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20 August 2021, Volume 42 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Science and technology for social good: A study of enterprise innovation behaviors based on competitive strategy orientation Yang Miao, Lei jiasu 2021, 42(8): 1-8.  Abstract ( 469 )        This paper defines science and technology for social good as a kind of enterprise innovation behavior based on competitive strategy orientation. By reviewing the relevant theories of Technology Ethics, Responsible Research and Innovation, Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Enterprise Ecological Strategy, Disruptive Technology Innovation Alienation, Corporate Social Responsibility, this paper puts forward the specific research content of the concept of science and technology for social good proposed by Tencent from the perspective of economics and management. Firstly, this paper analyzes the concept of science and technology for social good from four dimensions：Concept, Behavior, Content and System, and then attempts to build a scale of science and technology for social good of enterprises, puts forward possible questionnaire items. Finally, it proposes to establish a process model of Science and technology for social good behavior of enterprises and studies the impact of the behavior on enterprise performance from qualitative and quantitative qualitative perspectives and gives some important issues worthy of further study in the future, including six specific problems in five aspects: ecological level, strategic level, resource level, technical level and boundary level. The specific problems are the business ecosystem of science and technology for social good, the relationship between science and technology for social good behavior and competitive advantage, organizational resilience, the adaptability of science and technology for social good behavior and strategic choice and cultural construction, the relationship between science and technology for social good behavior and resource management, the relationship between science and technology for social good behavior and technological heterogeneity, and the situational research of science and technology for social good behavior. The main conclusions are as follows:The concept of "science and technology for social good" is defined as that the enterprise embeds the concept of ethics into the design and production of technology products and services, and actively uses responsible innovative technology to solve social problems such as improving health status, improving the quality of education, promoting social equity and promoting environmental protection. The concept can be explained from four dimensions: Concept, Behavior, Content and System.The development of the scale lays the measurement foundation for the construction of the process model of the enterprise′s scientific and technological for social good behavior. The process model of the enterprise′s scientific and technological for social good behavior has guiding significance for understanding the dynamic evolution law of scientific and technological for social good behavior, mutual verification with the conclusions of the case study and improving the universality of the theoretical model based on the case study method.The research content of this paper has important theoretical research and practical significance to promote the transformation of science and technology for social good from idea to practice and become the conventional strategic choice set by enterprises in the era of digital economy. It is also of great significance for theoretical research and practical guidance for the supplement and perfection of innovation theory, successful practice of digital transformation of enterprises, rational application of digital technology, adjustment and reform of industrial innovation policies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on artificial intelligence from the perspective of science and technology ethics Li Chang, Jin Yanghua 2021, 42(8): 9-16.  Abstract ( 567 )       Artificial intelligence not only affects the production and life style of human society profoundly, but also causes many ethical dilemmas and challenges. These problems cannot be solved completely by technology. As the fast iterative of technology and business models, the legislation and regulation is also difficult to keep up with the pace of technology development. Therefore, setting up new ethics of science and technology to promote better artificial intelligence service is the subject of the whole society. From the perspective of science and technology ethics, this paper reviews and analyzes relevant researches, focusing on the ethical issues in artificial intelligence fields, such as robotics, algorithms, big data and unmanned vehicle.       The research on machine ethics focuses on moral responsibility, realization of machine ethics and robot ethics. It is the core of robot ethics to realize the harmony among robot, human and nature. The emergence and governance of algorithm discrimination in algorithm ethics has become the focus of academic research and public attention. As algorithms have more and more life attributes, algorithm discrimination is the most likely ethical risk in the algorithmic decision-making process. Unmanned vehicles are faced with such ethical issues as the determination of "moral algorithm", the legal responsibility of traffic accidents and the protection of passenger privacy. Ethics has become one of the main obstacles to commercializing unmanned vehicle. Big data technology has produced a series of ethical problems, such as insufficient autonomy of data subject, vanishing boundary of individual data right, and violation of information privacy, which are generated from the source of subject, objective reasons and social background and need to be solved from the establishment of ethical principles, ethical governance system and ethical policies of big data. In many cases, the ethical issues of big data technology are essentially the ethical contradictions between users as data producers and users of big data technology. Artificial intelligence technology brings a series of ethical risks. The ethical governance of artificial intelligence technology needs to reshape ethical strategies from the perspectives of government management, technology, public and relationship, and to be based on the concept of "responsible innovation", the participation of multiple subjects and the ethical embedding of the whole process of technology development. In general, the study of artificial intelligence ethics is still in its early stage of development, and there are still deficiencies in the localization, systematization, comprehensiveness and implementability of the study, which need to be further explored with the development of artificial intelligence technology.      In the future, first of all, we should establishing the ethics principle and management system according to Chinese situation to promote the high-quality development of artificial intelligence in China. Secondly, we should promote interdisciplinary cooperation in the study of artificial intelligence ethics. Thirdly, we need to take into account the context in which different cases occur, and integrate theory analysis into practice cases to improve the pertinence and operability of artificial intelligence ethics. Fourthly, scholars generally believe that only the government, the market, social organizations, academia and other diverse subjects to participate, we should make clear the responsibility division and cooperation of multiple subjects in ethical governance. At present, how to realize the responsibility division and cooperation of multiple subjects still needs to be discussed and continuously promoted. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Manufacturing servicization, knowledge capital and technological innovation Chen Wei, Chen Yinzhong, Yang Bai 2021, 42(8): 17-25.  Abstract ( 311 )       The development of China′s manufacturing industry is facing the dilemma of "low-end locking and high-end blockade". Under the realistic background of "new normalcy" and "three-stage superposition" in Chinese economic development, how to get rid of the predicament and accelerate the transformation and upgrading is an important issue that needs solving urgently in the development of China′s manufacturing industry. "Innovation driven" is an important principle for the transformation and upgrading of China′s manufacturing industry and the realization of high-quality development. As the core content of "innovation driven", technological innovation has naturally become an important activity for China′s manufacturing industry to transform and upgrade and enhance its competitiveness. In order to comply with the trend of global manufacturing development, manufacturing servicization has become an important strategy for the development of manufacturing industry. With the acceleration on China′s manufacturing servicization, what is the impact of manufacturing servicization on technological innovation? How does it work? What is the impact of different types of manufacturing industry and service input on technological innovation in manufacturing industry? How does service, represented by knowledge capital, works between manufacturing servicization and technological innovation? At present, there are still few documents to discuss these issues in depth, but it is of great practical significance to correctly understand the internal relationship between manufacturing servicization and technological innovation and to scientifically build a new engine of manufacturing transformation and upgrading driven by "servicization" and "technological innovation". Based on all above, the main contents of this paper are as follows:       The first part is the analysis of influence mechanism. Firstly, combined with the connotation of manufacturing servicization, this paper analyzes the impact of manufacturing servicization on technological innovation from the aspects of resource reallocation, factor substitution and technology spillover. Secondly, considering the heterogeneity of manufacturing industry and its service input, this paper not only analyzes the impact of manufacturing servicization on technological innovation which is among different types of manufacturing industry, but also analyzes the impact of different service input elements on technological innovation in manufacturing industry. The manufacturing industry is divided into labor intensive, capital intensive and technology intensive. And the input factors of service mainly divided into high-end service elements and low-end service elements. Finally, based on the theory of technological innovation and knowledge capital, this paper analyzes mediating mechanisms when manufacturing servicization affects technological innovation.      The second part is empirical test. Based on the panel data of China′s manufacturing industry from 2000 to 2014, considering the heterogeneity of manufacturing industry and its service input, this paper empirically tests the theoretical hypothesis. The results are as follows: First, from the perspective of direct mechanism, manufacturing servicization has a significant positive impact on technological innovation, however, there is industry heterogeneity in this effect; Second, from the perspective of manufacturing industry heterogeneity, the impact of manufacturing servicization on labor intensive manufacturing technology innovation is not significant, but the impact on capital intensive and technology intensive manufacturing technology innovation is significant, but there is no difference in the influence effect; Third, from the perspective of industry heterogeneity of service factor input, low-end service factor input has a significant negative impact on technological innovation, while high-end service factor has a significant positive impact; Fourth, from the perspective of the mechanism, R&D capital, human capital and innovation facility capital are the channels of manufacturing servicization influencing technological innovation, the mediation effect of innovation facility capital is the largest, and the mediation effect of R&D capital is the least.     The third part is the research inspiration. Basing on the above research conclusions, we can get enlightenment as follows: First, take the deepening construction of Free Trade Zone as an opportunity to accelerate the development of service industry; Second, lower the access threshold and constantly improve the market environment for the flow of service factors; Third, actively guide the enterprises of labor intensive manufacturing to carry out digital and intelligent transformation with the help of the new revolution of scientific and technological. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the comprehensive calculation method of the essential standard patent license fee rate He-fa Song 2021, 42(8): 26-34.  Abstract ( 344 )       This paper reviews the judicial practices and academic research articles of the Essential Standard Patent (ESP) license fee rate calculation methods, and puts forward a Comprehensive Calculation Method which is based on the Cost-Expense-profit Analysis Method, the ESP Contribution Rate Analysis method, and the ESP Technical Efficiency Matrix Value Analysis Method. From classifying the costs and expenses of technology, investment, management and labor, using the Cost-Expense-profit Analysis Method to calculate the proportion of technical elements in the four elements, the real technology and the patented technology contribution proportion to the product profit can be got. After getting the real patented technology contribution proportion to the product profit, it is needed to get ESP′s contribution to the patented technology by calculating the proportion of the total ESP number to the total patent number. The Patent Pool Comparison Method considers that joining the patent pool has the privilege of free exploitation of other patents in the patent pool. However, each ESP position and function in the polled ESPs is different, so the license fee rate should be calculated by evaluating the value of each patentee and all patentees′ ESP′s value scores. From using the Technical Efficiency Matrix Value Analysis Method to calculate the ESPs′ value score to the patent pool′s ESP value scores, the contribution proportion of each patentee′s ESP′s value scores to total ESP′s value scores can be got. In the end, by multiplying the above three proportions, the ESP license fee rate each patentee should pay or collect in the pooled ESPs can be got.      This comprehensive calculation method of the three methods is time-sequential, which not only solves the problems and shortcomings of the single method, but also scientifically and accurately solves the calculation problem of ESP license fee rate, and provides a new method for the patent license negotiation and the judicial trial in ESP license fee rate calculation. This method provides a reasonable theoretical and methodological basis for calculating the ESP license fee rate in patent license negotiation and judicial trial, and also provides a relatively reasonable reference for anti-abuse of intellectual property rights.      In order to promote the development of the ESP license fee rate calculation method, this paper puts forward some suggestions. The first is to establish the accounting system reflecting enterprises technology contribution, the comparison table should be established by accounting four elements of technology, capital, management and labor and then accounting the enterprise′s costs and expenses of technology itself. The second is to improve the accounting method reflecting enterprises technology contribution. Enterprises should be allowed to take research and development expenditure, technology import cost, technology import digestion cost, intellectual property cost and other costs related to the technological intellectual property creation as intellectual property costs. The third is to establish the ESP recognition standard and third-party recognition system, and establish the basic institutional norms for the third-party ESP recognition to enhance the ESP assessment recognition degree. The fourth is to formulate the basic Technical Efficiency Matrix ESP value score calculation specification and process, and improve the ESP Technical Efficiency Matrix construction method and ESP score assignment method. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Slack resources and entrepreneurial orientation: The moderating effects of institutional environment Wang Yu, Hu Haiqing 2021, 42(8): 35-42.  Abstract ( 235 )       In the context of innovation-driven development, endogenous resource is an important source to determine both the strategic behavior and sustainable competitive advantages of enterprises, especially for the "small and weak" new ventures with external resource constraints. Therefore, the driven force of innovative development must go back to the internal of enterprises, which not only need to pay much attention to the utilization of slack resources, but also strengthen the cultivation of entrepreneurial orientation. Different from the present studies of most literatures on the post-variables such as entrepreneurial orientation and innovation performance, this paper, based on the combination of resource-based view and entrepreneurial opportunity view, explores the important pre-variables of entrepreneurial orientation-slack resources. Since the appearance of resource constraint of new ventures often conceals the fact that they do have slack resources, few studies have paid attention to the function of slack of new ventures. In fact, new ventures need more slack resources to ensure the continuity of their core business. Therefore, this paper takes the new ventures as the research object, analyzes the function value of slack resources in the enterprise more dialectically, and clarifies the non-linear effect and formation mechanism of slack resources on entrepreneurship orientation. The rational development and optimized allocation of slack resources will help to relieve the external resource constraints faced by the enterprise and help to understand the integration concept of "resource-strategy".     In addition, the current economic transformation development in China presents a diversified trend of "from planned economy to market economy, from monopoly to competition, from traditional industries to emerging industries". Therefore, another key to deepening the research on entrepreneurial orientation is to introduce relevant external situational factors to analyze the moderating effect. Enterprises do not exist in a vacuum. Institutional economics emphasizes that innovation is a process of interaction between external institutional environment and internal organization activities. As the game rules of the society, the regimes can regulate the resources allocation within the organization and the communication activities between the organizations for regimes directly determine the implementation of enterprise strategy. Therefore, due to a firm′s internal activities inevitably affected by external regimes, we respectively analysis the moderating effects of informal institution and formal institution environment on the relationship between slack resources and entrepreneurial orientation from two dimensions by social network and intellectual property protection, to deepen the understanding of different effects of internal "resource-strategy" transformation process. While giving full play to the positive guiding role of formal regime, we should also rely on the key guiding role of informal regime in resource allocation and give play to the role of market mechanism. Through the joint action of two different mechanisms, it can not only restrain the possible "policy regulation failure", but also effectively correct the potential "market regulation failure", which is of practical significance for guiding the innovation and development of new ventures.      On this basis, we take 252 GEM listed companies from 2011 to 2016 as samples, using the multiple regression model to empirically examine the relationship between slack resources and entrepreneurial orientation, and analyzes the moderating effect of social network and intellectual property protection. The results show that both unabsorbed slack and absorbed slack resources have the inverted U-shaped impact on entrepreneurial orientation. In addition, taking social network as the informal institution, and intellectual property protection as the formal institution moderating factor respectively, differential effects on slack resources and entrepreneurial orientation are tested. There are three main conclusions are drawn: (1) Slack resources accumulated by the new ventures are the key to innovation and development, however, as slack resources are accumulated beyond the threshold, enterprises will gradually show path-dependent entrepreneurial inertia, leading to inefficient or even inefficient entrepreneurial oriented behavior stagnation. (2) As an informal institution, social network strengthens the positive relationship between unabsorbed slack and entrepreneurial orientation, and also strengthens the negative relationship between them. While the positive relationship between absorbed slack and entrepreneurial orientation is strengthened, the negative relationship between them is weakened. It can be seen that new ventures embedded in social network cannot ignore the differentiation effect of network relationship on "resource-strategy", and enterprises must base on their own internal resource endowment when making innovative strategies with the help of social network. (3) The intellectual property protection, as an important formal institution, weakens the inverted u-shaped relationship between unabsorbed slack and entrepreneurial orientation, and intensifies the inverted u-shaped relationship between absorbed slack and entrepreneurial orientation. It can be seen that the intellectual property protection has different positive and negative external effects on the transformation process from internal resources precipitated in different forms to entrepreneurial behaviors. While giving full play to the "incentive effect" produced by the formal institution, enterprises must be careful of the possible "crowding out effect". To sum up, this paper proposes an integrated framework for the dynamic path of strategic management of new ventures, it not only provides a new viewpoint for the integration of enterprise strategic management theory and institutional economics, but also guiding directions for expanding the theory of organizational strategic management.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Business model innovation and firm cross-border growth under the context of "internet+": The model construction and a cross-case analysis Yang Lin, Lu Liangliang, Liu Juan 2021, 42(8): 43-58.  Abstract ( 424 )        Since the development of Internet information technology increasingly promotes the integration of different industries and blurs the boundary between different industries, more and more enterprises try to achieve sustainable growth or even subvert the existing industrial competition pattern through active or passive implementation of cross-border strategies. Thus, the cross-border growth strategy of enterprises is becoming an important research topic. However, extant literature at home and abroad has not yet examined the topic properly.       Thus, this paper, based on the context of "Internet+", combines the new perspectives of business model innovation composed of factor innovation and value innovation with different paths of firm cross-border growth strategies including endogenous and exogenous types, and further theoretically analyzes the dynamical acting mechanisms between business model innovation and firm cross-border growth strategies so as to construct the four-classification models of a pairwise combination of the two variables involved. Furthermore, by selecting the multi-case comparative analysis method, four cases with different scenarios such as Rongchang laundry, Shangpin home delivery, Tencent and Ctrip are adopted respectively to explore the influencing relationship and the acting context of the variables involved.      The results indicate that first there exist four different combinations of business model innovation with cross-border growth paths, that is, the factor innovation of endogenous cross-border growth, factor innovation of exogenous cross-border growth, value innovation of endogenous cross-border growth, and value innovation of exogenous cross-border growth, and further different matching relations have a different mechanism of action. Second, strategic leadership plays an important role in the process of firm cross-border growth and the force of action will be adjusted according to the development stage of the enterprises. Thirdly, the key driving factors of firm cross-border growth strategies such as customer value, strategically cooperative partnership and value co-creation, are identified by adopting horizontally comparative analysis method, and further, the evolution laws of the four-classification models are summarized.     The findings of this study several positive management implications such as implementing the cross-border growth strategy rationally and dialectically, focusing on the complexity of business model innovation in new contexts and improving the strategic leadership for top managers. Also, the contributions of ours study include deepening the research ideas and perspectives of firm cross-border growth strategies, broadening the applied range of business mode innovation as well as optimizing the dynamic relational modes of the variables involved.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the relationship between multidimensional boundary-spanning search and innovation performance for reverse internationalization enterprise: The moderating role of effectuation Feng Xiaobin, Zhou Jiawei 2021, 42(8): 59-66.  Abstract ( 218 )       In recent years, developed countries have actively implemented the "manufacturing backshoring" strategy. Facing the challenges of global trade war initiated by Trump and low-cost competition among Southeast Asian producers, China′s export-oriented enterprises have tried to implement the reverse internationalization (RI) strategy. RI refers to the process in which an export-oriented enterprise is embedded into the global value chain to provide global OEM or foreign trade services, and seeks to upgrade the value chain by exploiting the domestic market. Although the impacts of boundary-spanning search on the innovation of reverse internationalization enterprise (RIE) have attracted much attention, the effects of multidimensional search integration of knowledge network space and knowledge source utilization on innovation performance have been neglected, and the complex decision-making situation of enterprise boundary-spanning search has not been revealed. Therefore, this research discusses the non-liner effects of multidimensional boundary-spanning search on innovation performance as well as the moderating effects of effectuation.     This paper firstly defines and analyzes the relevant theories and concepts of multidimensional boundary-spanning search and effectuation based on the literature review. The multidimensional boundary- spanning search is divided into four dimensions of domestic focused search, domestic multi-focus search, global focused search, and global multi-focus search. The conceptual model of RIEs multidimensional boundary- spanning search effects on innovation performance are put forward based on theoretical discussion. Then, data of 212 RIEs in Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are used to testify the research hypothesis with statistical methods, such as correlation analysis, reliability and validity analysis, and multilevel regression analysis. The results indicate that both domestic focused search and global focused/multi-focus search of RIEs have inverted U-shaped effects on innovation performance, but domestic multi-focus search only has a positive effect on innovation performance. Furthermore, effectuation strengthens the relationship between domestic/global multi-focus search of RIEs and innovation performance, but weakens the curvilinear relationship between domestic/global focused search and innovation performance.      The finding enriches the researches about the curvilinear relationship between boundary-spanning search and innovation performance, together with the integration research of effectuation and boundary-spanning search, which will provide guidance for RIEs to implement strategic transformation and innovation. Firstly, RIEs should balance the use of focused search strategy or multi-focus search strategy to obtain innovative resources and knowledge in dual networks. Secondly, RIEs should choose strategy according to the condition of external environment and internal resource, as to avoid the negative effects of over-search. Finally, it is better for RIEs to search and integrate a variety of innovative resources by effectuation in an uncertain environment, to avoid falling into capability trap or failure trap.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the evolution of cooperative innovation network of new energy industry based on multi-dimensional proximities Su Yi, Guo Jiaxing, Wang Wenjing 2021, 42(8): 67-74.  Abstract ( 250 )       The development of new energy industry is not only an important part of cultivating strategic emerging industries, but also an effective way to promote high-quality economic development and enhance China′s core competitiveness. However, the research on the Cooperative Innovation Network of China′s new energy industry from the perspective of multi-dimensional proximities needs to be strengthened. Therefore, based on the multi-dimensional perspective of proximity, through the social network analysis method, this paper deeply analyzes the evolution dynamics of China′s new Energy Industry Cooperative Innovation Network, explores its evolution law, and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures, it is expected to promote the development of new energy industry in China.      By manually searching the patent database of the State Intellectual Property Office, a sample of the patent data of the top 100 New Energy Enterprises from 1999 to 2018 was collected, with the help of UCINET6.0 software, the cooperative innovation network of each stage is visualized, and the related parameters of the Cooperative Innovation Network Atlas of new energy industry are analyzed. The performance of cooperative innovation is selected as the dependent variable, geographical proximity, technological proximity, organizational proximity and social proximity as the independent variables, and scale similarity and R&D experience similarity as the control variables, and carry on the standardization processing to these variable data. On this basis, the 1999-2018 period is divided into four stages, every five years for a stage, to establish a research model, using QAP multiple regression analysis, this paper explores the effects of geographical proximity, technological proximity, social proximity and organizational proximity on the evolution of cooperative innovation networks in new energy industries at different stages.      The results show that the influence of geographical proximity on the evolution of new energy industry cooperative innovation network is decreasing, and organizational proximity always plays a positive role in the evolution of new energy industry cooperative innovation network, the influence of technology proximity on the evolution of the innovation network is decreasing, and the social proximity is an important factor to promote the evolution of the Innovation Network, and its significance is always high.      In order to speed up the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient modern new energy network in China and promote the sound development of the new energy industry, based on the results of the empirical study, this paper puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions: firstly, to build an inter-regional new energy industry cooperation platform. Secondly, we will implement the technology-leading strategy, develop distinctive technological features, and establish a mechanism for regional mutual learning of new energy technologies and a mechanism for joint tackling complex technologies.      The contributions of this study are as follows: firstly, from the perspective of networking, a cooperative innovation network model of China′s new energy industry is constructed, this paper explores the law of cooperation and development of new energy industry in China, so as to find out the effective countermeasures to promote the cooperation and innovation of new energy industry. Secondly, through the multiple regression analysis of QAP, this paper investigates the influence degree of multi-dimensional proximities on the evolution of new energy industry cooperative innovation network, and puts forward the countermeasures to promote the good development of new energy industry. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the priority strategy coordinates of subject research topics based on trend analysis Li Xiuxia, Han Xia, Shi Shengnan 2021, 42(8): 75-81.  Abstract ( 180 )       The priority strategic analysis of subject area research topics can be used to help researchers and decision-making departments know the research situation of subject areas and find the frontiers of science quickly, which plays a positive role in supporting and promoting scientific research. In this paper, we consider the user′s requirements fully and put forward the strategic coordinates based on the combination of topic extraction and trend analysis. The strategic coordinates divide the research subjects into four areas, they are poor area, hot area, cold area and overheated area. Then we take the research topics of Library and Information Science as an example to draw up strategic coordinates.    Firstly, we download 26,721 valid documents from 2007 to the present in the main core journals in the CNKI database, and use the jiebaR program package in the R software to segment the title and abstract information of the above-mentioned documents and filter pausing-words. Secondly, we use the LDA topic model to extract more than 10 years research topics in the field of Library and Information Science in China, and determine the optimal 100 topics according to the inflection point of perplexity and logarithmic likelihood varying with the number of topics. Thirdly, we calculate the publication trend and citation trend of 100 topic words. Finally, we draw the strategic coordinates of the research topics in the field of Library and Information Science in China according to publication trend and citation trend of 100 topic words. The strategic coordinates divide the research topics into research poor areas, research hot spots, research cold spots and research overheated areas. The specific division process can be seen as follows: if the number of published papers is decreasing and the number of citations is increasing, the corresponding research subjects are in the poor area; if both the number of published papers and the citations are increasing, the corresponding research subjects are in the hot area; if both the number of published papers and the citations are decreasing, the corresponding research subjects are in the cold area; and if the number of published papers is increasing and the number of citations is decreasing, the corresponding research subjects are in the overheated area. Then we made a detailed and specific analysis of the research topics of each area.       This study combines publication trend and citation trend to draw strategic coordinates. This study can comprehensively analyze the development trend of the research topic by perspectives of the researcher and the reader. We determine the optimal number of topics according to the inflection point of perplexity and logarithmic likelihood varying with the number of topics, so the determination of the number of research topics is scientific and reasonable; The study can display the full picture of research topics in the subject area comprehensively, objectively and meticulously. The study has a certain guiding role for scientific researchers in the subject field to quickly discover the scientific frontiers and position the research direction by combining topic extraction and trend analysis, and has an important auxiliary decision-making role for scientific research topics and project applications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on evolution of the executive subject coordination networks of the green growth policy in China Zhou Yingnan, Huang Sai, Song Xiaoman 2021, 42(8): 82-91.  Abstract ( 185 )   Green growth policy is the institutional guarantee and important support for China to change economic growth mode and implement the concept of green development. As the direct participants and practitioners of implementing multiple policy instruments, the subject of policy implementation has a profound impact on the achievement of policy objectives and policy effects. Therefore, it is significant to establish and improve the coordination network of China′s green growth policy executive subject, and to study the evolution process and the evolution law of the policy subjects′ coordination function, so as to improve the policy system of China′s green growth and improve the efficiency of policy implementation.     Starting from the first law-Environmental Protection Law of the People′s Republic of China (Trial Implementation) in 1979, this paper carries out a full-text search in the Pkulaw Information Base. After eliminating duplicate, irrelevant and extremely ineffective policy texts, 354 policies are finally obtained.     Based on the four important conferences on green growth in China, this paper divides China′s green growth policy into four stages: policy initiation stage (1979-1994), policy refinement stage (1995-2007), policy turning stage (2008-2015), and policy systematization stage (2016-).     After summing up China′s green growth policy according to the above four stages, policy executive subjects are extracted, and the co-occurrence matrix of policy executive subjects is constructed. Based on the social network analysis method, the collaborative network of China′s green growth policy executive subjects is studied. On the basis of network map, this paper describes the evolution of collaborative network structure of green growth policy executive subjects in China from 1979 to now by measuring network structure indicators. Generally speaking, the network cohesion index and network density are rising overall, but the values of each stage are low. These indicate that the coordination effect among the China′s green growth policy executive subjects is weak as a whole, and the communication and coordination effect among the policy executive subjects need to be improved urgently. In these four stages, China′s green growth policy executive subjects show the network structure characteristics of "overall loose-centralized individual", "overall expansion-central equilibrium", "overall high-efficiency-multi-center compact", "overall stability-regional coordination".      By establishing a two-dimensional "breadth-strength" matrix, the roles of policy executive subjects in the network can be divided into four types: high-breadth-high-strength (HH), high-breadth-low-strength (HL), low-breadth-high-strength (LH) and low-breadth-low-intensity (LL). In the policy initiation stage (1979-1994), the State Council, public institutions and local people′s governments have a high degree of breadth and intensity in the coordination network, which belongs to HH type. This indicates that the implementation of green growth policy mainly depends on government departments in the initial stage. In the policy refinement stage (1995-2007), the State Council is still in an absolute dominant position to coordinate multi-stakeholders. The Ministry of Environmental Protection has increased the scope and intensity of coordination, with more and more partners and more influential departments. The role of individuals, enterprises and the Ministry of Finance in green growth policies has also been strengthened. In the policy turning stage (2008-2015), the Ministry of Environmental Protection replaced the State Council, leading other policy executive subjects in the coordination of breadth and strength and becoming the most authoritative core subject. Individual behavior is more influenced by policy supervision and coordination with other subjects. The promotions of the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Water Resources and the National Development and Reform Commission show that the government departments have clear powers and responsibilities during this period. Policy systematization stage (2016-): During this period, the Ministry of Environmental Protection is still at the absolute core of the network, and has absolute control and coordination power in the process of formulating and implementing green growth policy.     Through the network evolution analysis of the policy subjects, it can be found that the core subjects influencing the coordination evolution network of China′s green growth policy in different periods are the State Council, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the local people′s governments and individuals. This paper ranks the network subjects with the index of degree and degree centrality, and discusses the role and function evolution of subjects in the network by eliminating the change of the relevant network structure index. In the policy initiation stage (1979-1994), the importance of the four executing subjects in the network is the State Council, the local people′s government, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and individuals; in the policy refinement stage (1995-2007): the State Council, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the local people′s government and individuals; in the policy turning stage (2008-2015): the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the State Council, the local people′s government and individuals; and in the policy systematization stage (2016-): the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the local people′s government, the State Council and individuals.      The conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) The number of China′s green growth policies is increasing, the number of policy executive subjects involved in is increasing significantly, the network connection frequency, network cohesion index and network density are generally rising, and the average distance of nodes is decreasing overall, indicating that in the process of growth policy implementation, the coordination between the subjects is more and more frequent, and the network stability and information transmission rate increase. In addition, the overall structure of China′s green growth policy implementation entity′s coordination network has changed from independent to centralized and stable, with a strong dependence on core entities and multi-agents. (2) The State Council, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, local people′s governments and individuals are the key core subjects in the coordination network. With the advancement of government system reform and the requirements of the era of green development, the Ministry of Environmental Protection has gradually replaced the State Council in playing a leading role in the network, and the State Council has gradually changed into a coordinated support position. The role of local people′s government in facilitating communication has been highlighted and individuals in the network mainly play the role of support and cooperation.     Based on the above, this paper gives some suggestions in the following aspects: (1) Enhance the awareness of the rights and responsibilities of the policy executive subjects, deepen understanding of the green development strategy, and promote the development of the network to the multi-agent equilibrium coordination while ensuring the overall stability. (2) Continue to play the leading, organizing and connectivity functions of the core subjects in the network. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the overall leading position of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in the policy system. (3) Strengthen the network connectivity function of the coordination weak subjects and improve the coordination degree of the overall network. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Virtual agglomeration network relations, institutional logic differences and the growth of digital enabled enterprises: A research on enterprises based on cloud computing Zhang Ruiqian, Liu Haozhuo, Xie Yizhen, Chen Yan 2021, 42(8): 92-101.  Abstract ( 282 )       The new generation of information technologies, such as artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing, are restructuring industrial organizations and transforming industrial clusters that rely on geographical proximity into a new form of virtual agglomeration. In virtual agglomeration, breaking traditional organizational boundaries and establishing non-geographic network relationships are indispensable for the growth of digital enterprises. Taking cloud computing enterprises as the research object, this paper studies the unique influence mechanism of network relationship and enterprise growth in virtual agglomeration, and tests the moderating effect of institutional logic differences. The conclusions of this study provide decision-making clues for the growth of digital enterprises and new capital construction.     The differences between this paper and existing studies are mainly reflected in three aspects：First of all, digital technologies have completely subverted the traditional industrial organizations and enterprise behavior logics. This paper reverifies the influence mechanism of network relationship on enterprise growth under the new situation of virtual agglomeration. Secondly, the existing research on virtual agglomeration has the problem of homogenization. This paper makes up for the homogenization problem. Thirdly, considering the differentiation of enterprise institutional logic, cultural background, role orientation and other factors, this paper expands the research scope of institutional logic theory.    This paper integrates the perspective of network and institutional logic. We focus on cloud computing enterprises and discuss the impact of virtual agglomeration network size, interconnectedness and role diversity on enterprise growth. We also discuss the regulating role of institutional logic difference between them. The empirical study shows that the size of virtual agglomeration network promotes the rapid growth of enterprises, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between interconnectedness and enterprise growth, role diversity promotes enterprise growth positively. Institutional logic difference has a negative moderating effect on the positive relationship between role diversity and firm growth in virtual agglomeration network, and also the inverted U-shaped relationship between network connectivity and firm growth in virtual agglomeration network.     The conclusion of this paper expands the research scope of institutional logic theory and has guiding significance for enterprises with different backgrounds to cooperate and win-win in virtual agglomeration. Firstly, digital enterprises should pay attention to the important role of network relations in virtual agglomeration. These enterprises are supposed to establish multiple and complex non-linear relationships with different types of enterprises, acquiring resources and technologies that they lack, and penetrate into all fields of production activities. Secondly, although network relationships play an important role, digital enterprises should not rely too much on traditional business partners. Especially for large enterprises, it is necessary for them to re-examine rigid and inflexible partnerships. Therefore, digital enterprises need to take into account the balance between traditional business and new business, and timely establish cooperative network relationships to master the emerging technology. Thirdly, the government should further optimize and clarify the responsibilities of SOEs and non-SOEs, as the differences in institutional logic will cause conflicts between them and also affect the growth of enterprises. SOEs are less dependent on partnerships, so they are supposed to break the original partnerships and establish a balanced partnership network with different enterprises, so as to further optimize the new infrastructure layout and better play their social duties. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Digital finance, share pledge and innovation investment of firms 2021, 42(8): 102-110.  Abstract ( 406 )       As a new financial business model under the deep integration of digital technology and finance, digital finance has an important impact on high-quality economic development. Based on China′s huge population and emerging new digital economy business models, China′s digital finance continues to innovate business application scenarios, and its scale continues to grow rapidly. Previous studies have shown that digital finance can encourage residents to start businesses and promote firms′ innovation input and output.     However, the existing research on the mechanism of digital finance on innovation has great limitations. The vast majority of studies believe that digital finance mainly works by alleviating the financing constraints of companies themselves, while ignoring the potential path of digital finance affect firm innovation through corporate governance. The main manifestations of agency conflicts of listed companies in China are cash occupation, related transactions and share pledge. Share pledge refers to the behavior of shareholders applying for loans from financial institutions with their stock as pledge objects. The decline in stock prices may cause the controlling shareholder to lose control of the listed company, and the risk of control transfer will intensify the agency conflicts of the controlling shareholder and external shareholders. In order to reduce the risk of share pledge liquidation caused by the decline in stock prices and retain control of listed companies, controlling shareholders may reduce R&D to smooth profits. Surprisingly, there is very little literature on how to prevent and resolve the issue of pledged shares of major shareholders. The essence of controlling shareholder′s equity pledge is financing constraints, that is, the traditional financial system cannot meet the normal commercial financing needs of enterprises or individuals due to various reasons. So, can digital finance meet the financing needs of controlling shareholders and reduce the proportion of share pledges, thereby reducing agency conflicts and promoting corporate R&D? This research will fill this gap.      This paper contributes to the existing literature in several ways．Firstly, this paper expands the mechanism of digital finance influencing corporate innovation based on the perspective of share pledge. Although the existing literature finds that digital finance can promote corporate innovation, it is mainly attributed to the financing constraints of listed companies themselves. Different from the existing research, we find that digital finance can reduce the controlling shareholder share pledge rate, reduce the agency conflict between controlling shareholders and other shareholders, thereby promoting R&D. Secondly, this paper is a useful supplement to the research on how digital finance serves the development of the real economy. Although some papers have tried to analyze the effect of digital finance to the real economy, but the efforts and evidence in this regard are far from enough. The results of this paper show that digital finance can not only alleviate the financing constraints of companies, but also alleviate agency problems by alleviating the financing constraints of the listed company′s stakeholders—controlling shareholders, and promote corporate R&D investment. Thirdly, this study also enriches the literature of share pledge. The existing literature on share pledge mostly focuses on the economic consequences of controlling shareholders′ share pledge, and rarely discusses how to reduce and resolve share pledge risks. From the novel perspective of digital finance, this study examines the inhibitory effect of the development of digital finance on controlling shareholder′s share pledge, thus enriching the related research on share pledge.      In order to fill the blank of related research, this study uses China′s A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2018 and the "Digital Financial Inclusive Index" compiled by the Digital Finance Research Center of Peking University to examine the impact of digital financial development on the company′s innovation investment. The results show that: (1) the development of digital finance can significantly promote enterprise innovation investment; (2) The analysis of intermediary effect shows that digital finance can promote enterprise innovation investment by reducing the pledge rate of controlling shareholders and improving corporate governance; (3) Further study also found that the role of digital finance development in promoting enterprise innovation investment through controlling shareholder equity pledge is more significant in private enterprises and non-four audit enterprises. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the effectiveness of coordination mechanisms of central bank on cross-shipping Qiu Hong, Zhu Nan, Ye Siyu 2021, 42(8): 111-121.  Abstract ( 117 )       In order to avoid overuse of the public service of RMB cash issuance and processing, the People′s Bank of China (PBOC) has made a regulation on the fit-sorting of the cash returned to the RMB issue treasury from the private sector of commercial banks. Commercial banks, due to lack of corresponding supervision and punishment rules, driven by their own interests, are still tend to adopt cross-shipping to avoid fit-sorting obligations, which makes it difficult to implement the regulation of the central bank. To solve this problem, it is necessary for PBOC to choose the appropriate coordination mechanism to supervise and encourage the private sector in the cash supply chain to fulfill the duty of fit-sorting, reduce the cross-shipping and the social cost of the cash circulation. In this context, the research on coordination mechanism in the management of RMB issuance and circulation not only provides theoretical reference for PBOC to formulate relevant implementation rules, but also helps the banking industry to achieve the strategic goal: "safe circulation of cash, cost reduction, capital saving and efficiency increasing".    With combination of the closed-loop supply chain theory with the practice of RMB issuance and circulation, the paper establishes the framework of cash closed-loop supply chain. In the forward cash supply chain, the commercial bank withdraws the issuing funds from the RMB issue treasury of the central bank to their commercial vaults，and pays them to the public at Banking Offices. So RMB cash enters the market and the currency issuance is completed. In the reverse cash supply chain, the public deposits their cash at commercial banking offices, then commercial banks recycle them to the RMB issue Treasury of the central bank and the currency withdrawal is completed.    From the perspective of the incentive of commercial banks, we build a cost model about cash flow operation based on the framework of cash closed-loop supply chain. Next, we analyze the optimal strategy of fit-sorting and dispatching under the elastic fee on different types of commercial banks, and theoretically prove that this mechanism could motivate commercial banks to carry out fully fit-sorting. We compared the optimal strategy of fit-sorting the different types of commercial Banks through numerical examples, discussed the coordination effect of the elastic penalty mechanism on the cross-shipping decisions. And we reached the following conclusions: (1) the elastic penalty mechanism has the dual effect of reward and punishment for commercial banks with different deposits and withdrawals. To be specific, the commercial banks (A) with the amount of pays out withdrawal greater the deposits, must fit-sorting all the deposits to avoid punishment, while the commercial banks (B) with deposits less than the amount of pays out withdrawal, can be rewarded by choosing excessive fit-sorting. (2) Under the elastic penalty mechanism, commercial banks will change their original strategies of fit-sorting and dispatching, and the reduction for cross-shipping is positively related to escort price, and changes in the opposite direction with cash storage price as well as private fit-sorting price. (3) The impact effect of the elastic penalty mechanism on the cost of commercial banks is positively related to the price of fit-sorting service of the central bank, and changes in the opposite direction with the cash storage price of the issue Treasury and the private fit-sorting price. Therefore, under the trend of cash logistics outsourcing and cash processing cost reduction, the elastic penalty mechanism can promote commercial banks to reduce cross-shipping behavior more effectively and fulfill the duty of fit-sorting in a way with the minimum social cost. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of interactive innovation spillover of "bringing in" and "going out" Li Boxin, Han Xianfeng, Li Hui 2021, 42(8): 122-130.  Abstract ( 207 )      Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, the strategies of "Bringing in" and "Going out" have made remarkable achievements, which attract the investments of whole global capital flowing into China with enthusiasm. According to statistics, in 2016, the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) into China exceeded 130 billion US dollars, with a record high scale. While Chinese enterprises have obviously accelerated their outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) simultaneously, and the scale of OFDI in 2016 is near 200 billion US dollars, with significant increase. The central economic work conference put forward that, the construction of "the Belt and Road" should be emphasized, and "Bringing in" and "Going out" are dual important, the strategies are beneficial to promote innovation through investment cooperation. The questions are, what kind of innovation spillover influence does "Bringing in" and "Going out" display in China new era? How is the relationship in the process of coexistence and development of FDI and OFDI, are they competition with suppression or mutual integration with promotion? And how to speed up the innovative country construction in China new era with the profits of innovation spillover during capital dual flow? These questions have important research value and practical significance.     The existing literatures on innovation spillovers of capital flows are mostly confined to a single FDI perspective or a single OFDI perspective, ignore the symbiotic evolution characteristics of "Bringing in" and "Going out". In China′s new era, the opening of the financial market will be speeded up, and the construction of "the Belt and Road" will be promoted, it is significant to welcome "Bringing in", while "Going out" becomes enthusiastic and optimistic, which reveals dual capital flow characteristics of FDI and OFDI. Under this evolutionary trend, the impact of "Bringing in" and "Going out" on technology innovation may have iterative effects: on the one hand, because of economic development and industrial upgrading, simple manufacturing industries may lose the driving force of technology innovation, it is necessary to raise the technical threshold of foreign direct investment, leverage the Chinese enterprises innovation foundation of "Going out" by FDI technology spillover. On the other hand, Chinese enterprises have absorbed foreign R&D experience during "Going out", introduced advanced technology and enhanced innovation capability, which would force foreign enterprises to improve the technological competition level during the investment into China market, it could boost FDI innovation spillover through OFDI reversely.      In views of the above analysis, the paper broke through the limitation of single analysis perspective, studied the innovation spillover effects of China′s capital flows from the perspective of dual symbiosis of "Bringing in" and "Going out" systematically. Firstly, it tested and judged the single dynamic innovation spillover effects of FDI or OFDI in China; secondly, considering the possible interactive affection between FDI and OFDI, it studied the innovation spillover effects of FDI under the constraints of OFDI, as well as, it discussed the OFDI innovation spillover effect under the influence of FDI. Thirdly, it studied the spatial heterogeneity of the interactive innovation spillover effect of dual capital flow according to the economic geography differences of the eastern, central and Western regions in China.     The results showed that, FDI has a dynamic restraining effect on regional innovation, while OFDI′s innovation spillover shows the characteristics of "U" shape triple threshold, which promotes regional innovation in prominent level. Meanwhile, there is a significant interactive innovation spillover effect between "Bringing in" and "Going out", high-intensity OFDI could reverse the inhibition of FDI innovation spillover, while specific-intensity FDI could maximize OFDI innovation spillover. Further research also finds that, there is significant spatial heterogeneity in the interactive innovation spillover effect of dual capital flow in China, high-intensity OFDI is beneficial to reverse the inhibition of FDI innovation spillover in eastern regions, but it does not happen in other regions, FDI in eastern regions could positively regulate the innovation spillover effect of OFDI, while excessive high-intensity FDI weakens or even inhibits OFDI innovation spillover in central regions and western regions.     The main policy implications of the paper are as follows, in the symbiotic interactive stage of dual capital flow, the relationship between "Bringing in" and "Going out" is not simple equal, they should be adjusted hierarchically and scientifically, and stimulate the innovation spillover effect of dual capital flow systematically. (1) There is obvious technology inhibition during foreign enterprises investing in China currently, and it is invalid for low technology FDI to stimulate innovation spillover at present, therefore local governments should not absorb FDI only for simple achievements but ignore the technology threshold, they should emphasize on upgrading technical threshold of "Bringing in", promote regional innovation by introducing technological models. (2) Low level outward investment is invalid to stimulate OFDI innovation spillover profits, and primary external expansion will inhibit the enthusiasm of domestic technology innovation, with the inspiration of "the Belt and Road" construction, Chinese enterprises should take the initiative of "Going out" to seek the external technological potential progress in developed countries and regions, and siphon to enhance domestic innovation capability. (3) Capital dual flow has complex interactive innovation spillover effects, consequently, "Bringing in" should not abandoned unilaterally, or only emphasize on "Going out", the regional governments should upgrade the technical threshold of foreign enterprises investment with the competition of technical progress during OFDI, which could stimulate positive innovation spillover of FDI. Meanwhile, foreign enterprises investment strategies should be adjusted and optimized dynamically, which is to maximize OFDI innovation spillover by FDI regulation. (4) The spatial heterogeneity of interactive innovation spillover effects of capital dual flow should not be ignored. The eastern regions have better innovation foundation and human resources, FDI and OFDI are both conducive to enhancing regional innovation capability in high intensity, "Bringing in" and "Going out" should be encouraged equally. The innovation activities in central regions are sensitive to the interactive innovation spillover effects of "Bringing in" and "Going out", they should implement dual adjustment of FDI and OFDI, and avoid falling into innovation inhibition of capital flow. The industrial foundation and innovation capability in the western regions are relatively low, and the innovation spillover contribution of "Bringing in" is insufficient, but it could release the technology spillover of "Going out", which is beneficial to feed back its domestic innovation capability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of exporting strategy on innovation performance of emerging market enterprises Xiong Mingning, Wang Tao, Wu Guangsheng 2021, 42(8): 131-140.  Abstract ( 189 )      Exporting is the most common international expansion strategy and an important path to promote the growth of emerging market enterprises. Existing researches on the relationship between exporting and innovation based on the situation of developed countries. However, few studies focus on the effects of “learning-by-exporting（LBE）” in the developing countries. Due to the different level of industrial development, whether the conclusions of advanced economies can be directly applied to emerging economies is worthy to be discussed further. Thus, in this article, we focus on the heterogeneous relationship between exporting and innovation based on the emerging economies perspective. It not only provide theoretical reference, but also provide practical guidance for emerging market enterprises.     The existing research on the impact of export strategies on innovation performance is relatively inadequate. On the one hand, the prior research pay more attention on the national or industrial level, yet little research focus on the firm level. The lack of research at the micro level may mislead the firm′s strategy in international practice. On the other hand, existing research focuses on the productivity. It has not test what kind of knowledge are the firms learned and how to learn in export markets. Meanwhile, previous studies pay less attention to the mechanism of exporting on production efficiency. Therefore, the question of why there are significant differences in the results of LBE is difficult to understand. Moreover, existing research implicit enterprises can automatically realize LBE by simply contact with external novel knowledge, thus neglecting the organization′s initiative in the learning process.      The LBE effect is rooted in organizational learning theory: learning occurs requires the firm to consciously absorb new knowledge in exporting activities rather than from the exporting activity itself. Knowledge is a multi-dimensional concept, including product innovation and process innovation. Existing research also shows that firms will selectively absorb external knowledge based on their own organizational strategy. Therefore, it is difficult to explain and understand the heterogeneity in LBE if researches ignore the selectivity of firms in the absorption of knowledge. Although organizational learning theory has recognized the selectivity of external knowledge absorption and application processes, it still cannot explain the difference in the accumulation of original knowledge when firms expand internationally through exporting. The attention-based review（ABV）is a good complement to the shortcomings of organizational learning theory. ABV considers that the organization′s selective absorption of knowledge depends on the organization′s attention on different issues. The organization′s attention structure controls the organization′s issues and the value and rationality of the answers to the questions, thus affecting the distribution of attention. At the organizational level, this structured distribution is primarily determined by the organization′s rules of the game and organizational resources. Therefore, this paper will integrates the organizational learning theory and ABV to explore the heterogeneous impact of exporting strategies on innovation performance for emerging market enterprise.     This study is based on Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) panel data. From the fourth round (2008-2009), the independent variables, control variables, and moderator variables are extracted; and then the fifth round of dependent variable data is matched. According to the industry, the observations of non-manufacturing and foreign-invested shares accounted for more than 50%, and 1083 samples were obtained. On this basis, this study also deletes samples with missing values and outliers for some variables. Finally, 1015 sample data were obtained. Tobit regression was selected for data test. The study found that the structural distribution of organizational attention led to the heterogeneity of the LBE outcomes for emerging market enterprise. Specifically: (1) Emerging market enterprise′s exporting strategy can enhance its product and process innovation performance; (2) State ownership and financial slack will enhance the positive effect of export strategy on process innovation performance; e-marketing ability will enhance the positive effect of export strategy on product innovation performance.     Our research contributes to existing literature in several ways. This study further examines the moderation mechanism of managers′ attention in LBE, indicating that it is not an international expansion activity itself; it is a strategic decision at the relevant organizational level, which is the key to achieve the value of resources and knowledge gained in the international market. By integrating the theory of organizational learning and ABV, it reveals the heterogeneity of LBE. It is confirmed that in different situations, emerging market firms have different needs and motivations for product and process innovation. Previous literature has emphasized that firms have different preferences for product and process innovation in the context of industry dynamics. This study further shows that the organization′s attentional structured distribution will affect the company′s preference for specific innovation knowledge in the international market, and then affect the relationship between exporting strategy and innovation performance. Therefore, it can be inferred that this learning difference is not only due to the impact of knowledge spillovers in the international market, but also depends on the decision-making of managers for the emerging market enterprises. The findings help to better understand the complex relationship between exporting strategy and innovation performance.     There are several implications that derive from this study. For international business managers: Firstly, it is necessary to pay attention to relevant innovation knowledge in the international market. Secondly, it is necessary to consciously absorb innovative knowledge that is more closely matched to strategic needs. Due to the complexity of information in the international market, managers′ attention is relatively scarce. In order to make better use of the new knowledge in the international market, on the one hand, it is necessary to rationally allocate attention resources; on the other hand, it is necessary to better understand the role of organizational game rules and organizational resources in the organization to enhance the innovation output.     Of course, the present research also has its limitations. First, limited to data availability, this article cannot make a more direct measurement of the organization′s learning process. Future research can be conducted through a survey method. Second, this study reveals the heterogeneity of LBE from the perspective of attention-based review. However, there may be other heterogeneity dimensions. Finally, this study can be further tested in other emerging economies such as China, India, and Brazil. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The double-edged sword effects of top management team faultline on enterprise substantive innovation: A study from the business diversification perspective Sun Yuefan, Zhang Qi, Zhang Yongji 2021, 42(8): 141-149.  Abstract ( 261 )      Based on the perspective of business diversification, this paper uses the micro data of non-financial A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2009 to 2018 to examines the characteristics of the top management team faultline, which causes the difference of subgroups, and systematically tests the influence mechanism of the double-edged sword effects of top management team faultline on the substantive innovation of enterprises.     The research shows that: (1) Under the specialized business model, the top management team faultline has a significant positive impact on the substantive innovation of enterprises; (2) Under the related business diversification model, the top management team faultline has a significant positive impact on the substantive innovation of enterprises; (3) Under the unrelated business diversification model, the top management team faultline has a significant negative impact on the substantive innovation of enterprises; (4) Further research shows that when the related business is more diversified, the stronger the positive impact of the top management team faultline on the substantive innovation of enterprises, when the unrelated business is more diversified, the stronger the negative impact of the top management team faultline on the substantive innovation of enterprises; Moreover, under different business diversification modes, the impact of the top management team faultline on the strategic innovation of enterprises is different from the impact of the top management team faultline on the substantive innovation of enterprises. This paper enriches the research on the influencing factors of enterprise substantive innovation, and has important reference value for the appointment decision of enterprise managers and the reasonable setting of team structure.     This paper may contribute in the following aspects: Firstly, there is not much research on the substantive innovation of enterprises in the existing research, it is rarer to see the research on the substantive innovation of enterprises by the top management team faultline. This paper enriches the research on the factors affecting the substantive innovation of enterprises from the perspective of the top management team faultline, provides a new direction for the follow-up research on the substantive innovation of enterprises, and enriches the literature in this field. Secondly, this paper explores the double-edged sword effect of the top management team faultline on the substantive innovation of enterprises from the perspective of business diversification, and effectively expands the deep driving factors of the double-edged sword of the top management team faultline. Thirdly, it provides a more detailed reference for building the diversity of the top management team and improving the structure of the top management team. In other words, the enterprise needs to reasonably arrange the top management team personnel structure and match the diversified characteristics of the business, instead of blindly pursuing the diversity of team members.    Based on concrete empirical data, this paper provides strategic support for enterprises to construct and improve the governance structure of the top management team, and provides important countermeasures and suggestions for enterprises to develop and utilize human resources. For example, enterprises should arrange the structure of the top management team based on the characteristics of business structure, not blindly pursue the diversity of team members, and set a reasonable level of team structure to match the characteristics of the enterprise′s business operation. When nominating top management team members, enterprises should not only consider the individual abilities of the top management team members, but also pay full attention to the team faultline caused by the differences in educational level, professional background, social capital and other characteristics of team members. At the same time, when the individual abilities of candidate members of the top management team meet the requirements of the enterprise, attention should also be paid to the overall cognitive diversity of the top management team after the appointment of candidate members of the top management team, so as to make full use of the cognitive diversity and difference caused by the intensity of the top management faultline. In addition, this paper is conducive to a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting the construction of enterprises′ substantive innovation capacity, and has important guiding significance for enterprises to select appropriate related and unrelated business diversification and to enhance their substantive innovation capacity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the influence factor and path of regional innovation based on the spatial structure equation model Xue Yonggang 2021, 42(8): 150-159.  Abstract ( 141 )        Innovation is considered a key driver to economic growth and competitiveness. Traditional industrial economies are now transformed into knowledge economies where innovation is considered one of the mains drivers for sustained economic growth. Therefore, most of the advanced industrialized nations are keen to build their regional innovation systems. It is necessary to strengthen the scientific and technological innovation and to research regional science and technology innovation strategies. It is particularly important to apply scientific methods to study regional innovation now. This paper attempts to research regional innovation system of Guangdong province based on the exploratory spatial data analysis and the spatial structure equation model.     We find that most of the domestic and foreign literature focuses on the following four aspects: (1) research on the influencing factors of regional innovation; (2) research on the spatial characteristics of regional innovation; (3) research on the efficiency of regional innovation; (4) research on the influence of regional innovation on enterprises. The existing literature finds that technological innovation plays an important role in determining the foreign direct investment-economic growth relationship. The level of collaboration with different partners can enhance firms′ innovation capabilities only if the focal firms′ managers have developed the capacity to scan and acquire external knowledge. There are positive effects of internal R&D and externally sourced innovation practices, as well as a positive influence of organizational innovation on the realization of technological innovations. The efficiency of innovation between regions has obvious spatial linkage and dependence. There is a significant positive spatial spillover effect. Unrelated variety hinders regional innovation efficiency and spatial spillover effects are not significant.     Regional innovation is a complex system with the interaction of multiple factors, and there exist spatial spillover effects in the regional innovation system. Therefore, it is necessary to study the regional innovation according to the interaction of multiple factors & spatial spillover effects. Our study differs from the existing studies in two aspects: (1) according to the interactive effects of multiple factors including the innovation subjects, elements, policy and economic environment, and (2) expanding the structure equation model to the spatial structural equation model based on the exploratory spatial data analysis.     Firstly, this paper analyzes the relation of the innovation elements, innovation subjects, innovation policy, the external economic environment and the internal economic environment. Then nine hypotheses are proposed as following: Hypothesis 1: The innovation subjects have a positive effect on the regional innovation; Hypothesis 2: The innovation elements have a positive effect on the regional innovation; Hypothesis 3: The innovation policy have a positive effect on the regional innovation; Hypothesis 4: The innovation policy have a positive effect on the innovation elements; Hypothesis 5: The innovation policy have a positive effect on the innovation subjects; Hypothesis 6: The internal economic environment has a positive effect on the regional innovation; Hypothesis 7: The internal economic environment has a positive effect on the innovation elements; Hypothesis 8: The internal economic environment has a positive effect on the innovation subjects; Hypothesis 9: The external economic environment has an inconclusive effect on the regional innovation. The Structure Equation Model of the regional innovation system is established based on the theoretical analysis and above 9 hypotheses.     The exploratory spatial data analysis and structural equation model are adopted in the paper. Spatial analysis is statistically important because it can enhance inference accuracy, and at the same time reduces estimate bias by considering spatial proximity and dependence. The exploratory spatial data analysis should be considered as a descriptive step to explain the spatial patterns understudy and before estimating and testing more sophisticated regression models. The exploratory spatial data analysis can reveal complex spatial phenomena. Global autocorrelation is assessed by global Moran′s I statistic. A positive Moran′s I value indicates a general pattern of clustering in space of similar values. Structural equation modeling has roots in two different techniques developed in two different fields. Path analysis with its graphical representations of effects and effect decomposition comes from genetics research. Structural equation modeling is a confirmatory technique, which means that a model is formulated based on the theory, and it is judged whether this model should be rejected by fitting the model to data. If multivariate normality of the data holds, the variance-covariance matrix of the interest and the sample size is sufficient to fit models to the data. In order to test hypotheses, these hypotheses have to be translated in the a statistical model. The statistical model can be formulated in different ways. The structural equation model is defined by two main parts: the first part-the Structural Model- refers to the relationships among the latent variables, while the second part-the Measurement Model- represents the relationships between manifest and latent, endogenous and exogenous variables, respectively.    All the data in this paper comes from the Guangdong Statistical Yearbook, Guangdong Intellectual Property Yearbook and China City Statistical Yearbook. The data time range is from 2005-2016. The space character and relativity were analyzed based on the exploratory spatial data analysis, the influence factor and mechanism were researched based on the spatial structure equation model with the example of 21 prefecture-level cities in Guangdong. We can gain the following conclusions: (1) The innovation policy, innovation elements and the external economic environment have a positive effect on the innovation, the innovation policy has more effect than the others; (2) The innovation subjects have a negative effect on the innovation; (3) The internal economic environment has a positive effect on the innovation and shows negative effect according to interaction; (4) The space relation has a positive effect on innovation.      The following suggestions are recommended: (1) It should restrict the scale of foreign investment and improve the quality of foreign capital; (2) The innovation evaluation and incentive system in colleges and universities should make better and implement innovation evaluation system of diversification and marketization; (3) The public platform of innovation system should be built by the government in Guangdong and provide the function of information exchange, multi-party cooperation, achievement trading and demand release; (4) The investment in educational science and technology must be enhanced and to create the scope of innovation and enhance the training of innovative talents. 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Has spatial agglomeration of FDI improved environmental total factor productivity? ——A spatial panel analysis of 285 cities in China Li Xiaoping, Yu Dongsheng 2021, 42(8): 160-167.  Abstract ( 198 )      In the new normal period of China′s current economic growth slow down, structural optimization and upgrading, it is not a perfect strategy to develop the economy blindly or protect the environment unilaterally. The key to China′s economic transformation and development is to improve the environmental total factor productivity (ETFP) of each city. In recent years, domestic scholars have found that the level of ETFP in the eastern coastal areas of China is generally higher than that in the central and western regions, and the regional differences are very large. At the same time, some scholars have found that the regional distribution of FDI also presents a "high in the eastern regions and low in the western regions" agglomeration difference. The question is: why is the level of ETFP high in the eastern regions and low in the western regions? Is this related to the agglomeration difference of FDI between the eastern regions and the western regions? In other words, does the spatial agglomeration of FDI affect the ETFP in different regions? Based on these problems, this paper examines the net effect of FDI on ETFP in 285 cities in China from the perspective of spatial agglomeration, hoping to provide policy reference for accelerating the realization of high-quality economic development and promoting the coordinated, healthy and sustainable development among cities according to local conditions.     First of all, through the study of domestic and foreign literature, we find that most of the literature use ML index to measure and study ETFP at national, regional and industrial levels. However, ML index is limited to the shortcomings of linear programming, which cannot effectively overcome the evaluation deviation. In addition, these research literature on the impact of FDI on ETFP does not include geographical and spatial factors into the analysis of ETFP. Ignoring the spatial agglomeration characteristics of FDI may lead to a deviation in the evaluation of ETFP. Therefore, this paper uses SBM direction distance function and GML index to measure the environmental total factor productivity at the "micro" level of China′s cities, which overcomes the defects of ML to a certain extent, which is different from other provincial level or industry level measurement. And this paper constructs a spatial weight matrix, and uses spatial analysis method to divide FDI into four kinds of urban samples of different agglomeration types from the perspective of spatial agglomeration.     Secondly, we analyze the channels through which FDI influences ETFP, and puts forward three hypotheses about the impact of spatial agglomeration of FDI on urban ETFP. On this basis, we set a spatial panel model and selected human capital, economic development level, human capital, endowment structure, industrial structure, marketization degree as control variables. In addition, in order to investigate the impact of spatial agglomeration of FDI on ETFP, this paper constructs a nested spatial weight matrix of economic geography including geographical and economic factors, and divides FDI into four agglomeration samples with local Moran index.     Thirdly, according to the spatial autocorrelation analysis, the global Moran index of per capita FDI and ETFP is significantly greater than zero from 2003 to 2016, which shows that the distribution of per capita FDI and ETFP in China′s cities shows a strong spatial clustering feature, and there is a significant spatial positive correlation between them. In addition, the local Moran scatter diagram shows that there are 30 cities with the overlapping of FDI per capita and ETFP high-high agglomeration types, most of which belong to the eastern developed cities, 25 cities with the overlapping of low-high agglomeration types, 119 cities with the overlapping of low-low agglomeration types, most of which are located in the western and northeast regions, 16 cities with the overlapping of high-low agglomeration types, most of which belong to some provincial capitals in the central and western regions or some more developed cities. This further shows that the economic geography of ETFP is closely related to the spatial agglomeration of FDI in a region.     Fourthly, we have screened the spatial econometric model and found that the sample is suitable for SAR model regression. Then, we use SAR model to regress the whole city sample and four cluster samples respectively. The results show that the spatial agglomeration of FDI has a positive effect on ETFP, and the effect of agglomeration FDI is more obvious than that of decentralized FDI, and the robustness test also supports the empirical results.    At the end of this paper, the research conclusions and policy suggestions are given．This study shows that the economic geography of ETFP is closely related to the spatial agglomeration of FDI in a region. In addition, the regression results show that the positive effect of FDI spatial agglomeration on ETFP comes from two aspects. On the one hand, FDI mainly promotes the improvement of ETFP through technological progress, which brings positive technological spillover. On the other hand, the FDI of high-high and high-low agglomeration type cities can enhance the ETFP of cities, and the technology spillover effect of high value agglomeration FDI is more obvious than that of scattered FDI, producing agglomeration effect, further promoting the promotion and agglomeration of ETFP of itself and surrounding cities, and then have a more positive effect on the ETFP of cities. In addition, FDI in low-high and low-low agglomeration cities has no significant impact on ETFP, which may be due to the existence of "threshold" of FDI, including the agglomeration scale of FDI, investment motivation of FDI, absorption capacity of technology, etc.      Through the conclusion of the study, we propose some policy recommendations. First of all, in the process of improving ETFP, China should consider the spatial correlation and spillover effect of ETFP, and give full play to the positive effect between cities. Secondly, China should not only expand the opening up, actively attract investment, but also combine the characteristics of the agglomeration types of FDI in various regions, break the shackles of urban administrative areas, adopt the differentiated strategy of "private customization", and promote ETFP according to local conditions. Finally, local governments should draw on the "dividend" brought by FDI, build a matching "urban allocation", give full play to the positive role of other economic factors in improving ETFP, further improve the technology spillover ability of FDI, and promote the improvement of ETFP. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Venture capital, innovation output quality and enterprise performance——Based on the adjustment role of regional institutional environment Li Mengya, Yan Taihua, Hao Chen 2021, 42(8): 168-175.  Abstract ( 291 )      As an important institutional investor of the enterprise, venture capital has the dual status of shareholders and managers. It not only provides direct financial support for enterprises, but also relies on its accumulated market resources, professional management knowledge, rich investment experience and extensive network connection provides enterprises with comprehensive and diverse value-added services, and uses the relevant investment contract terms to strictly and closely supervise the enterprise′s business decision-making, development strategy and governance mechanism, thus continuously promoting the growth and development of the enterprise. By the end of 2017, the number of venture capital institutions in China had reached 2,296, and the total amount of management capital reached 887.25 billion yuan, up 11.8% and 7.2% respectively compared with 2016. With the increasingly important position of venture capital in the capital markets of various countries, its key role in transforming innovation achievements and cultivating technology enterprises has attracted the attention of many scholars. However, most scholars in the existing literature only discuss the role of venture capital in the enterprise innovation output. Few scholars pay attention to the differential impact of venture capital on the different originality and technological innovation output of enterprises. Moreover, when studying the relationship between venture capital and enterprise innovation output, few scholars consider the regulatory role of regional institutional environment. However, whether venture capital has the same impact on different types of innovation output? Is the effect of venture capital on different types of innovation output affected by the regional institutional environment? Besides, if the venture capital has an impact on enterprise innovation ability, can it improve the business performance of enterprise innovation output? And is this promotion different depending on the regional institutional environment?    Based on this, this paper uses 153 enterprises listed on the China′s GEM in 2010-2016 as the research object, examines the relationship between venture capital and different types of enterprise innovation output, also the influence of regional institutional environment on the relationship between them. On this basis, it further analyzes the impact of venture capital on the business performance of enterprise innovation output and the adjustment role of regional institutional environment.    The research finds that: (1) The impact of venture capital support on different originality levels and technological content innovation output is different, which is reflected in the fact that venture capital has a restraining effect on the invention patent output, but it can greatly promote the non-invention patent output of the enterprise. At this stage, China′s venture capital industry development presents an irrational state; (2) Higher level of market-oriented development, perfect intellectual property protection system, and higher level of openness can carry out certain screening and discrimination of the value-added effect of venture capital on innovation output, correct the negative impact of venture capital on enterprise′s invention patent output, and improve the quality of enterprise′s innovation output; (3) Venture capital support can improve the business performance of the enterprise invention patent output, then make the invention patent output improve the future financial performance to a greater extent, and has no significant impact on the business performance of the non-invention patent output. However, with the continuous development and improvement of the regional institutional environment, the support of venture capital can improve greatly the business performance of the enterprise′s invention patent output and non-invention patent output. Since venture capital may prefer enterprises with strong ability in technological innovation, this paper may have endogenous problems caused by sample self-selection. For this purpose, we further use the propensity score matching method (PSM) to correct the sample selection bias problem. Regression tests were performed again on the basis of retaining 563 sample enterprises with successful matching, and the results were consistent with the previous ones. At the same time, this paper also changes the measurement of regional institutional environmental level. If the marketization level of the enterprise is higher than the median level of marketization level of all enterprises, Marketdum is taken as 1, otherwise it is taken as 0, in the same way, the dummy variable IPPdum of regional intellectual property protection degree and the dummy variable Opendum of opening level are generated. The regression results show that they are basically consistent with the previous ones, indicating that the conclusions of this study are still stable.     Compared with previous studies, this paper hopes to contribute in the following aspects: First, the existing literature only unilaterally explores the impact of venture capital on the innovation output of enterprises, and does not distinguish the quality and type of innovation output. This paper divides innovation output into invention patent and non-invention patent according to the degree of originality and technical content of innovation output, and analyzes the differentiated influence of venture capital on different types of innovation output of enterprises. Secondly, when analyzing the impact of venture capital on the innovation output of enterprises, few scholars have considered the regional institutional environmental factors. This paper discusses the adjustment effect the regional institutional environment from the perspectives of regional marketization, intellectual property protection and opening to the outside world on the relationship between venture capital and enterprise innovation output, further reveals that the regional institutional environment can correct the innovative irrational behavior of venture capital, and analyzes the role of regional institutional environment in enterprise innovation more comprehensively and deeply than the existing literature. Thirdly, it further explores the impact of venture capital on the performance of enterprise innovation output, whether venture capital can enhance the improvement effect of innovation output on the enterprise financial performance and whether there is a difference in the adjustment effect in regions with different institutional environment. This is also the content that is rarely involved in existing research at home and abroad. The results of this paper not only help to reveal the irrational behavior of venture capital on the innovation of enterprises, but also provide useful ideas for the government to formulate more targeted policies to give full play to the innovative value-added role of venture capital, so as to improve the quality of enterprise innovation output and business performance of innovation output. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the intellectual property regime adapted to the rapid development of artificial intelligence Yu Xiang, Zhang Runzhe, Zhang Ben, Wang Hua 2021, 42(8): 176-183.  Abstract ( 276 )      The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), while is bringing convenience to human life and improving productivity, also gradually affecting the various existing social and economic conditions. Based on the advance of the technology of machine learning, the creativity of AI has gradually made it possible for AI to create and invent. Originated from the Industrial Revolution, the IP regime is designed to stimulate innovation and protect the intellectual achievements, and shall always keep up with times in order to follow the process of technology.     This article explores the degree of adaptability of the important aspects of the patent and copyright systems such as the objects of protection, qualification of the right holder, ownership of patent or copyright, judgment of infringement, and subjects of liability, in a new AI era when AI algorithms independently make inventions and create literary and artistic works based on their deep learning ability. Based on the exploration above, several conclusions are drawn, including (a) the present IP regime shall be designed to show an optimistic and encouraging attitude towards the inventions and creations by AI, excluding inappropriate subject matters, while the examination or authorization standard of the inventions and creations by AI shall differ from those by human, which means a special criteria including novelty standard, inventiveness standard as well as practical applicability for AI created inventions in the field of patent, and when AI plays the role of author in the creative process as well as the final work fulfils the requirement of originality and replicability in the field of copyright; (b) at present the rightsholder of AI inventions or creations shall be relevant natural person or legal entity, e.g. programmer or the owner of AI, rather than AI itself, and when the "Strong AI era" comes, we cannot deny the possibility for AI to have the legal status of inventor or author; (c) due to the complex implementing process of patent, indirect patent infringement as well as "induced infringement" shall also be defined as a kind of infringement and bear relative liability in the field of AI inventions; and (d) a specialized Registration-Authorization system for AI works shall be taken into consideration, as well as taking the AI artwork as a kind of derivative work in order to make an adjudgment of copyright infringement.     More increasingly, this article explores the role of the patent and the copyright law system as to the extent that they accord with the principle of fairness, both for the current "Weak AI era" and the future "Strong AI era". Based on case studies, this article analyses a series of challenges brought by the development of AI technology to the current patent law and copyright law, try to suggest some possible solutions, including (a) the solution of "public property", which means AI created inventions or works should belong to the public and could be used by everyone free of charge in "Strong AI era"; (b) "the right of data processor" as a novel neighboring right, which means "the right of data processor" should be enjoyed by the owner of the right to use the program or equipment that generates the data, which functions as the key element in the application of AI technologies; (c) Sui Generis rights for AI created inventions or works as a transitional plan when the "Strong AI era" just comes and the legal status of AI are not fully accepted by the society then; and (d) changing the regulations on primary rights in patent and copyright law, e.g. protection period, etc.     From the practical point of view, the research in this paper provides systematic suggestions on IP regime for present "weak AI era", as well as in the future "strong AI era". References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Can patents out-licensing improve firms′ innovation performances? Feng Ping 2021, 42(8): 184-191.  Abstract ( 187 )       Patent licensing transactions have a significant impact on the development of firms′ innovation activities. From the perspective of the licensee, the technology-licensing transaction can help production firms to lower the technical threshold, directly enter the production or assembly of the industry. It can also help R&D firms to reduce innovation costs and risks, keep up with the technological frontiers in the professional field and accelerate technology learning. From the perspective of the licensor, enterprises can obtain corresponding income by renting proprietary technology, internalizing the external part of the innovation behavior. Licensors can also develop their licensing management capabilities and knowledge digestion and absorption capabilities through licensing transactions.      Based on the role of technology catch-up, the existing empirical research on patent licensing transactions of Chinese enterprises focuses on the impact of patent licensing-in behaviors on the innovation ability of firms. Paper to explore the impact of licensing-out behavior on firms′ innovation ability is rare. Existing related researches mainly focus on developed countries, and most of them neglect the impact of the companies′ innovation capabilities on their patent licensing decisions. The more companies holding patents, the stronger their innovation ability, and the greater the possibility of licensing their patents. Enterprise patent licensing behavior has an obvious self-selection effect, which means that there is a strong endogenous relationship between enterprise patent out-licensing and its innovation capability. Ignoring this potential endogeneity may overestimate the true effect of patent licensing.      By applying the Propensity Score Matching difference-in-difference method on the patent out-licensing data of Chinese manufacturing listed companies in 2008-2017, this paper examines the two-way causal relationship between the patent out-licensing behavior of Chinese firms and the development of their innovation ability and makes the following findings. (1) The self-selection effect of the licensing-out behavior of listed companies in China′s manufacturing industry is significant. Firms with higher innovation ability are more likely to license out their patents. The existence of the self-selection effect indicates that the endogenous problem between patent out-licensing and innovation capability cannot be ignored, and neglecting the endogeneity will overestimate the true role of patent out-licensing behavior. (2) After controlling for the self-selection effect, firms′ patent licensing-out behavior has a significant long-term improvement effect on their innovation capability. Firms′ patent licensing-out behavior can strengthen the awareness of intellectual property protection and develop their patent licensing management capabilities, which helps enterprises to enhance their innovative capabilities and maintain their long-term leading edge in technology. (3) Further research on different technology types of enterprises finds that the effects of patents out-licensing vary with technological regimes. Patent out-licensing behavior can improve the innovative performance of high-tech and low-tech industry enterprises in the long term and short term respectively. But for the middle-tech industry enterprises, the effects are insignificant.      The findings of the study give us the following enlightenment: First, as an effective way to improve the learning ability of technology, the patent technology licensing among enterprises not only helps the licensee enterprises to achieve innovation through the technology licensing-in but also helps the licensor enterprises to enhance their independent innovation ability and maintain long-term technology leading edge. Therefore, according to their own development needs, enterprises can out-license their own patented technologies to other enterprises to maintain their long-term leading edge in technology. Technology-related enterprises can eliminate patent licensing barriers by building patent pools, reduce patent licensing transaction costs, promote the application of patented technologies, and achieve win-win cooperation. Second, information dissemination activities are conducive to the improvement of enterprise innovation capabilities. When the Chinese government gives policy guidance to encourage enterprises′ technological innovation and R&D activities, it also needs to pay sufficient attention to the middle and back ends of R&D activities. The government should actively plan and introduce policies conducive to the development of the patent technology market, build an information exchange platform for potential technology transaction parties, reduce information asymmetry, encourage the development of third-party technology transaction services, actively guide the construction of patent pools, and accelerate proprietary technology transactions. The government can learn from the "patent box" system of developed countries in Europe and America, give appropriate tax incentives to the transfer of patent technology licenses, encourage more Chinese companies to voluntarily spread their proprietary information and achieve a win-win situation for both parties. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the research status of state governance based on bibliometrics Wan Yan, Zhang Yifan 2021, 42(8): 192-200.  Abstract ( 238 )       The Communist Party of China convened the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in 2013. In the Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Several Important Issues of Comprehensive Deepening Reform, the Communist Party of China officially announces that the overall goal of the comprehensively deepening reform is to improve and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, to promote the modernization of the state governance system and governance capacity, and puts forward the issues of the state governance system and governance capacity, which promptly stimulated the enthusiasm of domestic academic community for state governance and state issues. Afterwards, the literature on the study of state governance increases rapidly from multiple disciplines. The theory of state governance based on China′s local experience is of great significance for the future development of domestic governance theory. Since the issue of governance is also an important issue in the international academic community for nearly 30 years, a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the domestic and foreign research on (state) governance can clarify the similarities and differences between the two, find the insights of the current situation, and put forward scientific suggestions for the future development of state governance theory. This paper analyses the literature in the field of state governance and carries out a comparative study of the domestic research and foreign research, by applying empirical statistical laws of bibliometrics (mainly Bradford′s Law and Lotka′s Law) and analytical methods (mainly Word Frequency Analysis and Co-word Analysis), and using Statistical Analysis Toolkit for Information (SATI), as well as visual analysis software NetDraw and Tagxedo creator.     The paper takes CSSCI (China Social Science Citation Index) database as the source of Chinese literature data, because comparing to other databases CSSCI ensures the high quality of papers and less duplication of contents. A total of 1885 documents were obtained by using ‘state governance’ (in Chinese) as the key words for searching and within the time span of 1998-2017. The source of the English literature data of this research is SSCI (Social Science Citation Index) database, which is searched using the keyword of ‘governance’. The paper also restricts the retrieval field to ‘political science’ and ‘public administration’, because ‘state governance’ is not a very popular phrase in English (they used ‘governance’ instead of ‘state governance’) but the word ‘governance’ is also used in many fields such as ‘corporate governance’. 11674 English documents were found within the time span of 1989-2017.     The following five aspects of the obtained Chinese and English documents were analyzed in order to identify the current research situation in ‘state governance’ field: (a) Analysis of the amount of research on ‘state governance’: by analyzing of the time and quantity of the articles published in the area, we can get insight into the achievements and the research heat of this field. (2) Analysis of ‘state governance’ publication source journals: by analyzing whether the publication source journals comply with Bradford′s Law, we would like to know whether there are stable core journals, stable researchers and readers in this field. (3) Analysis of the maturity of ‘state governance’ field: by analyzing whether the number of authors and the number of publications conform to Lotka′s law, we can study whether this field has developed into a mature research field. (4) Identification of research directions in the field of ‘state governance’: by analyzing the literature keywords using word frequency analysis and co-word analysis, we can identify the domestic and foreign research interests in this field. (5) Hotspots and evolution analysis of ‘state governance’: by grouping the keywords based on their appearance times, we can identify domestic and foreign research hotspots and the shift of hotspot in this field.      The study indicates that the development of governance theory in China is quite slow before the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in 2013. After the conference, the research fever has climbed to a peak at a very high speed. However, although it remains in a high-speed afterwards, there is not a large number of high-quality results published. The speed of development of this field in western countries has not changed as dramatically as it in China. It has been growing steadily over a much longer period since 1980s. Even though, we think that the study of state governance is still in its infancy, not only in China but also in western countries. Because our analysis finds that at present, neither core journals nor core authors and readers has taken stable shape, no matter in China or in western countries. By analyzing the research hotspots in this field, it is also found that the research hotspots in China are mainly focus on the state governance system, governance capacity and its modernization, comprehensive deepening reform, socialism with Chinese characteristics, auditing, rule of law, democracy and big data, and etc. At the same time, we notice that China′s research focus is largely guided and influenced by central government policies. With the changes of policy, there are obvious shifts in the research focuses. The foreign governance researches mainly focus on climate change, EU, democracy, responsibility, regulation, policy, government, global governance and so on. There has been no significant change over the past decade. Moreover, although there are obvious differences between domestic and foreign research hotspots, democracy and rule of law are the common topics both at home and abroad. This indicates that building a democratic and rule of law society through governance and to maximize the public interests are the shared views of all governments. Furthermore, it is worth noting that with the rapid development of China′s economy, ‘China’ has become a research keyword in the field of governance in other countries in recent years. Because of the time strains and wide coverage of state governance, this paper has not been able to compare specific research viewpoints between China and other countries in depth. It is expected that future research can select a few representative documents in the field of state governance and make a comparative analysis so as to bring more inspirations to national construction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Top management team heterogeneity, government support and megaproject performance Le Yun, Wan Jingyuan, Zhang Yan 2021, 42(8): 201-208.  Abstract ( 234 )      Megaprojects provide basic public services and are of great significance to national and regional development. However, compared with general projects, the management efficiency of megaprojects is generally low. Previous studies have pointed out that the reason for the "performance paradox" of megaprojects is not solely due to the growth of construction scale and the improvement of engineering technology difficulty, but also managers′ lack of ability to master megaprojects. The definition of top management team (TMT) is rooted in upper echelons theory. Compared with individual leader, the TMT as a whole has a more significant impact on organizational operation, task promotion and management performance. Therefore, an in-depth study of the impact of the TMT on project performance plays an important role in improving project management efficiency. As the "mirror" of a TMT′s inherent characteristics, a TMT′s demographic characteristics will affect its decision-making judgment and behavior style and will further affect organizational performance. Among them, the effect with heterogeneity is more apparent. Unfortunately, studies on TMT heterogeneity are mostly concentrated in the field of business administration and take permanent groups as the object of discussion. There are few studies in the field of engineering. In addition, given the huge role in production and life and complexity of megaprojects, the government will give some support, but whether government support is conducive to the use of TMT capabilities and improve organizational effectiveness remains to be confirmed. Based on the actual context of megaprojects in China, this paper comprehensively analyzes the impact of megaproject TMT heterogeneity on project performance, and explores the institutional environment that exerts the characteristics of TMT heterogeneity. It not only enriches the research content of megaproject fields, but also provides empirical results for the government to build a more reasonable and efficient TMT in the construction of megaprojects.     This paper aims to explore how TMT heterogeneity affects project performance through the moderating role of government support. Therefore, the hypotheses of the relationships among TMT heterogeneity, government support and project performance are proposed, and a theoretical model is built to analyze the impact of TMT heterogeneity on project performance. A regression analysis is employed to test these hypotheses with data collected from 89 mega infrastructure projects provided from the Mega Projects Case Study and Data Center. The results indicate that both age and education level heterogeneity have inverted U relationships with project performance; academic background heterogeneity and project performance show a positive relationship; and administrative level heterogeneity and project performance have no relationship. Furthermore, government support plays a moderating effect in the impacts of age, education level and academic background heterogeneity of TMT on project performance.     This paper outlines the theoretical analysis and empirical research on the impact of TMT heterogeneity on project performance. At the same time, it discusses the moderating effect of government support in the influence of TMT heterogeneity on project performance. The study obtained the following four conclusions.     Firstly, TMT age and education level heterogeneity have an inverted U relationship with project performance. This conclusion breaks through the previous linear correlation research framework that "the higher the heterogeneity of TMT, the better the team performance" and more truly depicts the particularity of TMT in megaprojects. When TMT age and education level heterogeneity are low, the quality of joint decision-making is decreased due to the lack of collision of ideas among members. When age and education level heterogeneity are high, endless conflicts and confrontations are inevitable. In particular, the TMT is a temporary organization whose members represent different stakeholder groups and lack the basis for cooperation with each other. When conflicts arise, the negative effects are exacerbated.     Secondly, academic background heterogeneity has a significant positive impact on project performance. TMT members from different academic backgrounds not only provide more complete professional knowledge for constructing megaprojects, but they also broaden the whole team′s thinking and avoid thought limitations. Thirdly, there is no significant relationship between administrative level heterogeneity and project performance. The power within TMTs with high administrative level heterogeneity is more concentrated. TMT members with lower administrative levels lack discursive power when the TMT makes joint decisions. The greater the difference in administrative level, the more difficult the cooperation between TMT members of different levels. TMT members of low administrative level tend obey, while the members of the high administrative level tend to be dictatorial. The advantages of high administrative level heterogeneity are therefore offset.     Finally, the moderating effect of government support is partially proved. Government support significantly strengthens the influence of TMT age, academic background and education level heterogeneity on project performance. With the increasing level of government attention to TMT, the rights and obligations of TMT members will be clearer, and the decisions made by TMT members will be more rational. Members prefer to give full play to their heterogeneity within the framework of the procedure.     The role of TMT members is not only to provide support and coordinate public affairs for megaprojects but also to make correct decisions. When establishing the megaproject TMT, the age and education level heterogeneity should be "moderate". In terms of academic background, TMT members with different backgrounds should be selected. For government, the institutional improvement brought by government support and the regulation of TMT member behavior will be more conducive to project construction and reduce the risk. Therefore, the government can make dynamic adjustments based on actual conditions to play a positive role in team heterogeneity.      The contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) In theory, this paper introduces the upper echelons theory into the field of engineering management, which broadens the scope of the theory′s applications. At the same time, the research in this paper also indicates that exploring TMT heterogeneity from a single perspective does not reflect its deep role in project performance. (2) In practice, this paper reveals, for the first time, the relationship between TMT features and project performance and provides guidance for TMT building. (3) The conclusion of this paper can be generalized to a certain extent. It is also applicable to some other temporary organizations, such as the leading group formed to deal with emergencies and the temporary scientific research group formed to overcome technical difficulties. References | Related Articles | Metrics