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Identification of China′s S&T policy properties based on deep learning Li Munan, Wang Liang, Lai Huapeng 2024, 45(2): 1-11.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.001 Abstract ( 496 )       The current text analysis based on deep learning algorithm focuses more on short text information processing such as public opinion monitoring and sentiment analysis represented by microblog, online comments and news headlines and so on, while there are few related research on property identification and long text classification of various policy texts, paper full-text and patent full-text, which has significant room for exploration and expansion. Compared with traditional machine learning models, the relevant models or algorithms on deep learning have significant advantages in NLP (natural language processing) and text feature extraction. Deep learning algorithms can reduce manual intervention in feature engineering through pre-training language models, and thus has a promising application prospect in such fields as policy attribute or property identification and policy-instrument recognition. This paper aims at the automatic identification of the properties of science and technology policies, and the properties of policy are divided into such types as guiding, compulsory and encouraging. The main approach is to import several popular models of deep learning for comparative analysis. At the same time, this paper also carried out theoretical analysis on related computing problems such as (1) the impact on property identification among the different text length of policies; (2) the impact of data augmentation of text data; (3) and facilitate the information estimation of policy texts. In order to further enrich the application of deep learning model in scientometrics and informetrics, especially in the field of text analysis on science and technology policies, the experiments on property identification of science and technology policies form China local governments were conducted based on those selected models of deep learning, which are very popular in the latest studies on text classification. The theoretical and empirical analysis showed that the current representative deep learning models have significantly enhanced their processing capacity for property identification of science and technology policy after manipulation of data augmentation based on the EDA (Easy Data Augmentation) method that just presents the excellent performance in the English text processing in the relevant studies. The identifying accuracy of EDA+ bi-LSTM-Attention was more than 88%, and the average recognition accuracy of the other deep learning models (TextCNN, Bi-LSTM, RCNN, CapsNet and FastText, etc.) also can reach over 80% after text augmentation based on the EDA method. However, increasing the length of text interception from 500 words to 2000 words has no significant effect on the property-identification of Chinese science and technology policy, and these experimental results could also be useful for the following studies on policy-text analyses because it implied the full-text of policy could be unnecessary in the similar task of long-text processing. The research of this paper has certain significance of enlightenment and reference value for the quantitative analysis of science and technology management, such as automatic identification of science and technology policy attributes, classification of Chinese long text and identification of policy tools. Meanwhile, the output of this paper could be controversial for the limited policy-text, and in another data source of policy-text, e.g. energy policies, environment policies and financial policies and so on, whether those mentioned models of deep learning in this paper are still effective, should be further explored and discussed the future work. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Generation mechanism of college students′ entrepreneurial competence Xiao Xiaohong, Yu Mei, Zhao Qing, He Xiaogang 2024, 45(2): 12-20.  Abstract ( 392 )      University students′ entrepreneurial competence plays a vital role in improving societal innovation, entrepreneurship, and tackling entrepreneurial challenges, while also enhancing personal professional skills. The entrepreneurial abilities of college students have garnered attention recently, mainly due to their general lack of such competencies. This gap significantly impacts the success rates of their entrepreneurial ventures. Yet, the question remains: how do college students develop these competencies? There′s a noticeable scarcity of theoretical research addressing this, particularly in the context of China. This study focuses on an agricultural technology enterprise started by undergraduate Lei, examining the development of entrepreneurial competence among college students. It specifically investigates how these students cultivate their entrepreneurial skills through effective resource allocation and management under the challenging conditions of their initial entrepreneurial efforts.Using a longitudinal single-case study approach, this study explored how college students promote the generation and evolution of entrepreneurial competency through effective resource allocation behavior under pressure, using the practical example of undergraduate student Lei′s establishment of a peach orchard upon returning to his hometown in 2016. To this end, this study constructed a theoretical analysis framework of “problem/pressure-driven-action/resource allocation program-result/entrepreneurial competence”. Specifically, first, pressure-driven, that is, university student entrepreneurs, due to their lack of social experience and entrepreneurial skills, even if they have strong learning ability and knowledge reserves, have to face tremendous entrepreneurial pressure. In this regard, the theoretical framework of this study focused on the difficulties and major characteristics faced by the entrepreneurial team, as well as the evolution of different stages. Second, resource allocation, that is, how university student entrepreneurial teams seek resource allocation under different stage pressures. In this regard, the emphasis is on the introduction and collaboration of external resources, the structured arrangement and promotion of resources, and the optimization and accumulation of internal resources. Third, generation of competence, that is, the promotion of university student entrepreneurial competence through resource allocation.This study found that: First, the difference in entrepreneurial competence among university students depends primarily on the differences in stage-specific pressure and resource allocation programs they face. Second, the development of entrepreneurial competence among university students follows the logical progression of “pressure-driven - resource allocation – competence”. Third, from the practical results of this case, university student entrepreneurs transform anxiety and tension into the driving force for survival, development and new deployment at different stages of entrepreneurship, and achieve stage-specific goals through resource allocation, thereby developing entrepreneurial competence. Fourth, the evolution of entrepreneurial competence also demonstrates the progression pattern of “industry-general competence-control and expansion competence - catching up with industry-leading competence” in theoretical logic.This study constructed a mechanism model that promotes entrepreneurial competency under pressure from a resource allocation perspective, which opens the “black box” of how college student entrepreneurial competency is generated and evolved. The findings of this study will not only help to identify the key constraints and ways to overcome them in college student entrepreneurship activities but also enrich the academic contribution of resource allocation in shaping entrepreneurial competency, providing guidance for practical college student entrepreneurship activities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on impact of entrepreneurial alertness on entrepreneurial performance Chen Yun, Zhao Fuqiang, Zhu Hanqiu, Li Shiqi 2024, 45(2): 12-20.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.002 Abstract ( 214 )        The call for mass entrepreneurship and innovation has stimulated the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of the Chinese people, and a large number of new startups have emerged in a short time with the support of the state. However, the survival rate of new startups in the volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous environment is extremely low. Therefore, it is very important to the survival and development of new startups for entrepreneurs how to make rational use of prior knowledge, maintain entrepreneurial sensitivity, timely identify entrepreneurial opportunities, and creatively assemble resources to improve entrepreneurial performance. Based on this, and according to the resource-based theory, this study aimed to take entrepreneurial bricolage as the mediation variable, the internal prior knowledge and the external dynamic environment as the moderation variable, constructed a two-stage moderated mediation model of entrepreneurial alertness on entrepreneurial performance, and explored the mechanism and boundary conditions of entrepreneurial alertness on entrepreneurial performance. The empirical analysis on 340 sample data drew the following conclusions through factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and multiple regression analysis. Firstly, entrepreneurial alertness has a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial performance. Secondly, entrepreneurial bricolage partially mediates the impact of entrepreneurial alertness on entrepreneurial performance. Thirdly, prior knowledge negatively regulates the direct effect of entrepreneurial alertness on entrepreneurial bricolage and its indirect effect on entrepreneurial performance through entrepreneurial bricolage. The richer the prior knowledge, the weaker the direct and indirect effects. Finally, dynamic environmental negatively regulates the direct impact of entrepreneurial bricolage on entrepreneurial performance and the indirect effect of entrepreneurial alertness on entrepreneurial performance through entrepreneurial bricolage. The higher the environmental dynamics, the weaker the direct and indirect effects. The possible innovative contributions of this study are as follows. Firstly, exploration of the mediating mechanism of entrepreneurial bricolage not only reveals the black box mechanism of entrepreneurial alertness on entrepreneurial performance, but also breaks through the existing opportunity research perspective and expands the resource research perspective. Most of the existing research on the impact of entrepreneurial alertness focuses on the perspective of opportunities, but lacks attention to resource allocation. This study introduced entrepreneurial alertness into the field of resource allocation, and explored the mediating role of entrepreneurial bricolage between entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial performance, thereby expanding the perspective of entrepreneurial alertness resources and enriching the research on its pathways and mechanisms. Secondly, the conclusion that the boundary conditions of prior knowledge contradict existing research findings has not only deepened the positive impact of prior knowledge on startups, but also found its negative impact, thus expanding the double-edged sword effect of prior knowledge. Most existing studies have explored the positive impact of prior knowledge on entrepreneurial bricolage and entrepreneurial performance, while few scholars have explored the negative impact of prior knowledge on the field of entrepreneurship. This study found that prior knowledge negatively regulates the direct impact of entrepreneurial alertness on entrepreneurial bricolage and the indirect effect of it on entrepreneurial performance through entrepreneurial bricolage, thus supplementing the shortcomings of prior knowledge theory research from a negative perspective. Finally, the investigation of dynamic environmental boundary conditions not only deepens the application research of contingency factors in the field of entrepreneurship, but also expands the situational conditions for the role of entrepreneurial alertness mechanisms. Most existing studies have focused on the impact of external environmental factors on the entrepreneurial field, but the explanation of the mechanism of the entrepreneurial process is not yet clear. However, this study deepened the impact of contingency factors in the entrepreneurial field by examining the moderating effect of dynamic environment on the impact of entrepreneurial alertness on entrepreneurial performance, and expanded the situational conditions under which entrepreneurial alertness plays a role. Therefore, the relevant conclusions can provide theoretical basis and decision-making reference for entrepreneurs′ management practice on how to improve entrepreneurial performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the mechanism of strategic entrepreneurship of innovative high-tech enterprises driven by platform leadership Jia Jianlin, Yu Fen, Fan Xia 2024, 45(2): 30-38.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.004 Abstract ( 257 )       In recent years, the innovation environment of science and technology enterprises has been marked by heightened uncertainty, primarily driven by the impact of digital change, economic transformation and upgrading, and national policy adjustments, which has posed great challenges to regional and even national innovation and development. Strategic entrepreneurship, as a highly effective measure to cope with the intricate external environment, has gained significant attention in academic circles. To ensure continuous value creation and wealth accumulation in a volatile and complex environment, enterprises must undergo a paradigm shift in their leadership and management concepts, embracing strategic entrepreneurship as a crucial avenue for future survival and development.Taking the needs of enterprise leadership and management concept change as the starting point, this paper tried to clarify the logical relationship between platform leadership and strategic entrepreneurship of science and technology innovation enterprises, and discussed the key path of platform leadership affecting strategic entrepreneurship of enterprises through fault tolerance dynamics, as well as the boundary conditions of the subjective capability characteristics at individual and organizational levels in this process. By employing the method of empirical questionnaire, this study systematically uncovered the theoretical mechanism of the strategic entrepreneurship of innovative high-tech enterprises driven by platform leadership. The object of the questionnaire is innovative high-tech enterprises in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. A total of 322 valid questionnaires were obtained and the STATA 15.0 software and Bootstrap tool were used to test the main effect, mediating effect and regulating effect.This study drew the following conclusions: (1) Platform leadership has a positive influence on the strategic entrepreneurship of enterprises by means of employee empowerment and organizational learning mechanism. (2) Platform leadership is conducive to the formation of fault-tolerant dynamics, which in turn has a positive mediating effect on the relationship between platform leadership and strategic entrepreneurship of enterprises. (3) The reverse reinforcement effect of the fear of failure has no significant moderating effect on the relationship between platform leadership and strategic entrepreneurship. However, it is noteworthy that the fear of failure negatively moderates the relationship between platform leadership and fault-tolerant dynamics. (4) Organizational memory significantly negatively moderates the impact of fault-tolerant dynamics on the strategic entrepreneurship of enterprises.The theoretical contributions of this study are as follows: (1) Taking the matching of leadership management concept and strategic entrepreneurial needs of science and technology innovation enterprises as a breakthrough, this study demonstrated that platform leadership is a positive latent variable that can effectively predict both advantage-seeking and opportunity development in enterprises. (2) By incorporating the fault-tolerant dynamics and subjective capability characteristics into the study of how platform leadership affects the strategic entrepreneurship of enterprises, the paper constructed and empirically tested the growth theoretical model aimed at enhancing the strategic entrepreneurship ability of enterprises, and shed light on the black box that platform leadership drives the strategic entrepreneurship of science and technology enterprises in a volatile and complex environment. (3) The study explored the boundary conditions of platform leadership in relation to the strategic entrepreneurship of enterprises by incorporating the characteristic elements of subject competence, and the controversial issue about the potential effect of fear of failure in the practice of enterprise innovation management is answered.This study can be valuable for leaders to improve the strategic entrepreneurial ability of high-tech enterprises: (1) Leaders should accelerate the transformation from traditional bureaucracy or simple transformational, service-oriented and empowering leadership paradigms to platform-oriented leadership. (2) It is essential to cultivate an organizational culture and atmosphere that encourages exploration and experimentation, allow employees to make mistakes, and foster an organizational environment that is equal, safe, inclusive, supportive and motivating for all employees. Additionally, it is necessary to reward early experimenters for their performance, provide independent space for members to explore and form activities, actively respond to employees′ new ideas and practices, and provide a solid foundation for their ongoing pursuit of advantages and opportunity development. (3) Leaders should recognize the hidden harm of fear of failure, foster a positive psychological state, and take proactive measures to enhance risk resistance. (4) Leaders should establish an innovation management system of "forgetting the policy", encouraging the abandonment of outdated knowledge and past experience. It is important to promote internal and external knowledge exchanges and learning, accelerate the renewal of knowledge, and provide continuous motivation for strategic entrepreneurship in science and technology startups.  Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of texts of China′s policies for maker space from the perspective of policy tools Wei Wu, Xu Heyan 2024, 45(2): 39-49.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.005 Abstract ( 245 )        In the context of mass innovation and entrepreneurship, the establishment and development of maker space have become a focal point for the government. To study the impact of policy tools comprehensively and profoundly on the maker space, this paper collected and analyzed 182 policy texts related to the maker space from 16 cities in China over five years. From the perspective of policy tools, this paper established a three-dimensional model to analyze maker space policies. This model incorporated the strength of policy intervention, maker space ecosystem, and policy classification method. The strength of policy intervention refers to the extent of government involvement in providing goods or services. Accordingly, policy tools are categorized as laissez-faire, partially participatory, tactically guided, or government-dominated. Howlett and Ramesh introduced their classification method in 1985, which has since been widely accepted by scholars. They argue that policy tools can be divided into three categories: environmental side, supply-side, and demand-side. The maker space ecosystem comprises essential elements at various levels, including the external environment, corporate, entrepreneur, and atmosphere. The study employed NVivo software to perform open coding of specific policy measures, treating them as nodes within 182 policy texts originating from four distinct regions. Logical reasoning was then conducted by combining the main purpose of nodes and the national guidance, resulting in the generation of spindle nodes. The study underscored the government′s commitment to supporting the development of maker space. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the supportive effects of policy tools on maker space, this study delved deeper by nesting open-coded nodes and their corresponding spindle codes into a theoretical analysis framework. To construct a framework diagram of the nodes, MATLAB collected and accumulated attributes of nodes from all policy texts. The research findings revealed three significant observations. Firstly, regarding the market′s role, the deployment of policy tools has been inconsistent and severely imbalanced. Governments have extensively employed policy tools that primarily focus on the environmental and supply aspects of the market. Although there has been an increase in policy incentives on the demand side since 2018, the measures targeting the demand side remain significantly inadequate. As a result, the equilibrium between supply and demand cannot be achieved dynamically, leading to the issue of underutilized innovation resources. Secondly, there is a discernible inclination towards employing diverse policy tools across ecosystem components. Policies characterized by laissez-faire and partial participation policies are primarily limited to the external environment and corporate level, while other components receive substantial interventionist measures. Additionally, the deployment of policy tools and distribution of nodes exhibit remarkable consistency throughout the country. Undoubtedly, the establishment of maker space platforms has consistently remained as a focal point for most governments, with minor discrepancies in policy tools reflecting localized understanding and methodologies.This paper also presented several suggestions: the government ought to thoroughly evaluate the influence of the market′s role, actively monitor the market′s feedback, proactively adjust the magnitude of various policies, establish stability in the balance between supply and demand, enhance the market environment, and facilitate the self-regulation of the market mechanism. Given the interconnectedness of maker space with various sectors, it is imperative that the policies encompass all facets of the maker space′s ecological environment and explore diverse avenues for policy implementation. In its support for emerging industries, the government should also prioritize the adoption of innovative policy measures and facilitate the integration of multi-industry collaboration to drive comprehensive development. Local governments should possess an understanding of their unique characteristics, carefully evaluate the local context, emphasize their comparative advantages in policy interventions, and actively explore their inherent potential. This approach will help mitigate homogeneous development and enhance the viability of crowdsourcing spaces, thereby improving their overall sustainability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the innovation incentive effect of the National Industrial Investment Fund:The evidence from the integrated circuit firms Mei Jianming, Wu Xinyang, Yang Daohong 2024, 45(2): 50-60.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.006 Abstract ( 219 )       The National Industrial Investment Fund is an important policy tool to promote the innovation of integrated circuit firms. Based on the policy practice of the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund, this paper used China′s Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed IC enterprises from 2009 to 2021 as research samples and adopted the staggered difference-in-difference model to analyze the innovation incentive effect and supervision mechanism of the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund. The research showed that, the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund can significantly stimulate the innovation activities of the IC firms, and mainly stimulate the substantial innovation output of the invested firms. The mechanism analysis showed that the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund alleviates the financing constraints of the IC firms through three channels: improving the maturity structure of corporate debt, improving the commercial credit of enterprises and attracting investors′ attention, thus encouraging the IC firms to innovate. Meanwhile, the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund restrains the short-termism and self-serving behaviors of the management, so as to promote the firm innovation by supervising the opportunistic behavior of the management. The impact of these two mechanisms will play a differentiated role depending on the level of internal control and institutional investor research respectively. This paper has certain policy implications for further expanding the support of the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund, strengthening its innovation supervision mechanism for the invested firms and optimizing the investment direction of the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study on the evaluation of the satisfaction of researchers on the implementation of fundamental research funds policy for China′s national research institutes Wu Cong, Aruhan, Zhu Leina 2024, 45(2): 61-69.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.007 Abstract ( 185 )       Fundamental Research Funds (FRF) represents one type of science and technology block grant policies in China, aiming to address the challenges of the current research funding mode dominated by competitive project funding, characterized by excessive competition and insufficient stability; and to support national research institutions and universities in conducting cutting-edge topic research and cultivating outstanding talents as the startup and leveraged funding. Based on a policy assessment perspective, this paper constructs a satisfaction analysis model for the FRF policy implementation, grounded in the dual-factor theory of motivation and hygiene. Employing a dataset comprising 4,016 survey responses, the study leverages multiple linear regression and textual analysis to examine the factors influencing policy implementation satisfaction and to suggest policy implications. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated: (1) a positive relationship between the FRF amount obtained by researchers and their satisfaction with policy implementation; (2) among the low-satisfaction group, a negative relationship between funding pressure and the satisfaction with FRF policy implementation; (3) a negative relationship between researchers′ age and satisfaction with FRF policy implementation; and (4) a negative relationship between researchers′ job ranks and satisfaction with FRF policy implementation.Textual analysis revealed that: (1) the entire sample group agreed on the necessity for an increased amount of FRF funding, to fully leverage its startup mechanism and allocate the funding catering to practical needs; (2) the high-satisfaction group suggested to set up a reward-and-punishment mechanism and advocates more investment in major research equipment and platforms; and (3) the low-satisfaction group focused more on the justification and fairness of the policy implementation.Lastly, the paper proposed the following policy implications based on the research findings: (1) further optimization of the FRF distribution patterns and alignment research projects with national strategic needs; (2) emphasis on the startup and leveraging roles of FRF, targeting at key groups; and (3) ensuing transparency in project management and processes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the impact of government flattening reform on enterprise innovation: A discontinuity evidence from County A, Province J, for its becoming a county administrated by province Wang Yong, Guo Qingbin 2024, 45(2): 70-82.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.008 Abstract ( 155 )       In recent years, the Chinese government has been vigorously pursuing reforms to streamline the government, delegate power, and improve government services, hoping to optimize the business environment further and stimulate the innovation of firms by deepening the reform of administrative system and promoting the transformation of government functions. While the central government continues to overhaul and government streamlining, local governments are also gradually implementing policies such as the fiscal reform of enlarging the authority of counties and allowing the establishment of a county administrated by province. This flattening of government, characterized by streamlining of administrative hierarchies and decentralization of decision-making, is gradually becoming an important direction for China to deepen its administrative system reform. Government flattening reform leads to streamlining of administrative hierarchy and decentralizing decision-making. It would increase local governments′ administrative efficiency and development incentives and impact business innovation. However, there is a lack of existing research on the impact of government flattening reforms on business innovation.In this paper, the promotion of County A in Province J to the status of being a county administrated by province is taken as the quasi-natural experiment. The data of Chinese industrial firms from 2008-2013 were selected as the research sample, and their patent and geographic information data were matched. We used the discontinuity regression (RD) and discontinuity-difference-in-differences model (RD-DD) to examine the net effect of government flattening reform on firm innovation activities. On this basis, this paper also developed the methods of mechanism analysis, heterogeneity analysis, and extended analysis. The study found that the government flattening reform has significantly improved the scale and quality of firms′ innovation. Still, firms have shown a tendency to strategic innovation in the later stage. The mechanism analysis showed that reducing the firm tax burden, saving financing costs, and improving the financing environment are effective mechanisms for the government flattening reform to promote firms′ innovation. The heterogeneity analysis showed that government flattening reform has a more significant effect on promoting innovation activities of firms with more potent domestic capital attributes and a relatively more minor effect on innovation activities of non-state-owned and small firms. In addition, the conclusion that government flattening reform could promote firm innovation activities is also applicable to economically underdeveloped regions, and government flattening reform can also improve firms′ total factor productivity through technological innovation channels.For a long time, the existing studies on how the government affects firm innovation have mainly focused on government-firm interaction, such as innovation incentives and external regulation. In contrast, less attention has been paid to the internal reform of the administrative system. The conclusion of this paper showed that the government flattening reform within the source administrative system will significantly promote enterprise innovation, which has verified the correctness of the reform direction of the administrative system from the point of view of enterprise innovation. From the administrative level of streamlining and decision-making decentralization, this paper quantified the effect of administrative system reform within the government on micro-firms. In addition, most of the existing literature on decentralization or government flattening reform is limited to sample differences. It cannot control all the influencing factors, leading to differences in research conclusions. However, this paper took the administrative boundary of County A and County B as the geographical discontinuity. It used the two differences in space-time to construct the RD-DD model to identify the net effect of government flattening reform on enterprise innovation to make the results more reliable.Based on the above conclusions, this paper offered some policy suggestions. Firstly, focus should be given on the quantity and quality of innovation. Although the government flat reform areas can support enterprise technological innovation through a series of initiatives, the process should be based on the difficulty of enterprise innovation, technology content, and potential value of the screening and grading, and then implement different strengths of the support policy, to help enterprises to carry out substantive innovation activities and sustainable progress. Secondly, the county governments implementing flat reforms can support enterprise innovation through financial subsidies or tax incentives. Still, they should avoid concentrating these resources on well-funded enterprises to minimize the mismatch of policy resources. In addition, introducing more formal financial platforms and constructing high-quality financing channels to reduce the cost of enterprise financing is the focus of efforts to create a favorable market environment and stimulate overall innovation vitality. Thirdly, the county governments implementing flat reforms should also pay more attention to small and micro enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises and form a healthy market structure based on cultivating the scale of market players. Specifically, they should further reduce the project approval procedures and time for small and micro enterprises and non-state enterprises and cut their systemic transaction costs; actively promote inclusive financial services such as digital finance and microfinance and enhance the financing support for small and micro enterprises and non-state enterprises. Finally, for economically underdeveloped regions, it is more important to accelerate the reform of government flattening to boost local development enthusiasm and accelerate enterprise R&D innovation and regional economic development; for enterprises with insufficient productivity, it is more important to actively seize the policy dividends of the reform to improve the output and quality of innovation, and thus enhance the total factor productivity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the impact of authorized operation of state-owned capital on the total factor productivity of state-owned enterprises Bo Caixiang, Wang Shengnian 2024, 45(2): 83-92.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.009 Abstract ( 140 )       Improving the efficiency of state-owned assets supervision and promoting the high-quality development of state-owned enterprises is an important goal of state-owned assets and state-owned enterprises reform. Taking the annual data of A-share state-owned listed companies from 2010 to 2021 as samples, this paper used the empirical research method to examine the impact of state-owned capital authorized operation on total factor productivity and its mechanism from the micro-enterprise level. We found that increasing the intensity of authorization can significantly improve the total factor productivity of state-owned enterprises. The conclusion is still credible after multiple robustness tests. The appointment of directors by state-owned shareholders has no significant effect on the supervision and governance effect of state-owned assets, while the appointment of senior executives strengthens the productivity enhancement effect of state-owned capital authorized operation. The state-owned capital authorized operation has a stronger productivity improvement effect on central enterprises, competitive state-owned enterprises and low market process areas. The conclusion showed that the state assets regulator should raise the authorization, enhance the ability of directors to perform their duties, strengthen the governance of managers, and further improve the governance effect of state-owned capital authorized operation in local state-owned enterprises, non-competitive state-owned enterprises, and areas with high marketization process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and analysis of open-source innovation multiplex networks:A case study of Baidu Apollo Li Yingzi, Zhang Bingxue, Yang Mingxuan 2024, 45(2): 93-104.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.010 Abstract ( 145 )       Enterprises are placing greater emphasis on external knowledge and creative resources under digital background. The application of “open-source” model is gradually expanding from software to manufacturing. Enterprises are engaging in open-source innovation for resource agglomeration, knowledge fusion and value co-creation. In the context of open-source model, the diversity and autonomy of agents makes the innovation network more heterogeneous and weaker-connected. Taking Baidu Apollo as an example, this paper found that Apollo open-source innovation multiplex networks have been constructed with two dimensions: technology level and market level firstly. Secondly, the node centrality, layer centrality, clustering coefficient, faction and other indicators of each layer of the multiplex network were analyzed. Finally, the application trend, network characteristics and risks of open-source model were summarized. It was found that: the open network is based on collaborative innovation under the leadership of the core enterprise, which promotes its dynamic evolution by continuously attracting diversified agents. Based on the conclusion, ideas for constructing open-source innovation networks for large enterprises and medium-sized enterprises were proposed in this paper. The former mainly is self-constructed with the goal of empowering partners and value co-creation. The latter adopts the approach of embedding networks with the purpose of improving innovation performance and impact. The main implications of this paper include two aspects. First, at the theoretical level, multiplex networks were adopted to describe the interaction and collaboration of agents in the open-source innovation process, which reflects diversity of agents and their hierarchical interaction more clearly. It opens up a new perspective on enterprise application of open-source model: from the collaborative innovation at a single level to the complex interaction at multiple levels. This will provide important theoretical support for the further development and application. Second, at the application level, the main relationships were analyzed in each layer of the network, and the main characteristics of the open-source innovation network was abstracted, and the application framework of open-source models for different types enterprise was designed from the perspective of network construction.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on " core- peripheral " network relationships in multiple contexts: Based on the phased growth of cloud computing enterprises Chen Yan, Zhang Ruiqian, Wu Chaonan, Shi Zhun 2024, 45(2): 105-116.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.011 Abstract ( 128 )        Based on the cloud computing enterprise data from 2016 to 2019, this paper empirically examined the complex mechanism of collaboration between enterprises in multiple contexts. It was found that cloud computing enterprises in different stages present heterogeneity under multiple contexts. The results showed that the "core- peripheral" network relationship has a negative impact on the enterprises in the start-up stage. It is worth mentioning that for cloud computing enterprises during the survival period, the "core-periphery" network relationship has a positive impact. At the same time, this paper further discussed the moderating effect of the multi-market contact nature and the state-owned institutional nature on the relationship between them. It was found in the study that the market context can strengthen the positive impact during the survival period and weaken the negative impact during the growth period, and the institutional context can weaken the negative impact in the start-up stage and strengthen the positive impact during the survival period. Furthermore, the superposition of market context and institutional context can enhance the positive impact of survival. This study revealed the micro-process of SMEs from dependence on large enterprises to growth under multiple contexts, and provided strategic suggestions for win-win cooperation between enterprises in the digital era. It also provided the empirical basis and policy formula for China to use the two forces of promising government and effective market in stages, and then accurately release the China-style innovation dividend. It also provided some empirical basis and policy formula for exerting the power of promising government and effective market, and then following the Chinese-style innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism and path to achieve high-end strategic change through non-scale free resource reconfiguration Lin Haifen, Hai Miao 2024, 45(2): 117-126.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.012 Abstract ( 131 )      Under the strategy of high-quality development, Chinese enterprises are striving to achieve high-end strategic change through the reconfiguration of non-scale free resources. However, they exhibit certain challenges such as internal resource limitation and insufficient external legitimacy. To overcome these problems, this study made multiple case studies of Feihe, Zhuye Qing, and Yadea to explore the reconfiguration mechanisms of enterprises in non-scale free resources. The study revealed that: (1) the high-end strategic change of Chinese enterprises underwent stages of "legitimacy establishment" and "legitimacy enhancement". Similarly, the mechanisms for reconfiguring non-scale free resource evolved from "compensation reconfiguration" to "differentiation reconfiguration"; (2) High-end strategic change not only relies on a single reconfiguration pattern, but also combines the collaborative, hybrid, and internal reconfiguration patterns, to leverage non-scale free resources and scale-free resources; (3) Reconfiguration mechanisms utilize combinations of resource levers to adjust internal and external resources, reducing the overall reconfiguration expenses such as the costs associated with resource acquisition. Notably, the usage of similar levers varies slightly across diverse enterprises. In summary, this study will provide a reference in seeking resource reconfiguration path for Chinese enterprises to break through adversity and achieve high-end strategic change. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the impact of pro-market reforms on innovation input and innovation efficiency of enterprises Pan Ke, Jiang Xu 2024, 45(2): 127-136.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.013 Abstract ( 213 )       As the largest transition economy, China has observed significant changes in its institutional environment with the adoption of pro-market reforms whereby its regulatory framework is rearranged to improve market functioning. Pro-market reforms have always been regarded as an "elixir" to solve the innovation problem of China. However, more and more evidence indicate that the positive effect of pro-market reforms on innovation is not unchanged, while excessive pro-market reforms tend to have a negative impact on corporate innovation through the mechanisms of market competition and government competition. On the one hand, excessive pro-market reforms exacerbate market competition intensity, trigger vicious competition, and force firms to invest more resources and energy to solve the problem of survival, which will defeat corporate innovation enthusiasm. On the other hand, excessive pro-market reforms make competition among local governments out of control, change the investment tendency of local governments, exacerbate the agency problems between government and firms, distort market mechanisms, and cause "double failure" of government and market, which curbs corporate innovation enthusiasm. Therefore, pro-market reforms can be viewed as a "double-edged sword" for corporate innovation. It is necessary to examine the specific effect of pro-market reforms on corporate innovation within the logic of dual competition.On this basis, this paper used the logic of dual competition and the institutional theory to investigate how pro-market reforms affect corporate innovation investment and the subsequent innovation efficiency. We tested our hypotheses using a dataset of 30 provincial-level regions in China from 2008 to 2019. We took the total marketization index of China′s provincial-level regions as the pro-market reforms degree. Then we used the regional R&D capital stock and the total number of patents as the innovation input and output respectively, and calculated the ratio as innovation efficiency. Our empirical results indicated three main conclusions. First, pro-market reforms have a significantly positive effect on corporate innovation input at the regional level, that is, as pro-market reforms deepen, firms′ innovation input will continue to increase. Second, pro-market reforms have a significantly inverted U-shaped impact on corporate innovation efficiency. This means that moderate pro-market reforms are beneficial to maximizing innovation efficiency; excessive pro-market reforms will trigger a negative effect on dual competition, which will inhibit the innovation efficiency. Third, pro-market reforms, as fundamental institutional changes, have a differentiated effect on innovation input and innovation efficiency, and the origin is that institutional changes have the bridge effect on innovation and competition.This paper will contribute to the literature in three ways. First, this paper has broken the research barrier that limits on a micro perspective, and integrated the market competition logic and the government competition logic to comprehensively examine the complex effects of dual competition caused by pro-market reforms to enrich the research on competition. Second, following the dual competition logic, this paper showed the potential "dark side" of pro-market reforms by revealing a series of over-reform problems, which expands the scope of pro-market reforms. Third, adopting institutional theory, this paper explained the relationship between pro-market reforms and innovation by taking institutional change as the "pivot" to connect innovation and competition, thus expanding the research scope of institutional theory into the field of innovation.This paper proposed the following policy recommendations. First, comprehensively deepening pro-market reforms is not always beneficial to innovation. A huge difference exists among provinces of China which are caused by the imbalance of regional economic development and the uneven progress of pro-market reforms. Therefore, the government needs to clarify the regional development situation, grasp the reform progress reasonably, and deploy reform work according to local conditions. Second, market competition and government competition in the pro-market reform process has a dual effect. Local governments should always control the government competitive intensity within a reasonable range, then actively coordinate the contradiction between government and enterprises. Meanwhile, local governments also need to pay attention to maintaining market stability, prevent vicious competition, and improve relevant policies to ensure the effectiveness of pro-market reforms. Third, although firms cannot control the progress of pro-market reforms, they still need to use benign market competition and coordinate the relationship between the government and themselves to promote the transformation of innovation efficiently and strive to become the one who walks at the forefront of the times in the new era. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of knowledge structure attributes on the breakthrough innovation performance of enterprises Liu Na, Du Yanting, Mao Jianqi, Wang Chongmei 2024, 45(2): 137-144.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.014 Abstract ( 222 )       Technology innovation is the primary subject of firms and it has a big part to play in China′s efforts to build an innovative society. It is the main factor influencing social development. In addition, distinctive and ground-breaking breakthrough innovation, as opposed to progressive innovation, is crucial for businesses to achieve high-quality development in the context of the ongoing upheavals both domestically and internationally. For China to innovate and develop, firms must be clear about the procedures they follow before acquiring breakthrough innovation. Enterprise knowledge, as a substantial source of innovative activities, can be a crucial source of inspiration for firms striving to attain breakthrough innovation. Knowledge is the driving force behind innovation.A firm′s knowledge base is where its innovation starts. Exploring the mechanism of dispersion and dependence of knowledge base in structure on enterprises′ breakthrough innovation is helpful to reveal the effective path of knowledge base to improve the enterprises′ breakthrough innovation. The enterprise knowledge theory and the knowledge base idea are the foundations of the study. This study used the patent data and financial information from listed companies in China′s pharmaceutical manufacturing sector to analyze the moderating effects of enterprise knowledge integration ability on the impact of enterprise knowledge infrastructure attributes, specifically knowledge base diversity and knowledge base complexity, on the breakthrough innovation performance of enterprises. The zero-inflated negative binomial regression method was used to verify the relevant hypothesis and perform robustness analysis. The finding showed that : (1) A diverse enterprise knowledge base can aid in new knowledge exploration and boost the level of breakthrough innovation, but a diverse enterprise knowledge base in excess can have detrimental effects such as scale diseconomy and enterprise knowledge information overload, which hinder the promotion of breakthrough innovation. (2) The more existing portfolios there are, the fewer prospects there are for new portfolios, and organizations are more likely to look into fresh information in order to advance breakthrough innovation. (3) The efficacy of integrating existing knowledge pieces will raise the opportunity cost of seeking out new information and will lessen the beneficial effects of knowledge base diversity on breakthrough innovation when firms have strong knowledge integration skills. At the same time, knowledge integration skills may aid businesses in utilizing knowledge components, increasing the usage of knowledge components, and reducing the detrimental effects of knowledge base diversity on ground-breaking innovation. High knowledge integration skills can also lower coordination and integration costs for combining fresh and accumulated information, increasing the effectiveness of breakthrough innovation.According to the research conclusions, the contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) By focusing on the knowledge infrastructure attributes and taking into account the significance of enterprise knowledge infrastructure, this study broadened the research perspective on breakthrough innovation by empirically demonstrating the influence of knowledge infrastructure attributes on breakthrough innovation as well as the moderating role of contextual factors. (2) This paper unified the diversity and complexity of knowledge bases into a single framework, which aids in a better understanding of how enterprise knowledge infrastructure attributes affect breakthrough innovation and advances the study of its causes.The management insight from this study is also based on the research findings, and it is as follows: (1) Enterprise managers should carefully consider investigating the allocation of resources for new knowledge elements, maintain an appropriate level of knowledge base diversity, and avoid the negative effects of resource dispersion. (2) Businesses should consider how interdependent their knowledge bases are and look at any potential chances for innovation they may hold. (3) Organizations should take into account their own knowledge integration capabilities when deciding on their innovation strategy in order to better leverage the value of their knowledge management in innovation, create more logical innovation solutions, and increase the effectiveness of breakthrough innovation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the impact of vertical M&A on the technological innovation of high-tech enterprises Cheng Sijia, Yu Lihong, Chen Chen 2024, 45(2): 145-154.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.015 Abstract ( 200 )      In the new stage of development, Chinese high-tech enterprises are not only faced with increasingly fierce technological competition, but also confronted with continuous tests of uncertainties such as the tide of anti-globalization and COVID-19. Promoting vertical merger and acquisition (M&A) can not only promote technological innovation of enterprises, but also guarantee the security and stability of the industrial chain and supply chain. It has become the focus of the work of Chinese high-tech enterprises and governments at all levels. This paper collected the panel data of Chinese A-share high-tech enterprises from 2007 to 2020, and used the PSM-DID method to empirically analyze the influence of vertical M&A of Chinese high-tech enterprises on technological innovation and its mechanism. It further explored whether this effect will be caused by the growth of enterprises, the power structure of senior executives, the nature of enterprise property rights and the degree of industry competition. The results showed that: (1) Vertical M&A can promote technological innovation of enterprises. After a series of robustness tests, this conclusion is still valid. (2) Vertical M&A mainly promotes technological innovation of enterprises through transaction cost saving effect and productivity improvement effect. Compared with the density of intangible assets, the shortage of human capital density makes vertical M&A fail to form the agglomeration effect of knowledge capital, which cannot bring the sustainable technological innovation ability for enterprises. (3) The higher the growth of enterprises, the stronger promoting effect of vertical M&A on technological innovation. No matter whether the enterprises in which the positions of chairman and CEO are separated or the enterprises in which the positions of chairman and CEO are integrated, vertical M&A can improve the quantity of technological innovation, and there is no significant difference between them, but vertical M&A of enterprises in which the positions of chairman and CEO are separated are more conducive to improving the quality of technological innovation. Compared with non-state-owned enterprises, vertical M&A of state-owned enterprises play a stronger role in promoting technological innovation. Vertical M&A carried out by enterprises in regulated industries can only improve the quantity of technological innovation, while vertical M&A carried out by enterprises in competitive industries has stronger promoting effect on the quantity and quality of technological innovation. Based on the above research conclusions, this paper puts forward the following policy suggestions: (1) The government should adhere to the strategic positioning and establish a sound policy system to support vertical M&A of Chinese high-tech enterprises. (2) The government should help Chinese high-tech enterprises strengthen the construction of talent team. (3) The government should support Chinese high-tech enterprises to carry out vertical M&A according to the characteristics of enterprises, so as to maximize the innovation performance of vertical M&A. The possible contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) Although there are abundant empirical studies on how M&A affects technological innovation of enterprises, the research on how vertical M&A affects technological innovation of enterprises is mainly theoretical. This paper empirically examines how vertical M&A affects technological innovation of enterprises and makes up for the deficiency of relevant empirical studies. (2) Most of the existing literature considers that efficiency improvement is an important channel for M&A to promote technological innovation of enterprises. This paper finds that in addition to the productivity improvement effect, transaction cost saving effect is another important channel for vertical M&A to promote technological innovation of enterprises. (3) This paper also found that vertical M&A of high-growth enterprises, enterprises in which the positions of chairman and CEO are separated, state-owned enterprises and enterprises in competitive industries are more conducive to promoting technological innovation of enterprises, which further enrich the existing literature. In conclusion, this paper expanded the research on the influence of vertical M&A on technological innovation of enterprises, and provided some empirical evidence and decision supports for rationally using vertical M&A to effectively improve technological innovation of enterprises. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Business environment, R&D subsidies, and substantive innovation in state-owned enterprises Chen Xichan, Chen Yan, Luo Zhengying, Jiang Junyue 2024, 45(2): 155-164.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.016 Abstract ( 189 )      Although the Chinese government′s R&D subsidies continue to increase, enterprises′ innovation output is considerable in quantity and low in quality. How to better achieve substantive innovation and solve the problem of “stranglehold”? Ninety-three state-owned enterprises in strategic emerging industries listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares from 2010 to 2017 were selected as the observation objects, and the fixed effect model was used for an empirical test. It was found from this study that: (1) R&D subsidies can promote enterprise innovation, but enterprises are more inclined to choose strategic innovation rather than substantive innovation. The increase in the scale of subsidies cannot solve the problem of “stranglehold”. (2) Ex post R&D subsidies are more conducive to promoting innovation than ex post R&D subsidies. (3) The business environment promotes substantive innovation through risk expectation and profit expectation. In high-end equipment manufacturing industry with low risk of innovation return, competitive industry with high premium of innovative products and legal environment with stable expectation of innovation return, R&D subsidies can promote substantive innovation of enterprises. And in a government environment where the expected benefits of innovation are unstable due to official changes, R&D subsidies do not promote substantive innovation. It revealed further that the business environment is the condition and mechanism for R&D subsidies to promote the substantive innovation of enterprises. It clarified the impact of two kinds of government actions, namely granting R&D subsidies and optimizing business environment, on enterprises′ innovation output. This research has policy implications for R&D subsidies to more effectively solve the problem of “stranglehold”.  References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the whole process model of external governance of science-based firms Fang Shuai, Li Xinrong, Lei Jiasu 2024, 45(2): 165-175.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.017 Abstract ( 104 )        Science-based enterprises are those that are led or founded by scientists, which mainly conduct basic science research, obtain economic benefits through commercialization and application of their scientific achievements, and carry out complementary scientific research as a by-product of scientists′ research activities. With science-based enterprises playing an important role in promoting the development of innovation in industrial fields and even causing a paradigm shift in social and economic domains, it has triggered extensive discussions on the external corporate governance of science-based enterprises. However, due to lack of systematic literature review on external corporate governance of science-based enterprises, the research is fragmented, which brings challenges to the development of relevant research, understanding of theoretical explanation mechanism and boundary conditions, and interpretation of external corporate governance of science-based enterprises in the Chinese context. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive literature review of the research. Through the search and analysis of relevant literature, the traditional external corporate governance mechanisms include legal systems, control markets, external auditors, stakeholder governance, media governance, and rating agency governance. However, compared with traditional enterprises, science-based enterprises have a unique external governance framework due to their own particularity, focusing on both traditional external governance elements (government regulation, capital market) and unique external governance elements (industry rules of science and technology education). Based on a logical framework, this paper analyzed the factors, procedures, outcomes, and theoretical mechanisms involved in the external governance of science-based enterprises, comprehensively reviewed the current research status, constructed the entire process model, and highlighted the future research directions for science-based corporate external governance. In conclusion, we found that (1) government regulation does not always play a positive role in encouraging innovation agents to participate in the governance of science-based enterprises; whether it has a positive effect on science-based enterprises depends on property rights regulations, control rights regulations and specific revenue sharing plans; (2) in terms of capital markets, acquisition by large firms is one of the best ways for science-based enterprises to exit; large firms prefer to buy promising science-based enterprises rather than invest in internal scientific R&D capabilities. However, the degree of information asymmetry and the level of complementarity of the specialized assets determine whether the purchase of science-based enterprises by large firms is favorable to both parties; (3) in terms of the regulations of the science and technology education community, the commercialization attitude of the science and technology education community towards the scientific results, the technology transfer office of the university, the formal and informal rules of the university, the science and technology entrepreneurship training of the university, and the infrastructure resources of the university (including science parks and proof of concept centers) are important external governance mechanisms for science-based enterprises. Multiple external elements interact together to influence the external governance effect of science-based enterprises. The effectiveness of external governance of science-based firms is influenced by the interactions of several external factors. This study has enriched and expanded the research framework of science-based corporate external governance, and will further provide theoretical and managerial implications for the science-based corporate external governance in the Chinese context. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of technology opportunities based on the LDA model and co-occurrence network dynamic analysis Wang Jinfeng, Zhang Zhixin, Feng Lijie, Zhang Ke 2024, 45(2): 176-188.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.018 Abstract ( 193 )      The external environment for future technological development is characterized by high uncertainty and increasing technological complexity. It is crucial to adopt a scientific and efficient analytical approach to identify technological innovation opportunities. In the era of data science, scientific knowledge is experiencing explosive growth, making it increasingly difficult to evaluate and predict technological trends. Previous studies relying on qualitative or static analysis is no longer sufficient to accurately identify technical opportunities. In order to make informed decisions about scientific development policies, mitigate investment risks, and accurately grasp the direction of scientific development, it is necessary to increase research efforts on the scientific knowledge network and attempt to mine potential knowledge through the co-occurrence network. Therefore, this paper has constructed a path of technology opportunity identification from a dynamic analysis perspective that integrates patent text mining and keyword co-occurrence networks. Firstly, this paper obtained and preprocessed patent data, and then applied the LDA model to extract technology topics and keywords from the patent data of specific technology domains. In particularly, the LDA model operation was performed using the jieba word splitting tool in Python software and the scikit-learn library. This requires setting the parameters α and β separately and obtaining the optimal topic number K by calculating the perplexity. In the meanwhile, the TF-IDF indicator was also introduced for importance analysis. Secondly, the paper constructed the overall co-occurrence matrix of technology keywords and the co-occurrence matrix based on technology topics with time windows. Subsequently, the overall co-occurrence network of technology keywords and the keyword co-occurrence sub-network based on technology topics were generated based on the co-occurrence matrix. In particularly, this paper systematically investigated and judged the more important and influential technologies in a specific technology domain by constructing an overall co-occurrence network of technology keywords and calculating the co-occurrence intensity of technology keywords. In the meanwhile, the trends in the evolution of technical topics and keywords over time were further analyzed through co-occurrence sub-networks. This requires the generation of a dynamically changing co-occurrence sub-network using the well-established keyword lexicon and the co-occurrence matrix containing time windows. It visualized the keywords and their linkage relationships across years in the same three-dimensional coordinate system.Thirdly, high-frequency technology keywords were identified based on the overall co-occurrence network, while the evolution process of technology topics and keywords were analyzed based on the co-occurrence sub-network. And then, technology keywords were classified into four types: sustained, declining, emerging, and abandoned. Among them, sustained keywords are those with high co-occurrence intensity and a stable upward trend over time; declining keywords are those with high co-occurrence intensity but a decreasing trend over time; emerging keywords are those with low co-occurrence intensity but a stable upward trend over time; and abandoned` keywords are those with low co-occurrence intensity and a decreasing trend over time. In turn, sustained and emerging were identified from these four types as technology opportunities with growth potential. Finally, using unmanned ships as an example, the technology opportunities contained in the power supply technology topic, attitude measurement technology topic, and positioning and navigation technology topics were identified. For example, sustained technology opportunities such as path planning and sensors, emerging technology opportunities such as lidar and inertial navigation were identified. This paper not only addressed the limitations of static co-occurrence networks in revealing the dynamic evolution process of technological domains, but also avoided the problem of covering up or misjudging some technology opportunities in the innovation process. This will provide a useful decision-making reference for companies to efficiently identify technological innovation opportunities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Patent litigation, TMT′s innovation attention and corporate innovation: The secondary moderating effect based on the attributes of litigation events Cao Yougen, Ren Shengce, Du Mei 2024, 45(2): 189-199.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.019 Abstract ( 190 )       In the complex and fast-changing business environment and increasingly fierce dynamic competition, continuous innovation is of great significance to the long-term success and competitive advantage of enterprises. With the accelerated tightening of China′s intellectual property legal system and strengthening of patent enforcement, patent litigation has gone beyond the scope of legal protection, reflecting competition intentions and becoming a strategic weapon for competition among enterprises. Under the background that strengthening technological innovation and strategic use of patent litigation has become an effective way for enterprises to obtain sustainable competitive advantages, exploring the influencing factors and regularity of corporate technological innovation decision-making has gradually become an important common topic in the academia and practice communities. Scholars have conducted many empirical studies on the relationship between patent litigation and corporate innovation, but the existing research has not formed a consistent conclusion on the relationship between the two. Moreover, they mainly explore the direct impact of patent litigation on corporate innovation from the resource-based perspective, and lack of investigation based on the dynamic competition.This paper introduced the perspective of dynamic competition, integrated the attention-based view and event system theory, and took 1302 listed manufacturing enterprises in China′s Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2012 to 2016 as the research object, and deeply explored the relationship between invention patent litigation and the accused enterprise′s innovation, intending to focus on the following three questions: first, different from developed countries, in the context of China, what is the relationship between invention patent litigation and the accused enterprise′s innovation; second, whether the top management team (TMT)′s innovation attention can moderate the relationship between invention patent litigation and the accused enterprise′s innovation; and third, whether the attributes of patent litigation event affect the moderating role of the TMT′s innovation attention on the relationship between invention patent litigation and the accused enterprise′s innovation.This paper drew main conclusions as follows. First, invention patent litigation has a significant positive impact on the accused enterprise′s innovation investment. Second, the TMT′s innovation attention plays a negative moderating role in the relationship between invention patent litigation and the accused enterprise′s innovation investment. Third, as patent litigation events become more prominent—the greater the disruption, the more critical the litigation timing, and the longer the litigation duration, the negative moderating effect of the TMT′s innovation attention on the relationship between invention patent litigation and the accused enterprise′s innovation investment will be weakened.This paper has two theoretical contributions. First, exploring the boundary effect of invention patent litigation on the accused enterprise′s innovation from the perspective of dynamic competition is conducive to deepening understanding of the impact of patent litigation on the accused enterprise′s innovation decision-making, and enriching the theoretical basis of the relationship between litigation and innovation. Further, this paper also revealed the conditions under which patent litigation will promote or inhibit the accused enterprise′s innovation, which is conducive to the fusion of opposing views in the research on the relationship between litigation and innovation. Second, this paper introduced the attention-based view and event system theory, focused on the TMT′s innovation attention and the attributes of patent litigation event, and then expanded the logic that patent litigation affects corporate innovation decision-making, thus promoting the research on litigation and innovation from the level of overall characteristics to the level of internal decision makers and the attributes of patent litigation event. Finally, from practice, this paper will provide a more appropriate theoretical framework and logical reference for understanding corporate patent litigation and innovation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the impact of goal framework on the willingness to pay for subscription-based knowledge Zhang Jiemei, Wang Hao 2024, 45(2): 200-208.  DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2024.02.020 Abstract ( 166 )       Paid knowledge products have become a choice for more and more consumers to achieve self-improvement and solve practical problems. However, subscription-based paid knowledge products, as a special trust product, have significant uncertainty before consumers making decisions, so the strategy of reasonable information is particularly important. This study, based on the construal level theory and experimental studies, intends to explore the boundary conditions and internal mechanism of the goal framework on consumers′ willingness to subscription-based knowledge payment. The results of this study showed that for consumers with high future self-continuity, the abstract framework, together with the outcome simulation, can better promote their willingness to pay, and that for consumers with low future self-continuity, the concrete framework, together with the process simulation, is more effective. This study aims to provide important insights into improving the attractiveness and willingness of subscription-based paid knowledge products from the perspectives of product information and consumer psychological cognition, and it will further expand the theoretical research in this field. Related Articles | Metrics