Furthermore, based on the research results of group decision-making, opinion dynamics and the Deffuant-bounded confidence hypothesis, a task consensus model under the influence of members′ knowledge level was constructed to reveal the micro-effect mechanism of team knowledge coordination on task consensus efficiency. The task consensus model under the influence of the changes in the members′ knowledge level is not only an extension of the classic bounded confidence model, but also the members′ understanding of the task that includes learning knowledge, perfecting opinions, suggesting ideas, making choices and reaching consensus, which is consistent with the five-factor structure process proposed by Andres and Shipps. Therefore, the construction of this model is advanced and realistic.     In order to perform simulation analysis on the task consensus model constructed above, firstly we randomly generate corresponding values according to the model constraints to construct a matrix of opinion values, knowledge levels, learning capabilities, and communication capabilities; After entering the knowledge learning process, each team member selects the most appropriate member from his or her neighborhood as the learning object according to the learning object selection conditions and knowledge learning strategies; Finally, each member randomly selects a certain knowledge dimension to learn and subsequently his understanding of tasks will gradually deepen as the knowledge levels are changed. After the calculation of quite a few sets of simulation data, it was found that, on the whole, a relatively stable evolution regularity has been shown. Using the simulation method, the influences of member learning ability, trust threshold level, knowledge learning strategy and learning object searching radius on the task consensus efficiency of knowledge heterogeneity team are studied.      Our findings from the task consensus model based on knowledge coordination show: (1) The higher learning ability of team members enables the team to quickly reach a high degree of consensus in a short period of time, which has a positive impact on the team task consensus efficiency; and with the gradual evolution of time, the degree of this positive impact becomes increasingly apparent. (2) The trust level is positively related to the team task consensus efficiency. However, when the trust level exceeds a certain threshold, its influence on the consensus efficiency of team tasks gradually becomes more moderate. (3) Different knowledge learning strategies adopted by members will have significant differences in the research of team task consensus efficiency. Specifically, the use of hybrid strategies can most effectively improve the team task consensus efficiency, and it can have a more decisive effect on the team′s task consensus efficiency in the middle and late stages, followed by practical strategies and utilitarian strategies. (4) The learning object searching radius and neighborhood type also have a significant impact on the efficiency of team task consensus. The study found that the efficiency of team task consensus in the neighborhood type of the second-order Moore, second-order Von Neumann, first-order Moore, and first-order Von Neumann decreases in order.      In view of the above results, this paper recommends that in addition to short-term positions and skills training, enterprises should also establish long-term mechanisms, such as building a learning organization, and creating and maintaining the learning atmosphere of independent learning, lifelong learning, active exploration and independent thinking within the enterprise. At the same time, enterprises have to continuously cultivate the meta-cognitive ability of team members to stimulate their higher-level thinking forms, so as to effectively improve employees′ knowledge reserve and learning ability level in daily work practices, promote members′ absorption of new knowledge and better promote the team to complete R&D tasks. Considering the importance of members′ learning ability, we recommend that companies should pay great attention and take effective measures, such as assigning challenging work tasks to members on the basis of clear authorization goals, allowing members to internalize what they have learned and learn to think systematically in the process of completing tasks, so as to continuously improve their learning ability. To a certain extent, this research reveals the regularity of task consensus in knowledge heterogeneity team based on knowledge coordination. On the basis of expanding the classical coordination theory, not only will the paper reveal the key aspects affecting task consensus efficiency more concretely and deeply, but provide targeted theoretical and methodological guidance for relevant management practices of enterprises. Related Articles | Metrics