Innovation of design thinking: Its development, process mechanism and practice rules

doi:10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.05.005

Abstract

Abstract: The key to cultivating an organization′s core competitiveness lies in the adept resolution of intricate problems and the pursuit of innovative solutions, which demands a foundation built upon a scientific and standardized methodology.The innovation of design thinking, offers a dynamic approach to problem-solving, but its decentralized application can lead to fragmentation and empiricism. It is significant to systematically explore the development of design thinking, consolidate its philosophical underpinnings, and provide a comprehensive elucidation of its theoretical framework, process mechanisms and practical principles.This paper employed literature visualization, comparative analysis to delineate the trajectory, focal points, and research network concerning design thinking theory, constructed an analytical framework rooted in the connotation structure of dialectical materialism methodology and its logic of causality process.Through this framework, the paper systematically dissected the core elements and process mechanisms to the innovation of design thinking. The research findings are: (1) Innovation of design thinking is dedicated to addressing intricate problems and evolves continuously in response to practical needs. (2)Innovation of design thinking adheres to the value orientation of humanism and the effectuation logic of pragmatism. (3) Innovation of design thinking advocates for the systematic integration of the nonlinear iterative mechanism, comprehensive practical tools, and interdisciplinary fields. (4) Practical principles, applicable to the overall innovation process and each thematic step, play a crucial role in ensuring the efficiency of innovation. The study has furnished organizations with a systematic theoretical foundation and equipped them with ample tools to foster problem-oriented innovation, and then enhanced overall innovation performance and cultivated core competitiveness. Simultaneously, the conclusions offer valuable insights for advancing the development of Chinese innovation theory. It serves as a guide for accelerating China′s innovation development strategy, leveraging the strengths inherent in the Chinese political system.

Key words: design thinking, innovation methodology, core idea, process mechanism;practice rule

Tao Jinyuan, Chen Jin. Innovation of design thinking: Its development, process mechanism and practice rules[J]. Science Research Management, 2024, 45(5): 43-55.

References

[1]Simon H A.Administrative behaviorl [M]. New York: Free Press, 1945. [2]Simon H A.The sciences of the artificial [M]. M.I.T. Press. 1969. [3]Mckim R H.Experiences in Visual Thinking[M]. Monterey: Cole Publishing Company, CA, 1980. [4]Meinel C, Leifer L.Design Thinking Research-Looking Further: Design Thinking Beyond Solution-Fixation[M]. Gewerbestrasse: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2019. [5]Lawson, B.How Designers Think: The DesignProcess Demystified[M]. Boston: Architectural Press: 1980. [6]Rowe P G.Design Thinking[M].Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987. [7]Brown T.Design Thinking[J].Harvard Business Review, 2008, 86(6):84-92 [8]Brown T, Katz B.Change by Desing: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation [M].New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc, 2009. [9]RITTEL H.J,WEBBER M MDilemmas in a general theory of planning[J].Policy Sciences, 1973, 4(2):155-169 [10]Buchanan R.Wicked Problems in Design Thinking[J].Design Issues, 1992, 8(2):5-21 [11]Conklin J.Wicked Problems and social complexity [M]//Conklin J. Dialogue mapping: building shared understanding of wicked problems .New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.2005. [12]Rein P, Taeumel M, Hirschfeld R.Towards Exploratory Software Design Environments for the Multi- Disciplinary Team [A]. Meinel C, Leifer L.Understanding Innovation [C]Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2019:229-248. [13]Rolf A F.The Role of Visualization in Creative Behavior[J].Journal of Engineering Education, 1972, 63(2):124-127 [14]Norman D A.The Design of Everyday Things[M].New York: Basic Books, 1988. [15]Kelley D, Kelley T.Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Creative Potential within Us All[M].New York: Crow Business, 2013. [16]Carlgren L, Elmquist M, Rauth I.Exploring the Use of Design Thinking in Large Organizations: Towards a Research Agenda[J].Swedish Design Research Journal, 2014, 1(14):47-56. [17]Verganti, R; Dell' Era C; Swan K S.Design thinking: Critical analysis and future evolution[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management, 2021, 38(6):603-622 [18]Walsh V, Roy R.The Designer as Gatekeeper in Manufacturing Industry[J].Desing Studies, 1985, 6(2):127-135 [19]Verganti R.Design Driven Innovation: Changing the Rules of Competition by Radically Innovating What Things Mean[M]. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2009. [20]Utterback J M, Vedin B A, Alvarez E, et al.2006. Design Inspired Innovation[M]. Singapore: World Scientific. [21]Ries E.The Lean Startup: How Today' s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses[M]. Danvers: Crown Business, 2011. [22]Kolko, Jon.Design Thinking Comes of Age[J].Harvard Business Review, 2015, 93(9):66-71 [23]Verganti R.Overcrowded: Designing Meaningful Products in a World Awash with Ideas [M]. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2016. [24]陈劲, 曲冠楠.有意义的创新:引领新时代哲学与人文精神复兴的创新范式[J].技术经济, 2018, 37(7):4-12 [25]Ingle B R.Design Thinking for Entrepreneurs and Small Businesses: Putting the Power of Design to Work [M].New York: Apress Media, 2013. [26]Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford University (d.school). Design Thinking Bootcamp Bootleg[J/OL]. 2010. [27]Matthews J, Wrigley C.Design and Design Thinking in Business and Management Higher Education[J].Journal of Learning Design, 2017, 10(1):41-54 [28]Meinel C, Leifer L.Design Thinking Research[A]. Meinel C, Leifer L .Desing Thinking: Understand-Improve -Apply[C] Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2011.xiii-xxi. [29]Pressman A.Design Thinking: A Guide to Creative Problem Solving for Everyone[M]. New York: Routledge, 2019. [30]Lockwood T.Transition: How to Become a More Design-Minded Organization[J].Design Management Review, 2009, 20(3):28-37 [31]Ratcliffe J.Steps in a design thinking process[J/OL].Stanford HPI d.school K-12 Lab, 2009. [32]Maureen C, Shelley G, Leticia B, Jaime K, Adam R, Michael H.Destination,Imagination and the Fires Within: Design Thinking in a Middle School Classroom[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education, 2010, 29(1):37-53 [33]Lewrick M, Link P, Leifer L.The Design Thinking Playbook: Mindful Digital Transformation of Teams, Products, Services, Businesses and Ecosystems[M]. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2018. [34]Tran N.Design Thinking Playbook:For Change Management in K12 Schools[[J/OL]].2022. [35]Kloeckner A P, Scherer J O, Ribeiro J L D.A Game to Teach and Apply Design Thinking for Innovation[J].International Journal of Innovation, 2021, 9(3):557-587 [36]Hiremath M, Sathiyam V.Fast Train to DT: A Practical Guide to Coach Design Thinking in Software Industry[A]. Kotzé P, Marsden G, Lindgaard G, Wesson J, Winckler M.Human-Computer Interaction-Interact 2013[C].Berlin: Springer, 2013.780–787. [37]Liedtka J.Why Design Thinking Works[J].Harvard Business Review, 2018, 96(5):72-79 [38]Ball J.The Double Diamond: A universally accepted depiction of the design process [39]Design Council.Double Diamond Model Final[EB/OL].2019. [40]Senapathi M, Drury-Grogan M L.Systems Thinking Approach to Implementing Kanban: A case study[J].Journal of Software: Evolution & Process, 2021, 33(4):1-16 [41]Yashar M, Martin L.Comparing effectuation to discovery-driven planning, prescriptive entrepreneurship, business planning, lean startup, and design Thinking[J].Small Business Economics, 2020, 54(3):791-818 [42]Dorst K.The Core of ‘Design Thinking’ and its Application[J].Design Studies, 2011, 32(6):521-532 [43]Carlgren L, Elmquist M, Rauth I.The Challenges of Using Design Thinking in Industry - Experiences from Five Large Firms[J].Creativity & Innovation Management, 2016, 25(3):344-362 [44]Schumacher T, Mayer S.Preparing Managers for Turbulent Contexts: Teaching the Principles of Design Thinking[J].Journal of Management Education, 2018, 42(4):496-523 [45]Senge P M, Scharmer C O, Jaworski J, Flowers B S.Presence: An Exploration of Profound Change in People, Organizations, and Society[M]. Danvers: Crown Business, 2005. [46]Scharmer C O.Theory U: Leading from the Future as it Emerges[M]. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2016. [47]Scharmer C O, Kaufer K.Leading from the Emerging Future: From Ego-System to Eco-System Economies[M]. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2013. [48]西格蒙德?弗洛伊德, 约瑟夫?布洛伊尔著, 金星明译.歇斯底里研究[M].台北:知书房出版社, 2000. [49]Satir V, Banmen J, Gerber J, Gomori M.The Satir Model: Family Therapy and Beyond[M].Science & Behavior Books, Palo Alto: 1991. [50]McClelland D C.Testing for Competence Rather Than for “Intelligence”[J].American Psychologist, 1973, 28(1):1-14 [51]Roam D.The Back of the Napkin: Solving Problems and Selling Ideas with Pictures[M].New York:Penguin, 2008. [52]Cross N.Engineering Design Methods: Strategies for Product Design[M]. London: Wiley, 2001. [53]Goldschmidt G.Design Representation: Private Process, Public Image[A].Goldschmidt G, Porter. W. L.Design Representation[C].London: Springer.2004. 203–217. [54]Tseng W S W, Ball L J.How Uncertainty Helps Sketch Interpretation in a Design Task[A].Toshiharu T, Yukari N.Design creativity[C]. London: Springer. 2011.257–264. [55]Chu P Y, Hung H Y, Wu C F.Effects of Various Sketching Tools on Visual Thinking in Idea Development[J].International Journal of Technology & Design Education, 2017, 27(2):291-306 [56]Pedler M.Action Learning in Practice[M]. Aldershot: Gower, 1997. [57]Marquardt M J.Optimizing the Power of Action Learning: Solving Problems and Building Leaders in Real Time[M]. Mountain View: Davies-Black Publishing, 2004. [58]Davey C L, Powell J A, Powell J E, Cooper I.Action learning in a medium-sized construction company[J].Building Research & Information, 2002, 30(1):5-15 [59]Liedtka, Jeanne.Perspective: Linking Design Thinking with Innovation Outcomes Through Cognitive Bias Reduction[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management, 2015, 32(6):925-938 [60]英格丽?格斯特巴赫著, 方怡青译.设计思维的77种工具[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2020. [61]Lewrick M, Link P, Leifer L.The Design Thinking Toolbox: A Guide to Mastering the Most Popular and Valuable Innovation Methods[M].Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2020. [62]陶金元.设计思维理念与创新创业实践[M].北京: 企业管理出版社，2021. [63]Maslow A H.A Theory of Human Motivation[J].Psychological Review, 1943, 50(4):370-396 [64]Rogers C R.A Way Of Being[M].NewYork: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. [65]Norman D A.Emotional Design: Why We Love (Or Hate) Everyday Things [M].New York: Basic Books, 2004. [66]Norman D A.The Design of Future Things [M].New York: Basic Books, 2007. [67]Leifer L, Meinel C.Looking Further: Design Thinking Beyond Solution-Fixation[A]. Meinel C, Leifer L .Design Thinking Research[C].Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2019.1-12. [68]Sarasvathy S D.Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency[J].Academy of Management Review, 2001, 26(2):243-263 [69]Sarasvathy S D.Effectuation: Elements of Entrepreneurial Expertise[M]. Manchester: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008. [70]邹旸, 崔连广, 闫旭.效果逻辑形成机制研究:自我效能的中介作用[J].科研管理, 2019, 40(07):224-234 [71]Harmeling S S，Sarasvathy S D.When Contingency Is a Resource: Educating Entrepreneurs in the Balkans，the Bronx，and Beyond[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 2013, 37(4):713-744 [72]Read S, Sarasvathy S, Dew N, Wiltbank R.Effectual Entrepreneurship[M].New York: Routledge, 2016 [73]Dewey J.Reconstruction in Philosophy[M].New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1920. [74]Dalsgaard P.Pragmatism and Design Thinking[J].International Journal of Design, 2014, 8(1):143-55 [75]Reuber A R, Fischer E, Coviello N.Deepening the Dialogue: New Directions for the Evolution of Effectuation Theory[J].Academy of Management Review, 2016, 41(3):536-40 [76]Badwan B, Bothara R, Latijnhouwers M, Smithies A, Sandars J.The Importance of Design Thinking in Medical Education[J].Medical Teacher, 2018, 40(4):425-426 [77]Gould J M.Are “U” Ready for the Future: Design Thinking as a Critical Educational Leadership Skill[A]. Marques J, Dhiman S.Engaged Leadership Transforming through Future-Oriented Design Thinking[C] Cham: Springer International Publishing AG, 2018:281-296. [78]Carlgren L, Rauth I, Elmquist M.Framing Design Thinking: The Concept in Idea and Enactment[J].Creativity & Innovation Management, 2016b, 25(1):38-57