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Has institutional support promoted the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research? ——The moderation effect of absorptive capacity of enterprise and the mediation effect of cooperative tightness of industry-university-research Chen Huaichao, Zhang Jing, Fei Yuting 2020, 41(3): 1-11.  Abstract ( 225 )   As the important component of the national innovation system, the collaboration among enterprise, university and research institution can accelerate the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements and promote the innovative development of industry-university-research. However, the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research is essentially a kind of knowledge production activity, and its spillover characteristics will lead to “Market Failure” of the innovative production. Furthermore, there are often differences in the interest appeal and starting point of the three subjects, which will also lead to the instability of the collaborative innovation system of industry-university-research and the difficulty to achieve a win-win situation. Therefore, it is necessary to provide support from the institutional aspect to create a good external collaborative innovation environment. As a non-market force of “Helping Hand”, institutional support can help to make up for “Market Failure” and provide corresponding support and assistance to the three subjects of industry-university-research so as to achieve the overall collaboration effect of “1+1+1>3”. The existing literature pays attention to the influence of institutional factor on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research, but have not examined the issue of the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research from the classification perspective of formal and informal institutional support. So, how do formal and informal institutional support influence the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research? In the influence process, as an important internal resource, does the absorptive capacity of enterprise play the role of “moderator”? At the same time, as an important factor reflecting the cooperative relationship, does the cooperative tightness of industry-university-research play the role of “mediator”? In response to these problems, according to the dichotomy institution theory, dividing the institutional support into two dimensions named formal and informal institutional support, with the data from 30 provinces, cities and regions in China during 2010-2016, based on the construction of the synergy degree model to calculate the collaborative innovation degree of industry-university-research and the measurement of the relevant variables, the paper selects the fixed-effect model and uses panel calibration standard error (PCSE) method to analyze the impact of institutional support on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research, and explore the moderation effect of absorptive capacity of enterprise and the mediation effect of cooperative tightness of industry-university-research in the influence process, so as to open up the “Black Box” that institutional support influences the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research.The research results of this paper contain three aspects. Firstly, institutional support is an important influence factor of the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research. Both formal institutional support and informal institutional support have positive influence on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research. Secondly, the absorptive capacity of enterprise strengthens the influence of formal institutional support on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research, but weakens the influence of informal institutional support on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research. This shows that the absorptive capacity of enterprise moderates the impact of institutional support on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research, and its moderation effect is situation-dependent. That is to say, the absorptive capacity of enterprise has differentiated roles in different institutional environments. Finally, the cooperative tightness of industry-university-research plays the partial mediation effect in the influence process of formal and informal institutional support on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research. This shows that there is indeed a path in the influence process of institutional support on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research, and institutional support can influence the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research through the mediate link of close cooperation among the three subjects.Through the empirical research, the paper can provide the following enlightenments. Firstly, the institutional support should play the positive influence, make full use of “Visible Hand” to make up for “Market Failure” and improve the level of the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research. The relevant department should grasp the rhythm of fund subsidy, release good institutional signal, provide adequate financial support, control and supervise the use of subsidy fund to improve the utilization efficiency of fund. At the same time, the relevant department should attach importance to the training of scientific talent, and improve the comprehensive quality of talent in the region to provide talent support for the development of the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research. Secondly, with the different institution supports, the absorptive capacity of enterprise should play the role rationally. The enterprise should cultivate its absorptive and perceptual capability, and help other subjects to understand institutional information better, so as to improve the influence of formal institutional support on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research. In addition, to avoid focusing too much on the internal system while neglecting the external informal institutional support, when cultivating its own absorptive capacity, the enterprise should be more sensitive to capture and share information, form flexible strategic thinking, and establish a special response mechanism to prevent the negative influence caused by the internal locking effect of the absorptive capacity of enterprise. Finally, it needs to build a bridge that institutional support influences the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research through the cooperation of the three subjects. The three subjects of industry-university-research should strengthen communication and contact among each other, and adopt the corresponding negotiation and contract mechanism to realize the influence of formal institutional support on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research from the individual to the system. In addition, the three subjects of industry-university-research need to rely on the internal stable and efficient cooperation network within the system to ensure the collision and fusion of different culture and behavioral norm, and finally realize the influence of informal institutional support on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research.The paper still has some shortcomings that need to be further overcome. Firstly, institutional support can be divided into three levels including government, organization and individual, which can also be divided into internal support and external support. The future research may examine the impact of the combination of formal and informal institutional support with hierarchy, and internality and externality of institutional support on the collaborative innovation of industry-university-research. Secondly, the future research may obtain sample data to verify the results of this study through the questionnaire, or select the typical cases for tracking analysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Technical standards evolution path of China′s new energy vehicle industry Wang Bo, Liu Zeyuan, Liu Shengbo 2020, 41(3): 12-22.  Abstract ( 251 )   Drawing lessons from Kuhn′s scientific paradigm, the connotation of industrial technology paradigm is defined, the action mechanism of technical standards in the process of industrial technology paradigm transformation has been described. The technical system is sprouted by the emergence of the leading technology. At this time, the technical paradigm begins to emerge. When the leading technology is produced and related basic technology and auxiliary technology are developed to form the technical system, it means the formation of the technical paradigm. The technical application activity is defined by the paradigm. In the framework of the technical system, the company engages in practical activities such as technology development and diffusion. In the process, the technical paradigm continues to accumulate and improve. In the process of continuous technical practice, the technical paradigm gradually fails to meet the needs of the market, requiring objectively technology to make breakthroughs. The original paradigm triggered a new round of technological change. With the emergence of new breakthroughs of technological inventions, the original technical system began to decline and disintegrate. The new technical paradigm began to sprout, and then took shape based on the new technical paradigm. Then came the next round of conventional technology development. The formation of technical paradigms is closely related to technical standardization process. The technical standards are based on the scientific and technological level and practical experience of different periods, and the best solutions proposed for the technical problems with universal and recurring appearances are the technical basis for common practice in scientific research, design, process, inspection and other technical work. Technical standards reflect the important content of the technical paradigm. As a bridge between market and technology, the standard first defines the market demand, and then transforms the technical function and quality demand into qualitative description and quantitative expression. At this time, the technical system under the technical paradigm begins to form. Furthermore, the technical standards transfer and transform these requirements and rules downwards and loops. The technical standards are continuously improved and revised during the technical application process under the guidance of the paradigm, and the technical system can be further improved and expanded. Standardization is the basis for the next technological innovation by collating and legalizing accumulated technical experience. Standardization has a wide-ranging impact on industrial technology innovation and technology diffusion, and plays an important role in the formation and transformation of technology paradigms.By means of patentometrics, this paper describes quantitatively the process of formation of the traditional automobile technology paradigm to the new energy vehicle technology paradigm. This paper selects the automotive industry drive technology as the research object, and uses the Derwent Innovation Index (DII) as the main data source to distinguish the traditional automobile industry internal combustion engine drive patent technology and the new energy vehicle drive patent technology. This study uses a combination of classification code and subject terms to cover the patents related to new energy vehicles in the traditional vehicle and new energy vehicle power systems in the general vehicle domain and engine field. Approximately 21,329 patents related to traditional automotive power systems and 16,276 patents for new energy vehicle power systems were retrieved. The research shows that the development of the driving technology of the automobile industry presents a regular and cyclical technological paradigm change. The paradigm shift is driven by the maturity of technology. The technical research and development subjects in different development periods are not the same. In the paradigm change process, not only the technology is included, the main body of technology also shifts with paradigm change. The traditional automobile technology has gone through a complete cycle of paradigm, including the whole process from the germination, development, accumulation of technology paradigm to the transformation of new energy technologies, accompanied by the proliferation and replacement of the market, R&D subjects and technology research fields, where the market has shifted from the demand for traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles to fuel demand for new energy vehicles driven by batteries, hybrids and pure electric vehicles. For the R&D entities, South Korea and China have been added to the original four countries: Germany, Japan, the United States and France. Technical specifications from automobile safety, emissions, energy conservation, and theft prevention the mandatory technical specifications have been transformed into a standard system combining electrical and control systems, electrical and interface, charging systems, safety and environmental protection, and intellectual property. The paradigm of new energy vehicles is under development, and the new technology system of new energy vehicles is forming. Then, the evolution framework of the automobile industry from technical standards to the standard system combined with intellectual property rights has been presented, and the normative role, the bridge and the transformation role of technical standards in the process of the evolution of the automobile industry paradigm have been revealed. Through this work, we hope to provide theoretical reference for China′s new energy automotive industry to carry out technical standards combined with patent management strategy. Based on the technical paradigm theory, the process of gradual and subversive technology development and transformation of the new energy automobile industry is also of great significance for understanding the process and mechanism of general industrial technology development.From the traditional diesel locomotive to the new energy vehicle driving technology paradigm during the period of change, we must realize the healthy and orderly development of China′s new energy automobile industry, and gain the right to speak in the development of the world′s new energy automobile industry. The construction of technical standards plays a decisive role. It is necessary to establish a policy orientation with the goal of standard alliance and industrial standardization as soon as possible, and carry out the construction of China′s electric vehicle standard system with international vision and strategic thinking. In this process, we should further clarify the patent-oriented research and development goals of the technology standards, actively participate in the formulation of international new energy vehicle technical standards, and use the power of the state or the government to raise our national standards and even corporate standards to international standards, and then a number of pilot technology orbits converge on China′s leading technology track to seize the commanding heights of new energy vehicles. Related Articles | Metrics

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Marine science and education, venture capital and marine industry structure upgrading Ji Jianyue1,2, Guo Huiwen, Lin Zichen 2020, 41(3): 23-30.  Abstract ( 192 )   Marine industry structure is a vital indicator reflecting the quality of marine economic development. At the same time, the upgrading of the marine industry structure is an important factor in accelerating the development of the marine economy and enhancing international competitiveness, and as a result it is crucial for the sustainable development of the marine economy. Schumpeter′s "Economic Development Theory" pointed out that innovation and capital are key factors in the process of industrial structure upgrading. On the one hand, innovation is the essential factor that triggers “creative destruction”; on the other hand, capital is a tool for entrepreneurs to distribute various production factors and resources to new uses, which is a necessary condition for innovation, and an important bridge for transforming innovation to commodities. The upgrading of the marine industry structure is also inseparable from innovation and capital.Studies have shown that although the importance of marine science education and venture capital for the development of marine economy has reached consensus in academia, few scholars have linked these three variables and explored the mechanism of influence between the three variables. This paper firstly analyzes the internal relationship between marine science and education, venture capital and marine industrial structure upgrade based on Schumpeter′s economic development model. On this basis, the panel data of 11 coastal provinces in China from 2006 to 2014 were selected, and the mediation effect and threshold regression model were used for empirical research. The second part constructs the theoretical framework.(1)Marine science and education to promote the upgrading of marine industry structure can be achieved in three aspects. First, marine science and education provides a large amount of human capital for the upgrading of the marine industry structure. Second, marine science and education provides technological progress and innovation for the upgrading of marine industry structure. Third, the management services provided by the Ocean Science and Education Institute can optimize the allocation of marine resources, reduce transaction costs, and ultimately promote the upgrading of the marine industry structure. Therefore, the first hypothesis was proposed. H1: The level of marine science and education is positively related to the regional marine industry structure.(2)In the process of marine science and education promoting the upgrading of marine industry structure, venture capital can play a mediating effect in two aspects. First, provide financial support for marine technology companies, especially SMEs. Second, venture capital provides operational management experience for marine economic technology companies, and further stimulates the R&D and innovation capabilities of innovative companies. Therefore, the second hypothesis was proposed. H2: Venture capital has a mediating effect in the process of marine science and education promoting the upgrading of marine industry structure.(3)Venture capital plays a threshold effect in two aspects. The first one is the scale effect. The scale effect refers to the improvement of economic benefits brought about by the expansion of the scale of funds, that is, the scale of venture capital affects the efficiency of industrial transformation of marine research and development by affecting the forward linkage, financing costs and knowledge spillover of the industrial chain. The second one is the structural effect. The structural effect refers to the degree of specialization or diversification of venture capital activities that can affect the industrial transformation efficiency of marine research and development results. Therefore, the third hypothesis was proposed. H3: When the scale of venture capital exceeds a certain threshold, the promotion of marine science and education to the upgrading of marine industry structure is accelerated. That is to say, under the threshold effect of venture capital, the promotion of marine science and education to the upgrading of marine industry structure can achieve a transition. The empirical models required to test the three hypotheses are elaborated separately. The third part carries out empirical tests and analysis of results. Firstly, the mediation effect test of venture capital was carried out. The results show that marine science and education has a significant role in promoting the upgrading of marine industry structure. The specific performance is that for every level of marine science and education level rise, it will increase the structure of marine industry by 0.998 units, therefore hypothesis 1 is established. At the same time, venture capital has played a significant mediating effect, with a median effect of 0.05 and hypothesis 2 established. The small quantity of mediating effect may be caused by the following two reasons. First, China′s venture capital market and operational mechanism are still not perfect, especially the marine venture investment service system needs to be improved, and its role in promoting the commercialization of marine scientific and technological achievements and industrialization transformation is limited. Second, the evaluation system of marine science and education needs to be improved. The indicators such as scientific research topics and scientific and technological issues are too large, which leads to less consideration of industrialization factors in the research and development of marine scientific research results. Secondly, the threshold regression test of the impact of venture capital was carried out. The results show that there is a threshold value of venture capital in this model, which is 0.0144, and the threshold is significant at the confidence level of1%.The fourth part summarizes the main research conclusions and implications. (1) First, the improvement of the level of marine science and education has a significant role in promoting the upgrading of the marine industry structure. (2) Secondly, venture capital plays an important intermediary role in the process of marine science and education promoting the upgrading of marine industry structure. It is a transmission path for marine science and education to promote the advanced structure of marine industry, but the mediation effect of venture capital is only 0.05. It also has a lot of room for improvement. (3) Third, under the influence of venture capital, the promotion of marine science and education to the upgrading of marine industry structure can achieve a transition. When the venture capital density is less than 0.01, the promotion effect of marine science and education on the marine industry structure is 1.04; when the venture capital density is greater than 0.01, the promotion effect is increased to 1.20. Therefore, in order to achieve a strong ocean, China′s government should pay attention to the development of marine science and education, further improve the venture capital market mechanism, expand the scale of venture capital, and promote the optimization and upgrading of the marine industry structure. Related Articles | Metrics

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An empirical study of the impact of openness on innovation performance of software platforms Sun Yaowu, Zeng Yan, Zhai Yi 2020, 41(3): 31-42.  Abstract ( 185 )   With the rapid development and wide application of information technology, more and more firms realize and enhance product value by means of software system. Software platform provides a common technical architecture for a large number of independent software, and becomes a multi-functional carrier, so that independent software can provide services for users rely on the software platform. Over the past decade, the software platform industry in China has boomed, both Internet companies and traditional manufacturing companies in transition have established their own open platforms to achieve innovation through open source. However, in recent years, many platforms have made excessive efforts to open source, resulting in uneven input and output, platform losses and other problems. These adverse effects have jeopardized the healthy development of China′s software platform industry. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how the openness of the software platform affects its innovation performance.Existing researches on the relationship between openness and innovation performance mainly focus on the firm level, while the analysis of platform openness is mainly qualitative research. Meanwhile, few studies discussed platform innovation performance, and the existing studies focus on the construction of platform innovation performance indicator system, so there is a lack of researches on the application of these indicators for empirical testing. Moreover, there are few empirical studies on the influence of software platform openness on the overall innovation performance of the platform. In addition, as an important ability of software platform to attract third-party developers to access and enrich platform functions, platform appeal plays a key role in the process that openness affects the innovation performance of software platform. However, few studies have explored how it acts on the formation process of platform innovation performance as a situational factor.Therefore, combining the open innovation theory and platform governance theory, this study systematically explores the influence of platform openness on platform innovation performance, and the moderating effect of platform appeal on the above processes. The openness of the software platform indicates the extent to which the platform opens its resources to third-party developers, which is embodied in platform open breadth and platform open depth. Based on the software platform′s attributes, architecture characteristics and corresponding behavior carriers, platform innovation performance is mainly reflected in three aspects: platform development performance, platform distribution performance and platform operation performance. Platform appeal is mainly manifested in user scale, service level and commercial liquidity. This study argues that the platform open breadth and depth have different effects on platform innovation performance, and platform appeal will moderate the above processes. Based on this, the study carries on the theoretical analysis and puts forward the research hypotheses. Empirical test was taken with selected 30 online and listed (2008 to 2015) software platforms of China as samples. Through the collection and collation of the open data about these 30 software platforms on the Internet, such as the official website of software platform，the annual financial reports of listed enterprises, and the research reports on technology websites, the non-balance panel data composed of 134 pieces of data was obtained. In terms of variables measurement, first, this study argues that the platform, as an "intermediate organization", the measurement of its innovation performance is different from that of a single firm. So, combined with the existing literature research results, the initial scale was sorted out, then, through questionnaires and interviews with 6 experts in this field, a formal platform innovation performance scale was obtained. Second, the platform open breadth and depth are measured respectively by the number of API interfaces provided by the platform and the proportion of unbounded interface to total interface. Finally, for the measurement of platform appeal, this study used the number of monthly active users to measures the scale of platform users, and used the score of services provided by the platform to measure its service level, and used the score of four main ways of software platform liquidation to measure their commercial liquidity. In addition, the size and type of platform dominant enterprises, and the duration of platform opening are used as three control variables. This study used hierarchical regression analysis to test research hypotheses. Specifically, according to the data type of the dependent variables, different estimation methods were selected. For the model group involves in platform development performance, the mixed effect model and negative binomial regression were used for parameter estimation; for the model groups involve in platform distribution and operation performance, the random effect model and GLS regression were used for parameter estimation.The research findings show that open breadth has positive impacts on all the three dimensions of platform innovation performance, while open depth has inverted U-shaped results on them. In the above process, the moderating effects of three aspects of platform appeal are different, i.e. the most of the hypotheses that the positive moderating effects of open breadth are not verified or the moderating effects are not significant, but the moderating effects of open depth are inconsistently. Specifically, user scale significantly positively moderates the impact of open depth on platform development performance, service level and commercial liquidity both positively moderate the impact of open depth on platform development performance and distribution performance. This study expands the theory of open innovation and platform governance, and has significance for systematical understand of the relationship between software platform′s openness and its innovation performance as a whole, and important enlightens to promoting the transformation and upgrading of platform industry, improving the platform open decision of dominant enterprises and accelerating open innovation efficiency. First, not all platforms and their developers can benefit from openness, and the larger platform openness is not always better. Platform appeal is a double-edged sword, managers or owners of platform require a rational balance between the effect of increasing appearance and the cost. In addition, the complex platform ecosystem contains many internal mechanisms and operation law that are unknown or inconsistent with conventional cognition, meanwhile, China′s software platform industry is growing rapidly, but there are still many problems. So, it is worthwhile for researchers to do further explorations. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of international entrepreneurial experience and innovation elements accumulation on dual innovation of born globals Pan Hongliang 2020, 41(3): 43-51.  Abstract ( 174 )   International entrepreneurship has become a major theme in international business, which is defined as the “discovery, enactment, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities across national borders to create future goods and service”. Born globals are “entrepreneurial start-ups that, from or near their founding, seek to derive a substantial proportion of their revenue from the sale of products in international markets”.Recognition of born globals (BGs) as important and distinctive organizations across the global economy has been growing in recent. Research on the growth of born globals has made amazing progress, attracting wide attention from academic, practitioners and policy makers. Born globals show significantly different business behaviors from the increasingly internationalized SMEs, as well as obvious mismatch with the traditional Uppsala model. However, little is known in the existing literature about the nature of the growth process of inherently international enterprises, including how they overcome the "liability of foreignness", "liability of newness" and “liability of scale”. As we all know, the sustainable development of born globals not only depends on the development of existing resources and capabilities, but also depends on implementing and balancing the dual innovation strategy.The literature has used the resource-based theory or the knowledge management viewpoint to explain the non-path dependent behavior of born globals. We all believe that the accumulation of innovation elements can accelerate the rapid development of born globals. There is a positive correlation between entrepreneurial experience and business success. International entrepreneurship experience is the cornerstone of expanding the knowledge base of born globals, the premise of promoting the accumulation of innovation elements, and more related to the effectiveness of the implementation of the dual innovation strategy. In the complex and changeable international market, exploring the dynamic relationship between international entrepreneurship experience, innovation elements accumulation and dual innovation of international enterprises is an important theme to be solved urgently in the field of international entrepreneurship, knowledge management and innovation. But existing research has not yet given the born globals have received a good education, senior managers or entrepreneurs with international experience, combined with the natural internationalization enterprise under the innovative elements constraints to cope with the challenge of disruptive change, facing the dilemma of dual innovation, focusing on the existing innovation opportunity for how to avoid missed opportunities for new innovation at the same time, and how to balance the relationship between them. Therefore, this study is helpful to reveal the micro-mechanism of innovation elements accumulation and dual innovation of born globals from the perspective of entrepreneurial experience, enrich the growth theory of innately internationalized enterprises, and provide theoretical basis for the formulation of innovation policies to promote innovation elements to agglomeration of innately internationalized enterprises.The international entrepreneurial experience is the cornerstone of expanding the knowledge base of born globals, and it is the precondition for accelerating the accumulation of innovation elements, and it is also related to the effectiveness of the born globals in implementing the dual innovation strategy. Through the analysis of the international entrepreneurial experience supporting the intrinsic link of the dual innovation of the born globals, the model of the dual innovation of the born globals based on international entrepreneurial experience was constructed. Using SPSS21.0 and AMOS21.0 software, the research data collected from 215 survey questionnaires were analyzed. The research results show that the international entrepreneurial experience does not directly affect exploratory innovation of the born globals, but it has a positive correlation with its exploitative innovation. The accumulation of innovation elements plays a mediating role between the international entrepreneurial experience and dual innovation of born globals. The exploitative innovation of the born globals has a positive correlation with the exploratory innovation; The conclusions of this study provide useful lessons for China′s born globals to carry out dual innovation activities.Firstly, it is proved that international entrepreneurial experience is an important predictor of the accumulation of innovation elements. Although more and more studies have confirmed the relationship between international entrepreneurship experience and enterprise innovation performance, there are few literature studies on the relationship between the accumulation of innovation elements. The empirical results show that there is a positive correlation between the experience of international entrepreneurship and the accumulation of innovation elements, revealing the microscopic mechanism of the accumulation of innovation elements in inherently internationalized enterprises, and expanding the research on the pre-dependent variables of dual innovation.Secondly, the accumulation of innovation elements plays an intermediary role between international entrepreneurship experience and dual innovation of born globals. It proves that the accumulation of innovation elements is the "propeller" of development innovation and exploration innovation, as well as the "transmitter" of international entrepreneurship experience. Therefore, in the process of growth, born globals should pay attention to the cultivation and promotion of entrepreneurs′ international entrepreneurial experience, promote the accumulation of innovation elements, and support born globals′ dual innovation activities. This conclusion provides an empirical basis for the scientific formulation of relevant innovation policies, support, cultivation and leverage of innovation elements for naturally internationalized enterprises, especially for innovation-driven enterprises.The exploitative innovation of the born globals has a positive correlation with the exploratory innovation. Born globals are naturally more internationalized enterprises belong to small and medium-sized enterprises, only in the growing, overcoming the disadvantage of lack of innovation resources, to develop high level open innovation, continuous improvement of existing products in the international market segments, to meet consumer demand preference, based on the existing mining new technology new opportunities to explore the international market, and promote the internationalization of natural significantly enhance business growth performance. In order to achieve sustainable development in the context of international competition, born globals must continuously engage in exploratory innovation activities and exploitative innovation activities, and strive to explore and improve the methods of exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation, so as to improve the overall innovation ability and competitive advantage of enterprises. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the effect mechanism of managerial ownership on innovation performance—— The mediating role based on financial constraints Fan Haifeng, Zhou Xiaochun 2020, 41(3): 52-60.  Abstract ( 532 )   In 2015, China put forward the economic development strategy of "mass innovation", and various regions and enterprises all responded to the call positively, this leads to a rapid growth of R&D investment in enterprises and society. According to a recent statistics, China′s R&D investment in 2017 has reached 1.75 trillion yuan after decades of development, which ranked the second largest in the world, and is only lower than the United States. However, in terms of R&D efficiency, the results is not satisfactory, as there are few patents with worldwide influence, thus how to improve China′s R&D efficiency has become a question of common concern. Management shareholding is the main content of corporate equity incentive. As existing research shows, equity incentive can lead to consistent interests of executives and shareholders, thus it can effectively alleviate the conflict of interests between principals and agents, and reduce the agency cost of the company. At present, there are three main views on the impact of managerial ownership on the innovation performance of companies at home and abroad. One is that managerial equity incentive can reduce the conflict of interest between management and shareholders, thus produces "interest convergence effect", this will spur the management to invest more in high-risk innovation projects for the long term interest of company, and promote the innovation performance of companies. The second view is the “risk averse theory”, which believe that because of the pursuit of career stability, the risk averse management will make short-term decision and allocate more resources to low-risk innovation projects rather than high-risk innovation projects, thus the management ownership is inversely proportional to innovation performance. The third view is based on the "interest convergence effect" and "entrenchment effect" of managerial ownership, which believes that the impact of managerial ownership on corporate innovation performance is a typically inverted U-shaped relationship. Due to the serious information asymmetry and other characteristics of innovation activities, innovation activities are easy to be affected by financing constraints, but different from the existing research that regards financing constraints as exogenous environment variables, as financing constraints are subject to corporate decision and performance, they are regarded as endogenous variables in this paper. Based on the 2012-2015 sample of China′s listed companies, we construct a virtual variable of financing constraints (SAI) by using the SA index suggested by Hadlock et al. (2010) , and using recursive model to make empirical study on the intermediary effect of financing constraints between financing constraints and R&D investment and R&D efficiency. For robustness test in this paper we also use the Z-Score value proposed by Altman in 1968 to replace SAI, and at the same time, we replaced the innovation efficiency index by the natural logarithm of the total effective patent, which is obtained by weighting method, the weight of for invention patent, utility model and design patent of each corporate is 0.5, 0.3 and 0.2 respectively, after the replacement, we reached the same results, which verifies the robustness of the main results of this paper.Finally, we reached the following conclusions in this paper: Firstly, there are highly significant U-shaped relationship between managerial ownership and financing constraints, and highly significant inverted U-shaped relationship between corporate innovation performances, financing constraints play a significant partly intermediary role between management′s shareholding and corporate R&D efficiency. Secondly, the intermediary roles financing constraints play is different in the impact of management ownership on R & D investment and R & D efficiency. Among them, the intermediary impact of financing constraints on R&D investment aggravate the rise or fall of R&D investment, while the intermediary impact of financing constraints on R&D efficiency delay the rise or fall of R&D efficiency, it also shows that the role of management equity incentive in improving R&D efficiency is limited. Thirdly, financing constraints have a highly significant inhibitory effect on R&D investment and a highly significant promoting effect on R & D efficiency. Fourthly, the impact of equity incentive on corporate financing constraints and innovation performance is only limited to non-state-owned listed companies at present, and there′s no similar effect on state-owned enterprises. The conclusion of this paper has important theoretical and policy significance. In theory, it provides a new evidence for the impact of corporate ownership structure on innovation performance, and verifies that financing constraint, as an ultimate constraint mechanism of capital market, has a significant constraint on corporate management. In terms of policy recommendations, as financing constraints will aggravate the impact of managerial ownership on R&D investment, but will delay or limit the impact of managerial ownership on R&D efficiency, especially in the case of loose external financing, the R&D investment of companies with more managerial ownership will increase significantly, but its R&D efficiency will not be improved accordingly, which may indicate that the management may use company′s free cash flow and other resources to invest in R&D projects with low value or not related to the company′s expertise, in order to obtain their personal benefits, which leads to the waste of R & D funds. Therefore, this paper argues that it is necessary for companies that implement equity incentive to reduce the shareholding ratio of management accordingly, and protect the interests of investors and banks. At the same time, in order to improve the efficiency of R&D investment, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of innovation process and introduce other more supervision mechanisms, such as institutional investors or independent directors. In addition, as equity incentive plays a certain role in promoting innovation performance and easing financing constraints of non-state-owned holding listed companies, it is necessary for state-owned enterprises to increase the intensity of equity incentive and reduce the threshold of equity incentive. Although we made exhaustive robustness testing, but our research may also have the following shortcomings. Firstly, the financing constraints at the corporate level can be divided into internal financing constraints and external financing constraints. This paper mainly studies from the perspective of external financing constraints. Secondly, the innovation performance indicators such as the number of patents may not reflect the innovation quality of the company, which may reduce the representativeness of the research conclusions. Related Articles | Metrics

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A review and prospect of the research on military-civilian integrated innovation Fang Wei, Sun Zehua, Tang Lulu 2020, 41(3): 61-71.  Abstract ( 471 )   China must follow the road of military-civilian integration and innovation unswervingly, and integrate the national defense science and technology innovation system into the national innovation system in a wider range, higher levels, and deeper degrees. This is not only a strategic consideration of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, but also an important reflection of the objective laws of scientific and technological development. CiteSpace V is a document visualization software developed by professor Chen Chaomei of the United States. It has the dual nature and characteristics of visual "graph" and serialized "spectrum", which can visualize the complex relationship of knowledge networks. In this article, to reveal the existing knowledge structure relationship and development process ,we will use the core documents of the military-civilian integration and innovation field in CNKI as the research sample from 2003 to 2019 to draw a knowledge map. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the field of military-civilian integration and innovation, we explore the current research status of military-civilian integration and innovation in terms of annual publication volume, research institutions and core authors, and summarizes research hotspots and development trends. This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of military-civilian integration and innovation in terms of current research characteristics analysis and research hotspots and development trends. (1) Current research characteristics analysis. At present, the annual publication volume in the research field has shown a steady increase, indicating that the research fever of military-civilian integrated innovation continues to rise; The core research strength in this field is mainly concentrated in national defense universities and military colleges. At the same time, due to the lack of close cooperation and exchanges, a perfect research network has not formed yet among the studies in this field. The research methods in this field are mainly based on intelligence analysis, but quantitative analysis methods are less applied such as statistical analysis, frontier analysis, and system analysis. (2) Research hotspots and development trends. Analysis of research hotspots in this field are deepened from the analysis of the connotation of military-civilian integrated innovation concept, the composition of the main body of innovation, the system construction and operation mechanism to the construction of military-civilian integrated innovation demonstration zone and the analysis of the innovation characteristics of military-civilian integration "hidden champions" enterprises through high-frequency keyword statistics and keyword contribution networks. Research hotspots gradually reflect more micro and specific characteristics. Military-civilian integrated innovation is an important way to promote the deep development of military-civilian integration. Firstly, clarifying the evolution of the concept of military-civilian integration is of great significance to the innovation of military-civilian integration. At present, in terms of research on the concept of military-civilian integrated innovation, the connotation of military-civilian integrated innovation is constantly enriching, but the Chinese characteristics are not clear enough. Based on the accurate understanding of the differences between China and Western countries in terms of system construction and social background, we should base our national conditions on building Chinese characteristics. The military-civilian integration and innovation concept system establishes the right to speak internationally and lays a solid theoretical foundation for the follow-up research on military-civilian integration and innovation. Secondly, with the continuous advancement of military-civilian integration, the connotation of the subject of innovation has gradually become richer and more diversified. Thirdly, for a long time, China ′s defense technology innovation and civilian technology innovation belong to two independent systems, forming a pattern of separation of military and civilians in the national innovation system, leading to the repeated input of production factors, causing serious waste of production resources and restricting China′s economic development. The establishment of a national innovation system helps to resolve the pattern of separation between military and civilians, and at the same time enables national defense science and technology to be rooted in the national economic foundation and realize the coordinated development of national defense and economic construction. In terms of building a military-civilian integrated innovation system, military-civilian integration is both a strategic consideration and an inherent law of technological development. We should start from the technical level in the military-civilian integrated innovation system architecture phase. Due to the complexity of the subject of military-civilian integrated innovation, the diversity of functions, and the long-term goal, it is a long way to go to build a scientific and effective military-civilian integrated innovation system. Finally, in terms of operation mechanism, the internal dynamic mechanism of military-civilian integration is not researched deeply enough, and the interaction of dynamic mechanism, coordination mechanism, information sharing mechanism, and incentive mechanism is not close enough. The internal relationship between mechanisms needs to be further studied. The research theme of military-civilian integrated innovation gradually becomes microcosmic, and the construction of military-civilian integration "hidden champions" enterprises and the construction of innovation demonstration zones has become a higher-level military-civilian integrated innovation carrier. The success of the "hidden champions" enterprise is equivalent to a successful pilot for small and medium-sized enterprises as the main body of military-civilian integrated innovation. The successful experience of innovation can also be used as a reference for other military industrial enterprises, which will help promote the in-depth development of military-civilian integrated innovation.In the future, research in this field should be guided by Xi Jinping′s military-civilian integration development strategy and continue to expand the research field at the international and domestic strategic heights. In addition to national defense and military academies, more local universities and research institutions should join the research team. In order to achieve the purpose of strengthening the breadth and depth of research network cooperation, future research should be based on management practices with Chinese characteristics, while strengthening case studies and improving the establishment of high-quality enterprise-level data platforms. It should also enrich the use of quantitative research methods and deepen research on micro-mechanical levels such as the inherent laws of scientific and technological development to further improve military and civilian. The construction of an integrated innovation and technology platform provides effective think tank support for a national science and technology plan based on military-civilian integration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Counterpart support policy, investment attraction and promotion of regional innovation capability——A case study of the counterpart support policy for the Three Gorges Reservoir Area Li Zhiguo, Yang Can, Li Huijie 2020, 41(3): 72-82.  Abstract ( 277 )   The counterpart support policy with Chinese characteristics, implemented to promote the development of specific areas, plays an important role in solving the problem of insufficient and imbalance development, but it also faces the transformation from "blood transfusion" to "hematopoiesis", especially how to improve the innovation ability of recipient areas. Investment attraction is an important way to give full play to the decisive role of the market in the allocation of resources and to better play the role of the government. As an important way of counterpart support, it brings brand, technology, talent, management and other elements to the reservoir area, and plays an important role in promoting innovation, technological progress, industrial upgrading and innovation environment. Discussing the impact of attracting foreign investment on regional innovation ability under the background of counterpart support policy will help to reveal the mechanism of counterpart support promoting regional innovation ability. Specifically, this article mainly discusses three questions as following. What is the impact of attracting foreign investment on innovation ability of recipient areas under counterpart support policy? What is the mechanism of its influence? How can recipient regions make more effective use of counterpart support policy to enhance regional innovation capacity through precise investment promotion?Existing literature has analyzed the relationship among counterpart support, investment attraction and regional innovation ability, but there are also research gaps. On the one hand, the research on counterpart support and regional development ability does not focus on innovation ability. On the other hand, the research on investment attraction mainly analyzes the influence of investment attraction on some indicators of innovation ability, lacking the discussion on the systematic, theoretical origin and mechanism of regional innovation ability, and seldom considers the policy background. Therefore, we based on the policy environment of counterpart support and taking Wanzhou district as the object of the study to address the above questions.The research framework of this paper comes from three aspects. First, the theory of comparative advantage of counterpart support believes that the counterpart support can give play to the comparative advantage of the supporting area and make up for the comparative disadvantage of the receiving area. That is to say, to the area where the innovation foundation is weak, it can make up for its comparative weakness in innovation ability through counterpart support. Second, the theory of investment attraction which includes industry transfer, enterprise location and the industrial chain believes that investment attraction needs to pay attention to the direction of industrial transfer, the choice of enterprise investment location and the matching of industrial chain. Thirdly, we extract four aspects from the theory of regional innovation capability index system: knowledge generation, technology innovation, innovation performance and innovation environment.Based on the above theories, this paper analyzes the relationship between investment attraction and regional innovation ability under the policy ofcounterpart support. We find that, first of all, the counterpart support policy can improve the precision of investment attraction and achieve four aspects of precise investment attraction: precise undertaking of industrial transfer, precise identification of enterprise characteristics, precise exerting the endowment advantages, precise integration of production factors. Secondly, there is an important logical relationship between the innovation ability and investment attraction. Investment attraction brings the transfer of capital, technology, management and other elements, and these elements are important indicators to measure innovation ability. Innovation ability, as a collection of these elements, will inevitably change with the change of investment attraction. each aspect of investment attraction can influence the index of innovation ability, thus affecting the innovation ability. Based on this, we established our research framework. We adopt the method of case study to analyze the influence path of precise investment attraction on the improvement of regional innovation ability based on 5 cases of enterprises and institutions supporting Wanzhou District.Through an in-depth analysis of case objects, this paper has obtained the following research conclusions. Firstly, Under the counterpart support policy, attracting investment can not only play a decisive role in the market allocation of resources, but also better play the role of the government. It has an impact on regional innovation capabilities in five aspects: knowledge flow, technological innovation, innovation performance and innovation environment. Secondly, Under the counterpart support policy, the mechanism for promoting investment in regional innovation is based on “Four Precisions”, namely precisely undertaking industrial transfer to promote the flow of knowledge through direct investment, technology transfer and technology cooperation; precisely identifying enterprise characteristics to promote technological innovation by identifying enterprises with entrepreneurship, high R&D input and strong output capacity; precisely exerting the endowment advantage by establishing a characteristic industrial chain, expanding the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain to develop a recycling industry, creating a characteristic industry, consolidating advantageous industries, thereby optimizing the industrial structure and driving employment, improving innovation performance; and precisely integrating production factors through the integration of financial resources, human resources, environmental resources, and financial resources to improve the innovation environment. Thirdly, the effective integration of innovation factors and local resource endowments, brought about by attracting investment under the counterpart support policy, is the key to improving the regional innovation capability of the recipient regions. the recipient areas should integrate the development of the landing company with local innovation elements, to effectively play the “hematopoietic” function of counterpart support.Based on these results, this paper puts forward the following suggestions. First, it is necessary to deepen the counterpart support policy to give full play to the institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics, to promote the improvement of innovation capabilities in recipient areas, to accelerate the resolution of inadequate imbalances in development imbalances. Second, the government should improve the counterpart support policy system and pay equal attention to both "blood transfusion" and "hematopoietic", to promote the comprehensive economic and social development of the recipient areas. Third, the recipient areas should take their resource endowment advantages, and precisely integrate the local ecological resources, local customs and culture, industrial foundation and other innovative elements with the elements of the support area, to promote knowledge flow, promote technological innovation, enhance innovation performance, and improve the innovation environment through precisely undertaking industrial transfer, precisely identifying enterprise characteristics, precisely exerting the endowment advantages and precisely integrating production factors. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of college enrollment expansion on regional innovation capability: The mechanism and an empirical analysis Shi Daqian, Zhang Qin, Liu Jianjiang 2020, 41(3): 83-90.  Abstract ( 243 )   Since 1999, the expansion of colleges enrolment has had a profound impact on the economy and society. Most of the previous literature focused on the impact of the expansion of colleges enrolment on the labor market, lacking of research on the impact of macro-economy, especially on the impact of regional innovation ability. Most of the research on education shows that the expansion of university enrollment in a short period of time improves the level of regional human capital, which will have an long time impact on innovation. Based on this assumption, this paper uses the difference-in-differences (DID) method to test the impact of the enrollment expansion policy on the innovation ability based on quasi nature experiment by using the provincial panel data in 1990-2013. Specifically, by multiplying the number of enrollment expansion in each province over the years with the policy dummy variables before and after enrollment expansion, a continuous DID model is constructed to evaluate the effect of enrollment expansion policies on regional innovation ability. In order to further analyze the educational quantity effect and educational quality effect caused by college enrollment expansion, we replace the processing intensity of college enrollment expansion with educational quantity and educational quality respectively. Among them, the quantity of education is measured by the number of new college students every year, and the quality of education is measured by the ratio of teachers to students. By comparing the two functions, we can identify the impact of college enrollment expansion on the quantity and quality of education.The conclusion of this paper shows that after controlling other factors, the expansion of education quantity increases the innovation ability by 44.22%, and the change of education quality increases the innovation ability by 1.12%. There is interaction effect between education quantity and education quality, and the marginal effect of improving education quality to promote innovation is greater than that of education quantity. After the enrollment expansion, the quantity and quality of education significantly improve the innovation ability, and the quality and quantity of education promote innovation through mutual influence. On the whole, the positive impact of the current expansion of education quantity is more than the promotion of education quality on innovation ability, but most of this effect comes from the improvement of education quality. There is a quality threshold for the effect of quantitative expansion, so improving the quality of education is the key policy aim. The college enrollment expansion policy mainly affects the innovation ability through the way of human capital accumulation. The expansion of education quantity promotes the accumulation of human capital, while the effect of education quality accumulation of human capital is less than that of education quantity, but the effect of education quantity is more from the improvement of quality. Mechanism verification shows that the promotion of human capital is the main way to promote innovation by expanding enrollment (education quantity and education quality), and the role of education quality in promoting human capital is greater than that of education quantity.Compared with the similar research at home and abroad, this paper evaluates the effect of college enrollment expansion from the perspective of innovative production, which is different from the previous literature that evaluates the effect of college enrollment expansion from the perspective of labor market, employment and education yield, and studies the influencing factors of innovation ability from the perspective of human capital investment, economic agglomeration, FDI inflow, innovation environment and interaction between innovation subjects.In terms of theoretical research, this paper analyzes the different effects of enrollment expansion on the accumulation of human capital from the perspective of scale effect and quality effect of college enrollment expansion, which is different from the previous studies on employment and rate of education return. It not only provides theoretical support for the implementation of enrollment expansion policy, but also provides guidance for the promotion of innovation in terms of scale and quality. In terms of research methods, this paper mainly uses the quasi difference-in-differences method to evaluate the role of college enrollment expansion, which not only solves the problem that the national policy cannot construct the experimental group and control group, but also provides convenience for distinguishing the quality and quantity effects. Thus, it solves the endogenous problems in the previous research on the influencing factors of innovation ability, and ensures the credibility of the conclusion of this paper. From the perspective of innovation, this paper evaluates the impact of the enrollment expansion policy of colleges and universities, which provides direct policy guidance for further promoting the enrollment expansion policy of colleges and universities and promoting human capital.This paper holds that the policy of college enrollment expansion is feasible on the whole, but at present, the scale of expansion has exceeded the optimal value, which makes the marginal effect of quantity expansion decrease. Therefore, from the perspective of education development, quantity expansion has its positive significance. On the premise of maintaining a moderate increase in quantity, we need to carefully control the overall rapid increase in quantity. In the case of limited educational resources, blindly increasing the number will only make too few educational resources be apportioned and will not produce the role of accumulating human capital to promote innovation. The core of human capital accumulation in education is to improve the quality of education, while the decline of education quality will only restrain the accumulation of human capital, thus hindering innovation. On the other hand, more reasonable allocation of educational resources. Because of the difference of educational resource allocation and the difference of economic development level, the effect of educational policy will deviate. Therefore, on the basis of balanced allocation of education resources, we should increase the proportion of education funds in GDP, pay more attention to the support for the deficient and backward areas, optimize the efficiency of the use of education resources, improve the quality of education, and thus improve the innovation ability. Related Articles | Metrics

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External knowledge sourcing, knowledge accumulation and green growth of industry in China:A study of the dynamic threshold effect of heterogeneity Hou Jian, Wang Gang, Chen Jiancheng 2020, 41(3): 91-100.  Abstract ( 171 )   With the increasingly rigid constraints of energy and environmental factors on industrial growth, industrial pollution emissions and energy consumption have approached the environmental bearing limit. As the main body of China′s economy, industry plays a significant role in economic growth, energy consumption and environmental pollution, and the contradiction between industrial energy environment and economic society is extremely sharp. In this context, the strategy of innovation-driven green development has become an inevitable choice for industrial growth, and how to deeply integrate and improve the industrial green development and innovation-driven path is the key to its transformation. "Green growth", as a sustainable growth mode that pursues economic development and pays attention to environmental protection, biodiversity and resource recycling, is an important strategy to achieve "climate friendly" and "low-carbon" sustainable growth . On the other hand, based on innovation-driven development, technological innovation and green growth are carried out for the purpose of reducing pollution, saving resources and improving the environment to further drive sustainable development. Meanwhile, driven by the global open innovation, Chinese industrial enterprises try to create and acquire knowledge through external cooperation to continuously generate new knowledge flow to accumulate and update knowledge stock, and realize the transformation of innovation paradigm in the interaction of cooperative R&D, R&D outsourcing, entrusted technology development and other modes with enterprises, universities and research institutions with technological advantages. External knowledge sourcing has become one of the important paths for Chinese industry to carry out technological innovation and green growth.Therefore, based on the provincial panel data of 2009-2015 in China′s industry, this paper measures the industrial green growth structure with the restriction of environment and energy by using the Super-SBM model which considering undesirable outputs. Moreover, the improved dynamic threshold regression model is used to systematically explore the dynamic threshold effect of knowledge accumulation and its temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the industrial green growth mechanism driven by external knowledge sourcing. We provide an effective reference for exploring the driving source, path choice and policy design of promoting the transformation of industrial green innovation.The study shows: (1) the overall level of China′s industrial green growth is low, there is a large space for development. In most regions, the level of industrial green growth did not increase significantly in the sample period, and even showed a certain decline trend, especially in the central and western regions, the industrial green growth index has been floating at a low level, and the regional heterogeneity is significant. (2) the impact of industrial environmental regulation, per capita energy consumption and urbanization on its green growth is significantly negative. At present, the development of China′s industrial industry needs to bear the cost of energy and environmental technology constraints to a large extent, and the "Porter effect" has not been realized in a short time. (3) on the whole, external knowledge sourcing has positive effect on industrial green growth, but there is a heterogeneity threshold characteristic of regional knowledge accumulation: knowledge accumulation once broke through the critical mass, the positive effect of external knowledge sourcing is decreasing, so the driving effect of external knowledge sourcing is not significant in areas with high knowledge accumulation level. (4) the heterogeneity of regional knowledge accumulation driven by external knowledge sourcing is significant, and the spatial-temporal distribution is quite different. The number of low knowledge accumulation areas is decreasing, while the number of high knowledge accumulation areas is increasing continuously. The eastern coastal and central regions have significantly crossed the threshold of high knowledge accumulation level, while a few provinces in the western and northeast regions are still in low knowledge accumulation areas.Accordingly, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions. First of all, the overall green growth level of the industry is relatively low, and there are obviously some problems of environmental pollution and resource consumption control. On the one hand, the green development strategy driven by open innovation has become an inevitable choice for industrial growth. On the other hand, it is necessary to fully consider the regional gap of industrial green growth, balance regional development planning, and strictly unify environmental standards while flexibly selecting regional environmental regulation tools. Secondly, in the practice of industrial green development, external knowledge sourcing is an effective driving factor and strategy for industrial enterprises to achieve green development in the initial and transformation stage. The path and driving source of industrial green growth are diversified. In the trend of open innovation, we should make full use of external knowledge to make up for the shortage of industrial green technology resources and R&D accumulation, actively seek external resources to establish an open connection, so as to cope with the increasing environmental energy cost and the complexity of clean technology and green production process, and promote the integration of green technology and production. To optimize green production and technological conditions, in turn, to increase the stock of environmental technology, expand the path of industrial green growth, and reduce technology costs and green R&D risks. Finally, we should pay attention to the spatial-temporal heterogeneity effect of knowledge accumulation of regional industrial green growth path, and choose the best driving path correctly. At present, the industrial knowledge accumulation foundation of the eastern coastal areas is well developed, and the industrial technology strength is strong, while there are diversified driving factors in the industrial green development that can be effectively used. After having the ability to increase investment in R&D, we need to be alert to the long-term cost, intellectual property rights, digestion and absorption of external R&D under the advantage of higher knowledge accumulation, and more. It is based on proprietary intellectual property rights and more efficient internal R&D for industrial clean technology and production. However, the western regions with low knowledge accumulation level consider more effective external sources, reduce the risk of low-carbon environmental protection technology and the cost of clean process transformation, and alleviate the urgent problems of energy consumption, pollution emissions and industrial growth. In brief, we should establish a "bridge" between the industrial green technology foundation and external R&D, combine with the government guidance mechanism, and effectively transform and utilize the existing diversified driving factors; Meanwhile, we should flexibly adjust and control the multiple driving path system according to the heterogeneous constraints of industrial knowledge accumulation in different regions, so as to realize the green and industrial innovation-driven transformation and growth.  Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the impact of traffic convenience level and informatization on gathering of high-level service industry Hu Linyao, Yu Liping, Duan Yunlong 2020, 41(3): 101-109.  Abstract ( 209 )   Traffic convenience and informatization have an important impact on the gathering of high-end service industries. Traffic convenience changes the spatial layout of elements aggregation physically, and informatization changes the layout and connection of elements in an intangible and tangible way. Therefore, are the two factors of transportation efficiency and informatization level that are extremely important to the flow of factors affect the gathering of the high-end service industry? What is the mechanism of action between them? Is there a difference in the impact of traffic convenience and informatization level on the gathering of high-end services in the different gathering levels of the high-end service industry? These problems have certain research significance. This paper theoretically analyzes the positive mechanism，negative mechanism and the interaction mechanism of traffic convenience and informatization level on the gathering of the high-end service industry. This paper also conducted an empirical analysis. Based on the panel data of 28 provinces and cities in China from 2005 to 2014.This paper empirically studies the mechanism of transportation convenience,informatization level and interaction on the gathering of the high-end service industry by using panel data model and quantile regression model. The result shows that the general elasticity is negative for traffic convenience to the gathering high-end service industry; Under the low and middle level of high-end service industry gathering, traffic convenience has no significant effect on the gathering of high-end service industry; Under the high level of high-end service industry gathering, traffic convenience has a positive effect on the gathering of high-end service industry which positive effect is still increasing. The general elasticity of informatization level to high-end service industry gathering is positive; under the low and middle level of high-end service industry, the positive effect of informatization level on the gathering of high-end service industry increases progressively; under the high level of high-end service industry gathering, the positive effect of information technology on the gathering of high-end service industry weakens and unapparent. The general elasticity of interaction to high-end service industry gathering is positive; under the low and middle level of high-end service industry gathering, the positive effect of interaction on high-end service industry gathering increases progressively; under the high level of high-end service industry gathering, the positive effect of interaction on high-end service industry gathering is lower progressively. Therefore, this paper proposes to improve the transportation convenience between urban areas by increasing the construction of transportation infrastructure, strengthen the construction of high-end service industry clusters in underdeveloped areas and pay more attention to the coordinated development of traffic convenience and informatization level in underdeveloped areas. The strengthening and improvement of the above three aspects may promote the development of China′s high-end service industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the optimal angel investment financing contracts with the moral hazard problem Niu Huawei, Gu Ming 2020, 41(3): 110-118.  Abstract ( 197 )    The sound development and prosperity of start-up firms would be maintained for a long time in a good venture capital financing environment. As we all know, almost all the successful start-up firms at domestic and abroad have received various types of angel investment and venture capital support at the start-up stage. However, a large number of empirical studies have shown that due to significant information asymmetry between start-up firms and investors, the start-up firms are unable to raise sufficient funds to invest in all the valuable projects. From the perspective of investors, different with angel investors, venture capital funds are more inclined to invest mature companies in the growth stage and the expansion stage, but provide less support to start-up firms in the start-up stage and the seed stage. In the early stage of start-up project, small and medium-sized innovative enterprises need sufficient financial resources and technical support. In view of this and the importance of start-up firms, angel investments having startups as their main investment targets naturally become the most important financing channel for start-up firms.Similar to other financing methods, due to asymmetry of information such as the degree of work effort of entrepreneurs, there are several agency problems between investors and entrepreneurs in the entire process of angel investment. Specifically, the degree of work effort paid by the entrepreneur is unobservable and unverifiable and it could directly affect the profits of the invested start-up projects. As the setting in Holmstrom's model, we assume that there were only two degrees of work effort: exerting effort and shirking effort. Due to asymmetry of information between investors and entrepreneurs and the assignment of firm's assets liquidation value, entrepreneurs have incentives to obtain private benefits, which is obviously the moral hazard problem. Under this circumstance, entrepreneurs may shirk in pursuit of private benefits, leading to failure of enterprises at the start-up stage. On the other hand, if exerting effort increases the success probability of a start-up project, the entrepreneur will benefit from the long-term profits obtained by the project′s successful operation, which is much higher than the short-term private benefits. Therefore, whether there is an optimal financing ex-ante contract for angel investment, which significantly reduces the possibility of moral hazard occurrence for entrepreneurs, increases the success probability of investment projects, and meets the financing needs of start-up firms, it is worthy of further discussion in the studies of angel investment. Based on a comprehensive review of the angel investment financing model, this paper proposes an angel investment financing theoretical model under the framework of contract theory, to study the corresponding optimal financing contract and then gives in-depth answers to this and related questions.In the model setting, we assume that the discount rates of angel investors and entrepreneurs for future returns are risk-free interest rates, i.e., they are all risk-neutral. The financing contract of the angel investment includes the financing amount and the share allocation ratio of angel investors. According to relevant literature and a summary of investors′ actual investment experiences and abilities, investors are more focused on evaluating entrepreneurs than evaluating projects. An important content of evaluating entrepreneur is to examine and judge the entrepreneur′s experience and entrepreneurial abilities. Angel investors are more inclined to invest funds in entrepreneurial entrepreneurs with successful experience and outstanding ability. Therefore, our model quantifies the entrepreneur′s ability and successful experience as a quasi-asset with moral compensation benefits, so as to increase the entrepreneur′s new own capital on the premise of the project′s phased success, and enhance its competitiveness in obtaining subsequent venture capital funding. We also assume that angel investors as rational people will perform their due diligence after investment, and there is no moral hazard problem for angel investors. Thus, the model in this paper just discusses the case of unilateral moral hazard in which only entrepreneurs may have moral hazard. Considering the specific moral hazard problem, this paper proposes an analytical model based on the principal-agent theory to analyze the optimal financing amount and the optimal share allocation ratio. The theoretical results derived by our proposed model imply that: (1) The optimal share allocation ratio and the optimal financing amount of angel investment do exist, and the optimal financing contract could alleviate the entrepreneur′s moral hazard. (2) For the optimal financing amount, it would decrease as both the agency costs due to information asymmetry and the average market returns on investment raise. Moreover, the smaller the entrepreneur′s own initial capital, the lower the moral compensation benefits, the lower the project′s success probability, and the smaller the expected return rate, then the optimal financing amount for angel investment would get smaller. (3) For the optimal share allocation ratio of angel investor, it would increase as the success probability and the expected return rate of the start-up project, and the entrepreneur′s own initial capital decrease, and it would be reduced as both of the agency costs and the average market returns on investment increase, which are different with the results of the optimal financing amount. Meanwhile, the moral compensation benefit also has a positive impact on the optimal share allocation ration of the angel investor as the same impact on the optimal financing amount, which means the excellent entrepreneurial experience and ability could enhance the optimal financing amount but reduce the share allocation ratio of the entrepreneur.Thus, this paper could provide a reasonable and better explanation to the behavior of angel investments. Based on the theoretical results, several conclusions are drawn as follow: firstly, due to the asymmetric information between both sides of the financing contract, entrepreneurs and angel investors will play a game during the initial stage of entrepreneurship, so that the optimal share allocation ratio and optimal financing scale of angel investment exist, and the moral hazard problem can be effectively alleviated by the optimal financing contract. Moreover, the optimal contract would provide theoretical guidance for the design of angel investment financing contracts. Secondly, in order to reduce investment risks, due diligence on the investigation of entrepreneurial experience and abilities need to attract more attention of angel investors. Thirdly, for angel investors, they should also pay attention to their investigation of the private income sources of entrepreneurs.In summary, although the model and theoretical results of this paper are established and obtained on the basis of many strict assumptions, the research in this paper has strong practical guiding significance for the rapid and standardized development of angel investment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration: Knowledge spillover and mutualism Jiang Yao, Gao Changchun, Chen Xu 2020, 41(3): 119-129.  Abstract ( 194 )   The construction of creative industrial spatial agglomeration area has become one of the most important measures to realize the overall economic transformation and enhance the national cultural power. As the regional leading industry and economic pillar in the future, how to attract a large number of creative enterprises and how to improve the degree of spatial agglomeration of creative industries has become a hot issue. Therefore, exploring the formation mechanism of creative industrial spatial agglomeration from the prospective of theory can not only provide theoretical guidance for the current construction of creative industrial spatial agglomeration area in China, but also help us to understand the regular development pattern of creative industry deeply and provide useful policy enlightenment for the implementation of national creative industry development strategy.At present, studies on the influencing factors of creative industrial spatial agglomeration mainly focus on five aspects: human capital, market demand, cultural environment, related industries and policy measures. However, these existing literature studies only pay attention to the direct effect of various influencing factors, but ignore the possible intermediary variables. Based on it, this paper creatively proposes the intermediary role of knowledge spillover and mutualismthrough formula derivation. The hypotheses of this paper are put forward: H1, human capital forms knowledge spillover through mutual communication; H2, knowledge spillover plays a positive role in promoting the formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration; H3, related industries form mutually beneficial symbiosis through mutual dependence and cooperation; H4, mutual benefit and symbiosis plays a positive role in promoting the formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration; H5, market demand plays a positive role in promoting the formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration; H6, cultural environment plays a positive role in promoting the formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration; H7, policies and measures play a positive role in promoting the formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration.Then, based on the first-hand data, this paper constructs a structural equation model to study the influencing factors and formation mechanism of creative industrial spatial agglomeration in China empirically. In order to ensure the scientific and effective empirical results, this paper use the initial questionnaire to conduct small sample tests. The small sample test was carried out in Shanghai, and 96 questionnaires were collected for professors, associate professors, lecturers and graduate students in creative industry related fields. According to their opinions on measurement indicators, 18 measurement items of explanatory variables, 8 measurement items of intermediate variables and 3 measurement items of explained variables are finally reserved. Then, this paper starts to obtain large sample questionnaire data. In order to ensure the integrity of the data, this paper has strictly screened the distribution area, distribution object and distribution method of the questionnaire. Finally, this paper gets 617 questionnaires, and 419 of which are valid. According to the results of empirical analysis, this paper draws some meaningful conclusions and policy implications.Firstly, the human capital influences the formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration positively with the intermediary role of knowledge spillover. The results show that the creative industry belongs to the knowledge and technology intensive industry, and the developers and designers have very abundant professional knowledge. Through formal or informal communication, they generate many ideas through knowledge spillover, and save the production cost for creative enterprises. At the same time, with the creative talents familiar with the enterprise and industrial environment, the personnel management and evaluation mechanism will become transparent and fair. So, it may attract more and more creative talents from the outside world, and accelerate the further agglomeration of enterprises.Secondly, the related industries influence the formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration actively through the mechanism of mutual benefit and symbiosis. The results show that the creative industry needs a lot of support from design to production, marketing and other aspects of related industries. The initial creative idea needs to be put forward in cooperation with the scientific and technological industry or research institutions. The change of creative ideas into creative products with economic attributes needs financial support from the financial industry. The sale of creative products needs the media of marketing enterprises promotion and market development. On the other hand, the rapid development of creative industries has also brought rich profit returns to related industries, further consolidating this mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship.Thirdly, the cultural environment has a direct positive effect on the formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration. The results show that different regional cultural environment determines the germination of creative industries with local characteristics. With the expansion of production scale, some regions have comparative advantages in the development of creative industries. At the same time, the construction and improvement of modern cultural facilities can also create a strong regional cultural atmosphere, which is conducive to strengthening the regional attention to creative industries.Fourthly, the policy has a direct positive effect on the formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration. The results show that Chinese creative industry is in the infancy stage, and creative enterprises will be constrained and restricted by the conditions of land rent and transportation when they choose their location. The relevant preferential policies issued by the government, such as directly giving tax, obtaining land and workshop, can help creative enterprises have the opportunity to locate in the appropriate location, and make better contributions to the regional economic development.At last but not least, the impact of market demand on the formation of creative industrial spatial agglomeration is not significant, which is inconsistent with previous studies. The possible reason is that most creative enterprises belong to small and medium-sized enterprises at present, and their financing ability is not very outstanding. They will pay attention to the cost control in the operation process of enterprises, and tend to choose the location with rich resources and relatively cheap land rent. However, the areas with large market demand are often on the center of large cities, and the rental price are very expensive.These conclusions provide some new perspectives for understanding the pattern of creative industrial spatial agglomeration, and this paper puts forward some valuable decision-making basis for the development of national creative industry and the reform of Chinese cultural system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Regional distribution disparity of FDI total factor productivity and location choice of investment Zhao Xinna， Ding Yue 2020, 41(3): 130-141.  Abstract ( 179 )   With the transition of new normal economy in China, the economic growth performance becomes more importance. According to the 2017 World Investment Report, the global foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow was USD1.52 trillion in 2015, with an annual decreasing rate of 16%. This means, the FDI of developing economies is decreasing because of a decrease in prices of staple commodities, the devaluation of currency, and an increase in geopolitical risks. Nevertheless, the Chinese economy continues to grow despite the downtrend. With an annual growth of USD 131 billion, China ranks second in FDI inflows, after the United States. Thus, FDI is essential for economic development in China. During the planned to market economy transformation, the Chinese economy was promoted with a regional cascade structure. Subsequently, openness in China was bolstered using the same structure. Consequently, the policy supports and complementary conditions of FDI importation vary among the provinces. Therefore, the FDI importation performance exhibits extreme variations among the provinces. The FDI in China is disproportionately distributed. To understand the influence of intertemporal effects of dynamic factors on FDI importation sustainability, this paper examined FDI importation in Chinese provinces to investigate the differences in importation performance in a single-country setting, where the effects of single-period support conditions and dynamic factors, such as energy consumption and physical capital stock, are adequately controlled.To identify the differences in FDI importation performance among provinces, this paper selected 30 provinces in China, excluding Tibet, as DMUs. Previous studies have indicated that the influences of total factor productivity focus on physical capital stock, human capital stock and output value, based on economic growth theory. In addition, hysteresis of physical capital stock exists in economic growth and technical progress. In other words, the sustainability of total factor productivity is not only represented by the congruence of influence factors but also reflected in the sustainability of physical capital stock. From the perspective of the supply-side structural reform, in order to reveal the FDI regional disparity, this paper constructed a dynamic Malmquist model to evaluate the dynamic total factor productivity of FDI distribution by considering the inter-temporal effect.Based on provincial panel data of China, this model used human capital, material capital, energy consumption, and openness as inputs and FDI performance as outputs. In addition to the input and output factors, this paper defined physical capital stock as a dynamic factor considering the intertemporal effect of hysteresis. Furthermore, multidimensional scaling is conducted to demonstrate the emphasis of FDI input efficiency, named soft power and hard power, respectively. Moreover, the average data is used to eliminate the influence of population differences among provinces. Thus, the average physical capital stock is defined as a dynamic factor. The average FDI is defined as output. The average human capital stock, average energy consumption, and export rate are defined as input factors. This paper derived all data from official statistics, such as those in the China Statistical Yearbook, China City Statistical Yearbook, and China Energy Statistical Yearbook.This study examined the different dimensions of the FDI importation performance among Chinese provinces. For this purpose, an expanded dynamic Malmquist model is built with the inclusion of additional inter-temporal effects. This paper not only evaluates the FDI growth performance of China′s provinces from the perspective of energy conservation, but also makes an in-depth analysis of the driving force of China′s regional FDI development from the perspective of differentiation. In the way, the energy-saving task under the premise of stable growth can be realized. As expected, the DTC is the major bottleneck in FDI importation performance. This finding is consistent with those of previous studies on economic sustainability. Therefore, this study is a valuable complementary research that empirically clarifies direct effects of FDI importation. Furthermore, this study establishes a critical bridge between FDI importation and sustainability expectation, although many previous studies have frequently linked FDI importation to its extrinsic outcomes, such as profits or financial performance, without considering the inter-temporal effect. The study showed smart power playing the role of the bottleneck issues of FDI regional disparity. Long-term of policy dividend and local conditions are important issues for choices of FDI investment distributions. The empirical results provide preliminary evidence of FDI importation performance bottlenecks, which constitute a nascent yet emerging field that has considerable potential for future research. Based on the results, this paper proposed the following suggestions as a reference.First is to consider local characteristics. From the perspective of FDI total factor productivity of 30 provinces (except Tibet) in China, it is significant for the imbalance of FDI location choice. The constraint bottlenecks of different investment locations are diversity. Therefore, "Adapting measures considering local conditions" is the primary strategy in FDI investment location selection. On the one hand, formulating FDI introduction strategies, every province should not only integrate the national macroeconomic situation, but also combine the actual development in their own region. Besides that, it is important to consider the economic development experience of neighboring regions. On the other hand, making investment location choice, investors need to understand the characteristics of various factor inputs of FDI and local policies. And then, they can match the investment location with their own industrial attributes. For making the collaborative innovation, it is very important to fully release the vitality of production factors.Second, compared with the stability of the central region, the eastern region tends to transform to smart power, while the western region relies on policy dividends. This can be verified from the policy dividend of the "western development". However, it came to the end of the second dividend in 2013. "One Belt And One Road" national strategy is the opportunity of the third policy dividend in the western region. The key for western provinces is to create new opportunities for development and realize complementary advantages. So, on the one hand, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of inter-temporal factors. On the other hand, the combination with the emphasis on the development dimension of FDI investment can lead the orderly free flow of economic factors, efficient allocation of resources and deep integration of the market.Third, the transformation to smart power is the new direction of FDI location selection with the development trend of supply-side structural reform. The empirical analysis shows that the focus of FDI location choice has shifted from the comparison of soft power to smart power. For example, the advantages of FDI location selection in Shanghai and Tianjin have been transformed into smart power. Liaoning is on the rise in the process of smart power transformation, while Guizhou Province is still on the trend of disadvantage in FDI location selection. The new model of FDI smart power transformation needs attention. Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the impact of tourism benefit perception on residents′ participation in characteristic towns Zhang Anmin, Zhao Lei 2020, 41(3): 142-150.  Abstract ( 190 )   The construction of characteristic towns initiated in Zhejiang Province, then promoted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development, has resulting in a climax of the construction of domestic characteristic towns. Tourism is one of the most important functions of characteristic towns. Relevant literature has revealed that residents′ participation plays a key role in the development of local tourism. The social exchange theory provides an ideal perspective for the study of residents′ participation. According to this theory, the reason for which residents participate in tourism development is that through participation they are able to obtain economic, social and cultural, and environmental benefits. Although these tourism benefits drive residents to participate in the basic consensus, there have been few studies performed regarding how the interaction among tourism economic, social and cultural, and environmental benefits affects residents′ participation. The research value to compensate for the above deficiencies lies in the fact that it can capture the change of benefit participation that cannot be reflected by the independent effect of influencing factors.Bagozzi′s theory of self-regulation attitude is often widely used to explain the behavior mechanism of individuals. Based on the theory of self-regulation attitude and social exchange, 130 characteristic towns (including creation and cultivation) in 10 prefecture level cities of Zhejiang Province were selected in this paper as the research field. The perception of tourism benefit of characteristic towns is taken as the antecedent variable and the residents′ participation as the outcome variable, and the influence mechanism of tourism benefit perception of characteristic towns on residents′ participation is explained by introducing residents′ satisfaction and local attachment.Descriptive statistics show that there is a low to moderate correlation among the perceptions of tourism economic benefits, social and cultural benefits, and environmental benefits, and a moderate correlation between independent variables and residents′ participation. The moderating variables (local dependence, local identity) have a either low or moderate correlation with independent variables, and low correlation with residents′ participation, with no high correlation found.The regression analysis in this paper show the following results: firstly, the perceptions of tourism economic benefits, tourism social and cultural benefits, and tourism environment benefits have a significant direct positive impact on residents′ participation, with the effect of tourism social and cultural benefits being the strongest. The residents′ participation behavior in the tourism development of characteristic towns mainly depends on the strongest dimension (tourism social and cultural benefit perception) in the benefit structure, rather than the weakest dimension (tourism economic benefit perception), thus showing a "long board effect". Secondly, residents′ participation in the tourism development of characteristic towns is shaped not only by the main effect of tourism benefits, but also by the interaction and coordination of various tourism benefit perceptions, thereby painting a vivid picture of residents′ participation. In addition, the positive interaction effect of tourism economic benefit perception and tourism social and cultural benefit perception of characteristic towns is significant. These two dimensions create a coupling effect of "amplification" with each other, with "relevance and resonance", which is a kind of "promotion of interdependence". The higher the perception of tourism economic benefits is, the stronger the influence of tourism social and cultural benefits on residents′ participation will be. The role of tourism benefit perception in residents′ participation is very complex. We must go beyond the simple main effect paradigm and enter the research paradigm of interaction. Thirdly, residents′ satisfaction plays either a partial or complete intermediary role between the benefit perception and residents′ participation in the tourism development of characteristic towns. This specifically shows that residents′ satisfaction plays a partial intermediary role between the benefit perception of tourism economy - residents′ participation and the benefit perception of tourism social culture - residents′ participation, and that it has a complete intermediary role between the benefit perception of tourism environment - residents′ participation. To a certain extent, tourism benefit perception first affects residents′ satisfaction, then affects residents′ participation by changing residents′ satisfaction. Therefore, in order to promote residents′ participation in the tourism development of characteristic towns, in addition to optimizing the residents′ perception of tourism benefits, it is necessary to build high-quality residents′ satisfaction. Finally, the influence of tourism economic benefit perception and tourism social and cultural benefit perception on residents′ participation is seldom regulated by local attachment, which possesses a certain degree of stability and universality. The participation mechanism of tourism environment benefit is regulated by local attachment between local residents and characteristic towns. When the local attachment is high, this signifies that the residents have a strong connection with the town. At this time, the perception of tourism environment benefits can promote the residents′ participation. When the local attachment is low, then the promotion effect is significantly smaller. From the perspective of adjustment degree, the adjustment power of local identity is greater than that of local dependence. This shows that the benefit mechanism of tourism environment has certain boundaries.This paper analyzes the individual effects of the perception of tourism economic benefits, the perception of tourism social and cultural benefits, and the perception of tourism environment benefits on residents′ participation, which is helpful for us to recognize and distinguish both the effects and differences of different benefit mechanisms. It also discusses the interaction among the three, and, from the perspective of interest interaction, how to promote residents′ participation. This idea helps us to clarify the internal relationship between different benefit mechanisms when residents participate in the tourism development of characteristic towns, and in turn enriches the theory of residents′ tourism benefit participation.In addition, this paper also expands and refines the relationship between tourism benefit perception and residents′ participation, and systematically analyzes the boundary conditions of tourism environment benefit perception mechanism, making the theoretical model more complete. The results of this paper show that the optimization of tourism benefit perception is conducive to improving residents′ satisfaction, and that the improvement of satisfaction is conducive to promoting residents′ participation in the development of characteristic town tourism. The relationship between the perceptions of tourism economic benefit residents′ participation and that of tourism social and cultural benefit residents′ participation is not regulated by the local attachment of residents. This is universal. However, the relationship between the perception of tourism environment benefits and residents′ participation in the tourism development of characteristic towns is restricted by certain boundary conditions (i.e. local attachment). When the residents have a high degree of attachment, the perception of tourism environment benefit can more effectively promote residents to participate in the development of characteristic town tourism. Therefore, if we wish to play the role of the mechanism of tourism environment benefit more effectively, we require a precondition, namely that residents have high local attachment. Related Articles | Metrics

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An evaluation of the synergetic intelligent manufacturing system and the essential factors of the new energy equipment Meng Fansheng, Song Peng 2020, 41(3): 151-163.  Abstract ( 157 )   It is of great significance to adhere to and deepen the supply-side structural reform to promote China′s high-quality economic development. In order to speed up the optimization of energy supply structure, the development and application of new energy must be highly valued, with high-end new energy equipment to drive the efficient supply of new energy. To realize the leaping development of new energy equipment manufacturing, traditional mechanized production mode must be replaced by “intelligent manufacturing” which is the main direction of transformation and upgrading. Enterprises should strive to build up an “intelligent manufacturing” system of the new energy equipment with intelligent production, management and service. Therefore, building a scientific intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment has important application value. The synergy theory provides a new idea for the transformation of new energy equipment manufacturing to intelligent manufacturing. This paper tries to break through the boundary of intelligent manufacturing system at the enterprise level and analyzes the basic activities within the framework of synergetic intelligent manufacturing for new energy equipment. The synergetic intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment was established by above analysis. In addition, a research of evaluation on its synergy elements was made based on the above analysis.Intelligent manufacturing is not an independent production mode. The advantage of German industry 4.0 lies in the adequate utilization of social manufacturing resources. In addition to the support of advanced technology, the improvement of intelligent manufacturing for new energy equipment requires enterprises to form a comprehensive synergy with all kinds of intelligent manufacturing resources. The synergetic relationship is mainly reflected in the target interaction, information interaction, task process interaction and resource interaction among participants in the whole life cycle of new energy equipment. The construction of synergetic intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment is based on the analysis of the interaction among the main participants and the embedded application of key intelligent manufacturing technology. Based on the whole life cycle of new energy equipment manufacturing, this paper constructs a framework of synergetic intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment, and analyzes the basic task activities of synergetic intelligent manufacturing system from four dimensions: process synergy, information synergy, resource synergy, and target synergy. When all participants in the synergetic intelligent manufacturing of new energy equipment, they should provide relevant information to achieve the synergetic intelligent manufacturing, which include the sub objectives and the main private objectives of new energy projects that can be achieved for target synergy, manufacturing tasks that can be completed in the whole life cycle of equipment intelligent manufacturing for process synergy, data and information needed and able to be produced in the implementation of intelligent manufacturing tasks for information synergy and the intelligent manufacturing resources and technical indicators for resource synergy. The key of synergetic intelligent manufacturing of new energy equipment lies in the flexibility and agility of manufacturing behavior among participants. According to the task characteristics of participants in the whole life cycle of new energy equipment, the distributed synergetic intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment mainly consists of six main modules: cloud platform, R & D platform, new energy equipment manufacturing enterprise information platform, manufacturing platform, service platform and resource platform. All modules are embedded with advanced intelligent manufacturing technology to realize the "four-dimensional synergy" mode of target collaboration, process collaboration, information collaboration and resource collaboration among participants. In the synergetic intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment, the participants form a complete intelligent manufacturing system based on the overall framework of advanced intelligent manufacturing technology realized through synergy. The operation of the system is not only restricted by intelligent manufacturing technology, but also affected by the synergy among the participants. Therefore, this paper constructs a synergetic elements system from four dimensions which include target synergy, process synergy, information synergy and resource synergy. In the evaluation model, the differential weight is introduced innovatively by developing the weight operators of individual ability and professional field in order to reduce the impact of the difference of personal knowledge level and professional direction of the interviewed experts on the accuracy of evaluation. The empirical results show that, target synergy and information synergy have the greatest impact on the operation of new energy equipment synergy intelligent manufacturing system, followed by process synergy, and resource synergy has the least impact on the operation of the system. Research shows that building a synergetic intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment is an effective way to improve equipment production efficiency and equipment quality. In order to mobilize participants from a global perspective, the manufacturing process of new energy equipment was expanded from the design in the early stage to the operation in the later stage. Taking the whole process as the main line, this paper analyzes the synergetic relationship among the participants of new energy equipment intelligent manufacturing. The synergetic intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment was established base on synergetic relationship which mainly reflected in target synergy, process synergy, information synergy and resource synergy. This paper puts forward the following suggestions for the development of the synergetic intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment in China. First of all, government departments should take the lead in organizing enterprises to establish an information platform for new energy equipment industry. Based on big data, cloud computing and other technologies, the information platform can realize the sharing of industrial information resources among the main participants, improve the agility of intelligent manufacturing for new energy equipment and make the manufacturing process have high flexible response capacity for the personalized needs of various projects. Secondly, standardized information data can improve the efficiency of industry data circulation, enable the participants in the system to quickly interpret the objectives or production behaviors of partners, and provides a good information environment for the process synergy and resource synergy among participants of the synergetic intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment. Thirdly, China′s new energy equipment industry should establish an intelligent manufacturing alliance based on its own technical strength and market value. The alliance should further develops a "Chinese standard" for the synergetic intelligent manufacturing system for new energy equipment and leads the transformation of the world′s new energy equipment manufacturing towards intelligent manufacturing. Related Articles | Metrics

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A theoretical and case study of the low-end disruption of local manufacturing enterprises Yang Guiju, Chen Sirui, Wang Tong 2020, 41(3): 164-173.  Abstract ( 375 )   Shortage of talents and lack of resources and funds are two major problems in the development of local manufacturing enterprises. The development of local manufacturing enterprises relied on the follow-up and imitation of technology. However, in the context of rapidly changing technological environment and rich market demand, it is difficult for local manufacturing enterprises to catch up with strong incumbents and achieve technological innovation and market share. Finding breakthroughs is the key for local manufacturing enterprises to achieve innovation and development. Disruptive innovation originated from the non-mainstream low-end market and niche market. By changing the customer demand, applying differentiated products, technologies, services, business modes, etc., changing the competition rules of the existing mainstream market and developing new markets, local manufacturing enterprises can catch up and surpass the incumbent enterprises. Disruptive innovation can not only break through the monopoly position of technologically advanced enterprises in the high-end of industrial chain, but also be used to find potential market customers and build new business modes to bring innovation opportunities to local manufacturing enterprises. Under the unique market environment and emerging technology background, disruptive innovation is of great significance to the innovation and development of local manufacturing enterprises.The research characteristics of this paper are asfollows: First, expand and enrich the specific modes of local manufacturing enterprises to achieve disruptive innovation. The second is to construct a theoretical model for local manufacturing enterprises to achieve disruptive innovation. The third is to further refine the research of knowledge search and opportunity ability from the perspectives of peer search, cross-border search, opportunity perception and opportunity development.This paper follows the single case exploratory research method and the principle of theoretical sampling, chooses Xiaomi Company as the case study object. As a latecomer in the field of smart phones, Xiaomi has entered the niche market at a low price, using Internet technology for product development and sales, changing the traditional competition mode of the mobile phone industry and meeting the characteristics of disruptive innovation. In less than ten years since its establishment, Xiaomi has developed rapidly and successfully surpassed Lenovo and LG to become the fourth largest Internet company in China. Its innovation process is typical and representative, which can provide reference for similar companies and many local manufacturers. This article uses the first-hand information which the author interviewed in Xiaomi Company and related second-hand data, to analyze and summarize the development process of Xiaomi′s disruptive innovation.The research results show that Xiaomi′s disruptive innovation has experienced three stages: the market positioning disruption stage, the service design disruption stage, and the operation mode disruption stage. Knowledge search is an important driving factor for local manufacturing enterprises to implement disruptive innovation, and opportunity capability is the core ability of local manufacturing enterprises to achieve disruptive innovation through knowledge search. In the disruption stage of market positioning, Xiaomi Company searches for technology, development trends in the same industry and cross-industry innovation experience. On the basis of obtaining knowledge and information related to product technology, it redevelops advanced technology and forms low-cost high-performance products which have significant difference with the mainstream market, and therefore invades the low-end market. Then Xiaomi perceives the unmet consumers′ needs in the existing market through Internet thinking, strengthens user participation, improve product performance, develop personalized products, develop new markets and build competitive advantage. In the disruption of service design, Xiaomi Company understands customer needs and cross-industry service modes through knowledge search, and strengthens communication with users by stimulating employee innovation and establishing a complete online user communication system to enhance user experience. At the same time, an offline after-sales service system with short-term response and efficient processing was established to handle user feedback at any time, to sense the changes in user needs, and to change the demand as a new product or service development opportunity to preempt the market. In the disruption of the operation mode, Xiaomi Company fully understands the operating conditions of competitors in the same industry and advanced patent technologies in other industries, explores the development trend of the industry, and establishes a new retail expansion mode covering multi-domain products. At the same time, it sets up professional teams to explore and hatch potential start-ups, as well as strategic cooperation with related companies. By these, Xiaomi breaks through the boundaries of the enterprise, builds an innovation ecosystem that covers multiple links in the value chain, and drives the cooperative enterprises to develop together to achieve disruptive innovation and sustainable growth.The theoretical value of this paper is to explore the driving factors for local manufacturers to achieve disruptive innovation and further expands the theoretical results of disruptive innovation. It further clarifies that knowledge search is the foundation for local manufacturing enterprises to achieve disruptive innovation. Opportunity capabilities is the key to local manufacturing enterprises to achieve disruptive innovation. The practical value of this paper is to provide experience for local manufacturing enterprises to achieve disruptive innovation. In addition to providing simple and cost-effective products to meet the needs of niche markets, local manufacturing enterprises can also achieve a strong catch up from low-end to high-end disruption through continuous service improvement, operational mode innovation and ecosystem construction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Business model innovation based on situational application ——A case study of “L. Vending Intelligence” Wang Lixia 2020, 41(3): 174-182.  Abstract ( 381 )   The competition among enterprises is not between products, but also between business models. Business model is an important source of competitive advantage. The research about business model innovation has attracted the great attention of both domestic and international academic scholars, but their researches focus mainly on the characteristics and evolution of business model innovation, as well as the systematic structure of business model innovation. There are following gaps in previous researches on business model innovation: (1) Not considering the special situation in China; (2) In the research of business model innovation, more considerations were focused on the value-added of users or "three win effect" (referring to consumption, businesses partners and the company itself), while less consideration was to "multi-win effect" (considering other third party and more parties outside the original business system). Based on the literature review, this paper firstly cites the definition of business model as a business activity system that changes the value of an enterprise through the value-added process of users and the effects of "multi-win effect". Then, from the horizontal and vertical perspectives of China′s development, this paper respectively chooses the human relationship society and the government′s systems and policies in a specific period of time, focusing on the six aspects of situation, competition environment, internal environment, value proposition, business system and profit model, to construct the situational application model (SAM) of business model based on the iceberg theory.This paper choose Suzhou L.vending Intelligence IOT Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "L.vending Intelligence") as the research object to explore the business model innovation SAM model based on the unique situation in China. First of all, it compares two business models of L.vending Intelligence applied, namely, traditional business model and innovative business model; Second, we analyze the two business models by using the iceberg theory from five perspectives: competitive environment, internal environment, value proposition, business system and profit model; Third, we use the business model innovation SAM model to further explore the business model innovation of L.vending Intelligence. The research shows that the success of L.vending Intelligence is based on the situation of relationship society and the national policy of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation". The findings of this paperare as follows:(1) The business model innovation of an enterprise cannot be separated from a specific situation, which is the source of business model innovation.(2) When an enterprise innovates its business model, it needs to consider the application of situation for the business and the process design based on the changes of competition environment and internal environment.(3) Business model innovation needs to be expanded the original stakeholders, but at the same time it should break through the original value proposition to achieve "multi-win effect".The SAM model of business model innovation introduced in this paper is not only the supplement and improvement of the existing business model innovation, but also the expansion of the iceberg theory, which provides the experimental and theoretical support for China′s business model innovation.Finally, this paper gives the following management enlightenment from both enterprise and government perspectives: For enterprises: (1) Enterprises need to keep consciousness and motivation on business model innovation; (2) Situation is the key source of business model innovation, they need to seek for business model innovation based on Chinese situation; and (3) Enterprises can analyze six factors of SAM model to find the path of business model innovation.For government: (1) Create a good environment for business model innovation and encourage business model innovation based on Chinese situation; (2) Relevant systems or industrial policies should be timely issued to guide enterprises to achieve business model innovation based on the requirements of economic development; and (3) To promote the theory and practice research of business model innovation in China. As the Chinese situation is different from the western countries, it isn′t unsuitable if we apply the theory of business model innovation and practice research based on the western situation for the Chinese enterprises according to the echo what the theory says, which is not conducive to the transformation, upgrading and innovation development of Chinese enterprises. Related Articles | Metrics

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An evaluation of the technology transfer efficiency of research universities in China based on benchmark management: The use of network-based ranking methods Wang Chujun, Xu Zhi, Chen Liyu 2020, 41(3): 183-193.  Abstract ( 198 )   Under the innovation-driven development strategy, promoting the transfer of knowledge and technology from research universities to industries is the key to realize national strategies and optimize industrial transformation and upgrading. As a key component of the national innovation system, universities play a critical role in the complex technology transfer process that facilitates technology transformation from pure research activities to commercialization. Concerning the growing importance of universities in providing research outputs, numerous recent studies have explored how universities make technology transfer activities more efficient. In this paper, we applied a novel integrated method to evaluate the efficiency of technology transfer of research universities in China. First, the network DEA model was used to evaluate and compare the overall staged and sub-staged efficiency of 28 research universities in China. Based on efficiency results, a network-based ranking method was further applied to compare the transformation advantages of each research university and evaluate the contribution of individual factors to efficiency. Compared with previous research, our research provides a novel method to seek efficiency improvement strategies within the system and identify benchmark universities for each factor, so that we can compare the “unique attributes” of each university. The results provide policymakers with implications on how to improve the technology transfer efficiency of research universities in China.According to several past studies, technology transfer is a complex process that includes knowledge and technology accumulation and dissemination. Taking this systematic view, we disassemble the universities′ technology transfer process into a two-stage process, which constitutes the R&D creation stage and value creation stage. To explore the efficiency in different stages of technology transfer, we apply a two-stage network DEA model. The model consider two initial input variables (R&D funds and R&D personnel), three intermediate variables (the number of scientific papers, monographs, and applied patents), two intermediate input variables (technology service funds and technology service personnel), and two ultimate output variables (the amount of revenue form patents sell and transfer). We examined the efficiency in the R&D creation stage and the value creation stage, the results show that most research universities performed relatively efficient in the R&D creation stage with a mean efficiency score of 0.87, but the efficiency of the second stage is considered low with a mean score of 0.43. Among all the universities, 14 are efficient in the first stage, but only 4 are efficient in the second stage, and merely 3 universities, which are Tsinghua University, Ocean University of China, and Northwest A&F University, are efficient in both stages.Further, we conduct the network-based ranking method after the preliminary efficiency analysis. This requires a total of 81 runs of the two-stage efficiency analysis, with each bearing different combination of I/M/O factors, we get the accumulated reference networks for the R&D creation and value creation stages, respectively. In the R&D creation stage, Xiamen University and the Ocean University of China lead other universities. To further investigate the information on what have they done right to be ranked at the top. Xiamen University is the benchmark for the factors of R&D personnel, the number of published papers and monographs. Xiamen University has been very efficient in managing R&D researchers, though a mall-scale of R&D personnel, it has managed to rank number three and four in the number of published papers and monographs. Xiamen University only owned 8% of R&D personnel compared to Jilin University, while the number of published papers is almost doubled the number of Jilin University. The Ocean University of China is the benchmark for the factors of R&D fund and the number of published papers, which means that though a small-scale of financial support, Ocean University of China has managed to efficiently produce scientific papers. In the value creation stage, Nankai University and Tsinghua University significantly lead other universities. Tsinghua University is the benchmark for the factors of the number of applied patents, the technology service funds and the revenue of sold patents. On the other hand, Nankai University is the benchmark for the factors of the technology service personnel and funds. The number of technology service personnel and funds of Nankai University are only 1% of those of Northeastern University, however, the revenues from sold patents are 1.3 times that of Northeastern University, and the revenues from transferred patents are 2.2 times of that of Northeastern University.Next, we group the universities with similar strengths together. Universities, such as Fudan University, Zhejiang University, Huazhong University of S&T, Chongqing University, etc., are characteristic of being efficiently management R&D personnel to maximize the R&D outputs, while they paid less attention to the commercialization of technological inventions. Universities, like Tsinghua University and Nankai University, are good at commercializing patents invented by R&D personnel, while their efficiency in the first stage needs some improvements. All these suggested that the technology transfer is a complex system, and all process factors should be taken into consideration to improve the efficiency in seed-stage and the whole stage for those low efficient universities. As for the common weakness in the transfer process, the efficiency of technology service personnel and technology service funds are relatively low for most of the universities, which indicate that the unreasonable fund structure of the university, as well as the challenge for research universities in China to balance the two distinct R&D and commercial activities.Previous literature paid more attention to the macro-external factors which affect technology transfer efficiency. In this paper, we shifted to a different perspective to investigate the micro-internal efficiency-improvement path where every university could find a benchmark to improve its transfer efficiency. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on performance evaluation and management of academic conference from the perspective of organisational structure Zheng Yi, Liu Wenbin, Song Zening 2020, 41(3): 194-204.  Abstract ( 216 )   Various academic conferences play a self-evident and irreplaceable role in the entire knowledge and technology “generation-improvement-transfer-application” chain, and immensely encourage and support diverse thinking, disciplinary development, innovation and national development of science and technology. In recent years, China has witnessed a rapid growth in academic conferences in both number and scale. In 2016, there were 47,413 academic conferences sponsored by nationwide societies and associations at all levels, with 8,593,596 attendees and more than 833,563 papers discussed, making the cost of holding academic conferences the No.1 expense for most societies and associations with respect to academic activities. However, there is still a large gap between academic conferences in China and other world-class academic conferences in terms of content, quality and influence. Several studies have been conducted on evaluation of academic conferences. However, due to the lack of a comprehensive research framework that can effectively analyze features of academic conferences, the individual experience or the methods and tools directly derived from other fields are more often considered in related evaluation studies. An academic conference may be perceived as a temporary or long-term organization based on well-defined goals, specific group boundaries and definite management systems. The comprehensive structural characteristics of academic conferences can be analyzed from the perspective of organizational structure, to define the relationship between the organizational structure and internal performance characteristics of the academic conferences, as well as to assist organizers, sponsors and management in targeted conference performance evaluation using existing popular organization performance evaluation and management tools. Therefore, this paper attempts to comprehensively analyze the structural characteristics, performance significance and key evaluation elements of academic conferences by introducing theoretical perspectives of organizational structures and the analytical framework of organizational performance.The New Organization Structure School points that an organization consists of five fundamental division modules: High-level strategy, intermediate level, operating core, technical structure and support structure. Taking a typical academic conference organization for example, the High-level strategy mainly includes the conference congress, board of directors or organizing committee, which are responsible for defining the organization vision, top-level goals and key topics and agenda. The conference administrative department, working committee and special committee (both for certain large-scale conferences only), playing a role as the Intermediate Level, are responsible for reporting, issuing, decomposing and promoting the decisions of the High-level strategy. The operating core is generally made up of the academic participants and report presenters who directly contribute to realizing the organizational objectives by demonstrating research results, discussing on academic topics, and developing new academic viewpoints, scientific thoughts and cooperative study opportunities. In terms of organizational coordination, the above modules are integrated into an organic whole through automatic regulation, direct supervision, workflow standardization, output standardization and work skill standardization, based on the differences of modules in job duties and characteristics of the operating core. The primary coordination modes adopted by the organizations have a great impact on performance evaluation and management and are dependent on the module functions and the distribution of specialized knowledge and authorities in the modules. As the internal and external environments faced by normal organizations in the process of establishing structural characteristics are also applicable to academic conference organizations to a large extent, thus there is a significant corresponding relationship between current academic conferences and above mentioned types of organizational structure. Conference classification based on the organizational structure of conferences reflect the in-depth performance characteristics of conferences, thus enabling more targeted performance evaluation and management of academic conferences.From the perspective of evaluation tool diversity, the academic conference organizers should choose their performance management and evaluation tools in line with the organizational structure characteristics. For example, the Balanced Score Card (BSC) method may be used to clarify the evaluation dimensions, elements and indicators of conference performance for mechanical conferences, with a relatively fixed mode and process. For professional and innovative conferences with high level of innovation in terms of topics and low process standardization, the evaluation framework may be constructed by combining soft system methodology (SSM) and 3E method, and an appropriate evaluation index extracted.This study finds that it is difficult to systematically and deeply analyze the core elements of performance evaluation management for academic conferences from the perspectives of conference experience, exhibition service or scientific sociology analysis. It is suggested that more comprehensive and systematic research and analysis needs to be conducted within the framework of organizational structure analysis and performance evaluation management for academic conferences with core organizational elements. The analysis framework for academic conference organization proposed in this study provides new perspectives and ideas for effectively solving prominent problems that exist in current academic conference performance evaluation management, such as unclear performance results and performance goal achievement process, lack of specificity in classification evaluation, etc., and can help conference organizers and managers to carry out more comprehensive and targeted conference performance evaluation management activities, thereby improving overall performance of academic conferences.The main innovation in this study lies in that the organizational structure and performance analysis are introduced into the field of academic conference evaluation management, providing a new perspective and tool for solving difficult problems in current academic conference research and practice, and this study expands related research in academic conference evaluation management. The prospects for the next stage of the current study include: First, starting from the characteristics of organizational structure of conferences, focus on conference classification issues in current evaluation management of academic conferences, further conduct research on conference typology to overcome the shortcomings of surface layer classification labels including conference size, discipline and name, and current evaluation management; second, the main appeal of this paper is to adjust the evaluation management tools including BSC, performance prism and SSM+3E with respect to current conference evaluation management, so as to bring them closer to the demand characteristics in the context of academic conference evaluation management. Third, different types of academic conferences need to be selected to conduct in-depth case studies, and improve the performance evaluation methods and tools of various academic conferences within the framework of an action research, thereby effectively improving the evaluation management level and performance output of academic conferences. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the strategies in collaborative value creation between enterprises under discontinuous innovation mode#br# Huang Hao, Wang Guohong, Xing Rui 2020, 41(3): 205-216.  Abstract ( 215 )    Confronting the technological and market discontinuity, traditional manufacturing enterprises are compelled to shift their core technology and lay their stress on the balance between maintaining their existing competence and formulating innovative technological arrangement. Increasingly, traditional manufacturing incumbents are aware of the significance of complementary assets of new technology firms to product innovation, technology trajectory choice and competitive advantage formation. They tend to facilitate technology innovation cooperation or strategic alliance with new technology entrants to pursue new development and value creation. To be specific, the large enterprises will choose to cooperate or collaborate with small technology-based enterprises of core knowledge or complementary technology. Extant researches have emphasized the importance of collaborative value creation, and definition is clarified as the pattern or mode of accomplishing value creation through developing the resources within and among enterprises collaboratively. There are fruitful researches on collaborative value creation. Most of studies approve that collaborative value creation can directly improve the cooperative performance of enterprises with collaborative relationship, and indirectly promote the internal and external performance of firm through relationship governance. However, it is surprising that the studies of strategy in collaborative value creation between enterprises under discontinuous innovation mode are not well documented in existing related literature.Therefore, it is worth exploring the strategy issue concerning traditional manufacturing enterprises cooperating with new technology firms to achieve collaborative value creation. Based on the extant research about the definition and exposition of durable arm′s-length relationships and strategic partnership between enterprises, this study defines the starting point of collaborative value creation between enterprises as the time when the first cooperative relationship is established. Through field investigation and case study, the framework of collaborative value creation between traditional manufacturing enterprise and small technological firms is proposed. Besides, a two-phase Stackelberg game model is established by refining the strategy optimization and strategy selection process in the framework. This study attempts to address the gaps mentioned above by examining and discussing the compositions and effects of strategies of enterprises respectively.Field investigation and case study are conducted to conclude the framework of collaborative value creation between traditional manufacturing enterprise and small technical firms. According to the typicality principle, three pairs of large manufacturing enterprises and small technological firms are chosen as case companies deliberately. By analyzing the case companies, this study draws the conclusion about the mechanism of collaborative value creation: Facing discontinuous innovation, large enterprises will cooperate with small technology-based firms with complementary technology. Signing contract is the sign of initial cooperation. During the initial process of cooperation, the technical service marketing ability of small enterprises will affect the degree of cooperation and follow-up cooperation intention. Therefore, the game process of enterprise strategy optimization and strategy selection is embodied in the process of policy selection and optimization of large enterprise′s technological innovative intention input and technology service marketing management input of small enterprises.Based on the framework, this study builds a Stackelberg game in which the leader firm moves first and then the follower firms move sequentially, describing the strategy selection and optimization between large and small enterprises. This model only takes a large manufacturing enterprise and a small technology-based enterprise into consideration. In perfect information condition, large enterprise is the leader and small firm is the follower. The game process is described as: under the technological discontinuous innovation mode, the large enterprise should take action first by working out the technological innovation input policy and implementing the technological innovation strategy; the small firm should decide investing service marketing management or not according to the large company′s technological innovative intention. Technological innovative intention input of large enterprise and service marketing management input of small firm are critical factors in analyzing the optimization issue of the company strategy. This study utilizes the reverse induction method to solve the two-stage game model. In essence, the game model represents one constrained optimization problem and one unconstrained optimization problem. According to sufficient conditions, necessary conditions and complementary relaxation conditions in Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions respectively, Lagrange function is constructed and solved. Hence two propositions are raised, proved, simulated and analyzed.The results are summarized as follows. (1) For the large enterprise, there exists an innovative intention input threshold, and the average opportunity cost has positive effect on the threshold. The cost parameter of technological innovation and the penalty coefficient of technical service contract have negative impact on the threshold. This means that to fulfill transformation and upgrading, resource investments are needed with minimum conditions, which will affect the cooperation intention of small enterprises. (2) For the small firm, the innovative intention input of the large enterprise, channel probability, intention probability and the penalty coefficient have positive impact on the service marketing management input of the small firm, while the average opportunity cost has negative impact on the service marketing management input of the small firm. The results reflect that opportunity cost is an important risk faced by small firms. Acknowledging large enterprises′ technological innovative investment, establishing ties and reaching cooperation intentions, and making full use of contracts are the important factors of technical service marketing management investment of small firms. The numerical simulation analysis verifies the consistency between propositions and simulations.This study brings a new perspective into the mechanism of collaborative value creation. Through investigation and case study, the framework of collaborative value creation between enterprises isexplored, summarized and proposed, which enriches the research on relative studies. At the same time, unlike former studies, this research explores the direct impact of discontinuous innovation on firm performance by constructing a behavioral strategy game model, and emphasizes the influence of optimal strategy on the realization of collaborative value creation. What′s more, from systematic and dynamic perspective, formation and evolution of collaborative value creation strategies are discussed, which are useful attempts and lay foundations for further empirical research.For large enterprises, technological innovation investment is necessary.Technological innovative intention investment can reflect the will and determination of enterprise decision makers to transform and upgrade, and attract small related firms to cooperate. For small firms, the essential task is to promote technical service cooperation. Small firms should attach great importance to the improvement of their own technical service marketing capabilities and the maintenance of the key clients′ relationship. For regional governments, it is important to create and build an innovative and entrepreneurial atmosphere, and form mechanism advocating information exchange and enhancing mutual trust among enterprises. Related Articles | Metrics

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Equity incentive contract, technological innovation and innovation efficiency Huang Xinjian, You Shanshan 2020, 41(3): 217-226.  Abstract ( 416 )   In the context of economic integration and increasing global market competition, innovation remains the core competitiveness. In the process of “mass entrepreneurial innovation”, innovation has become a strategic support for promoting high-quality development. However, China still faces the challenge of insufficient innovation ability. Enterprises in China that really should become the subject of technological innovation in a country lack the motivation and ability to innovate. Therefore, how to improve the innovation level and efficiency of enterprises is an inevitable problem in the course of China′s current economic development.The corporate governance mechanism caused by the agency problem between shareholders and managers is an important influencing factor of technological innovation. The governance mechanism determines the investment in research and development, the distribution of responsibilities, and the ownership of income. Wages and salaries based on the principle of performance are insufficient to encourage innovation. Equity incentive, as an important mean to alleviate agency problem, is more effective than traditional salary performance incentive. On the one hand, the characteristics of large investment and lagging returns in innovation activity make it faces a greater probability of failure. Equity incentive makes: when the innovation activity is successful, the stock price rises for a long time and rewards executives and employees to a greater extent; even if the innovation activity fails and the stock price declines, due to the limited downside risk of the options held by executives and employees, they only suffer a limited loss and tolerate for failure. On the other hand, a successful innovation activity requires teamwork, and it is almost impossible for a single executive or employee to complete a complex innovation activity. As a group incentive scheme, equity incentive can enhance cooperation among executives and employees, and encourage information sharing and social learning between innovators, leading to achieve greater innovation success. However, there is no consistent conclusion on whether equity incentive can promote technological innovation in existing literature. It has become too broad to simply study whether equity incentive can promote technological innovation. It is particularly important to establish a sound and effective incentive mechanism to promote innovation. This paper argues that reasonable and appropriate design of contract elements is the key of equity incentive to bring positive effect. To sum up, this paper will study the technological innovation from the perspective of the equity incentive contract elements, and empirically analyze the importance of reasonable contract elements to promote innovation.Taking the A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2017 as samples, this paper uses a multiple linear regression model to study the impact of performance conditions, incentive validity, and incentive objects on technological innovation and innovation efficiency. Among them, R&D investment, patent applications and grants are used to comprehensively measure technological innovation. The study finds that: firstly, strict performance conditions reduce technological innovation input, increase technological innovation output, and improve innovation efficiency. Innovation activity requires considerable cost which affects accounting profits.Therefore, in order to achieve strict performance assessment, it is necessary to reduce innovation input and increase innovation output at the same time. So, stricter performance conditions have a stronger incentive effect on incentive objects. Secondly, the long-term incentive validity period increases the input and output of technological innovation and improves the efficiency of innovation. However, as time goes on, the incentive effect of incentive validity period is weaker , and the incentive effect disappears in the third year. On the one hand, the long-term incentive validity period enables executives and employees to overcome short-sighted behavior, pay attention to the long-term development of the enterprise, and reduce the possibility of manipulating performance through earnings management. On the other hand, equity incentive lock capable executives and employees within the incentive validity, attracting and retaining more core technical personnel for the enterprise, thereby promoting technological innovation level. However, with the passage of time, the incentive period is shortened, and the incentive effect is weakened. The longer the incentive validity period , the greater the unpredictability in the future, and the smaller the discount value of future earnings,so the incentive effect may be weaker. Thirdly, non-executive employee stock options increase technological innovation input and output, while executive stock options reduce technological innovation input and output to a certain extent. Core employees have a more direct impact on technological innovation activities, while executives determine resource allocation, who have greater power may have self-interest behaviors. Executives have the ability and motivation to damage the company′s interests by manipulating performance levels to achieve performance conditions.In addition, a large number of robustness tests are performed in this paper. First, re-regress the model using multiple substitution variables. Second, since a large number of patent data of listed companies is zero, the Tobit model is used for correction. Third, the PSM model is used to reduce selectivity bias, and the individuals in the experimental group and the control group are matched for further research. The empirical results are consistent with the above conclusions.The empirical evidence in this paper has certain practical significance and enlightenment. First, the existing literature just studies equity incentive with technological innovation and the conclusions are still controversial. This paper studies technological innovation from the perspective of contract elements.It analyzes the importance of reasonable contract elements to promote innovation. Second, the existing researches mostly focus on innovation input and output, but less on innovation efficiency. This paper further studies the impact of equity incentive contract elements on innovation efficiency, and supplement relevant literature on the factors that affecting innovation efficiency to a certain extent. Third, the empirical results show that strict performance conditions, appropriate extension of the incentive validity period, and the selection of core employees as incentive objects have a better incentive effect on technological innovation. It can provide suggestions for enterprises to design equity incentive plans, so that companies can improve their innovation level and become the real innovation subject to promote economic development. Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the guiding role of government subsidy to price competition with dual-channel of collection Wang Wenbin, Ding Junfei, Lin Xinyi 2020, 41(3): 227-237.  Abstract ( 388 )    The rapid development of science and technology has resulted in a lot of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) all around the world, especially in China. The quantity of WEEE is fast growing every year. In addition, it is reported that the annual amount of electronic waste illegally transferred to China for dismantling is at least 1.5 million tons, which has brought serious environmental and social problems. The environmental problems have become more serious and also aroused the attention of the public and government.Although the existing literature has investigated the collection channels or pricing decisions in a closed-loop supply chain, few of them focus on the dual collection channels. Generally, there are two main channels for consumers to dispose used WEEE, including formal channel and informal channel. In a formal channel, the collector collects and dismantles WEEE in accordance with national regulations. In an informal channel, however, the collector only pursuits profit and does not take the environmental impact into account. Therefore, the informal collector may collect WEEE at higher price to compete with the formal collector. Driven by the interests, consumers only consider the price factor, resulting in a large number of WEEE flowing to the informal channel. Chinese government has implemented a series of policies to improve such dilemma, of which the subsidy policy is an important and effective measure. Some literature has studied the role of government subsidy policy in collecting WEEE. Most of them, however, study the government subsidies only in a single collecting channel, neglecting the coexistence of different collecting channels.The contributions of our study are twofold. Firstly, the existing literature assumes that there exist three modes for the formal collector to handle WEEE, including refurbishment treatment, raw material recovery and parts recycling, and two modes for the informal collector, including refurbishment and raw material recovery. In recent years, since there have been many major accidents due to the renovation of used-of-life products, which damage the consumers, the government hopes that formal collectors do not refurbish used-of-life products. The behavior of informal collectors, however, is difficult to control, and the informal collectors prefer to recycle parts and resell them. Through an investigation of business practices, we put forward to more practical assumptions that the formal collectors recycle raw materials and recycle parts and components, while the informal collectors renovate used-of-life products, recycle raw materials and recycle parts. Second, the existing literature assumes that government subsidizes the formal collectors only if they recycle raw materials and parts simultaneously. In our study, we assume that, no matter which processing mode the formal collectors choose, the government will subsidizes them. This assumption is consistent with China′s waste electrical and electronic equipment fund-subsidy mechanism, which motivate the collector to recycle more used-of life products rather than reusing. Thus, our assumption is more in line with the actual situation. Based on the above contributions, we develop a dual-recovery channel price competition model, which includes a formal collector and an informal collector, to explore the guiding role of government subsidies.Given that the government offers the regular collector subsidy to encourage it to collect more WEEE, this paper studies the guidance of government subsidy to price competition in a dual-collection-channel of WEEE collection. We develop a dual-collection-channel model including a regular collector and an irregular collector, who compete for the collecting price, to explore the impact of subsidy on collecting quantity, collecting price and the collectors′ profits.In this model, the regular collector collects and handles WEEE according to the legislation in which the environmental issues are considered, while the irregular collector collects and handles WEEE only for profit, and the irregular collector does not consider the environmental impact on consumers and society. Through analyses and numerical experiments, we obtain several findings. The findings include the following: (i) with the increase of subsidy, the collecting quantity of regular collector boosts, and the collecting amount of irregular collector reduces, but the sum of collecting quantity increases. (ii) as government subsidy increases, both of the collecting prices promote; the collecting price of regular collector is higher than that of irregular collector in different quality range, if the difference of unit profit between irregular and regular collectors is less than the government subsidy, otherwise, the result is opposite; (iii) government subsidy can effectively guide the regular channels and confine the irregular channels; (iv) meanwhile, government subsidies can effectively guide formal collecting channel and curb informal collecting channel, and enable consumers to obtain more government subsidy indirectly; the existence of the irregular channels can restrain the regular channels who gain profits only by government subsidy, if government offers more subsidy; moderate government subsidy is beneficial to increase the total collection quantity of used-of-life products.There are several managerial insights for different stakeholders. For informal collectors, it is always the optimal way to collect more WEEE and force the informal collectors to give up collecting. When government subsidizes the informal collectors, the informal collectors can set higher collection price to strengthen competition with informal collectors, rather than increase profit by such subsidy. If the informal collectors quit collecting market, the informal collectors can monopolize the used-of-life products market and it becomes easy to meet the objective of government and improve environment. For government, it is not always beneficial to improve environmental outcomes if government set a higher subsidy quota. This is because the formal collector will gain profit only from the subsidy, rather than collecting WEEE. Setting a relatively modest subsidy is dominant for government, since it can not only effectively enhance the total quantity of WEEE, but also motivate the formal collector to focus on recycle used-of-life products and improve environment impact.Our research has certain limitations. The results obtain in our study are all under the condition of complete information symmetry. In practice, information asymmetry may be common and some interesting findings can be obtained in such setting. When demand is random, the collection decisions will become more complex, and how to subsidy the collectors in a competitive environment will be an interesting issue for government. Therefore, demand uncertainty is also an interesting direction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Leadership style and employee voice: A perspective based on mutual trust Jia Mingmei1, Zhang Liangting2, Wang Qiong3 2020, 41(3): 238-246.  Abstract ( 377 )   Given the significance of employee voice to organizations and the contradictory psychology when employees make voice decisions, many organizations and scholars have paid more and more attention to how to boosting employee voice. Previous research has examined many factors that influence employee voice, including different styles of leadership. Transactional and transformational leadership, as the most typical two leadership styles, are therefore of interest to many voice scholars. The direct effect of transformational leadership on employee voice has been tested, and many key mediators and moderators have been explored. However, there are still some deficiencies in the current research. Firstly, most attention has been paid to the relationship between transformational leadership and employee voice, yet little is known about the relationship between transactional leadership and employee voice. Transactional leadership is an important style of leadership, which is widely existed in the management practice, it is necessary to find out the relationship between transactional leadership and employee voice. Secondly, previous research has found some boundary conditions of the relationship between transformational leadership and employee voice, which can be classified into two types: employee characteristics and leader factors. However, voice scholars′ attention has always been focused on the separate moderating effects of employee characteristics or leadership factors. Little research puts employee and leader together and takes their interaction into account. The interaction of employee and leader may be an important situation in which employee voice take places. Employees under the same transactional/transformational leadership may make completely opposite voice decisions when they have different interactions with their leaders. Trust is a key determinant of personal interaction, which has profound effect on interpersonal communication and cooperation. Trust is mutual. In organizational management, there are upward trust (trust from employee to leader, employee trust) and downward trust (trust from leader to employee, felt trust). Drawing on social exchange theory, trust between superiors and subordinates has an important effect on employee behavior. Some evidence shows that mutual leader-subordinate trust can predict employee attitude and behavior better than one-way trust. Therefore, this study proposes that it is necessary to take mutual leader-subordinate trust into research frame as situational factors when testing the relationship between transactional / transformational leadership and employee voice.Rooted in social exchange theory, this study aims at examining the effects of transactional and transformational leadership on employee voice, and exploring the change of those effects under different situations of mutual leader-subordinate trust. The sample for this study consists of 366 pairs of employees and their direct supervisors and they are from 6 manufacturing enterprises located in the three northeast provinces of China. Leaders are asked to evaluate employees′ voice behavior, and employees are asked to report leadership styles, trust and felt trust. This study uses multiple regression analyses for empirical test and the results of study show that: (1) both transactional and transformational leadership have positive effects on employee voice, and the effect of transformational leadership is stronger than transactional leadership. (2)Employee trust positively moderates the transactional leadership-employee voice and transformational leadership-employee voice relationships. When employee trust is higher, the relationships between transactional/transformational and employee voice is noticeably stronger. (3) the interaction of employee trust and felt trust positively moderates the transactional leadership-employee voice and transformational leadership-employee voice relationships. The relationships are the strongest when both employee trust and felt trust are high and weakest when both employee trust and felt trust are low; compared with high trust and low felt trust, when felt trust is higher than trust, the relationships between transactional/transformational leadership and employee voice are stronger. The current study makes some contributions both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, (1) the effect of transactional leadership on employee voice has been ignored, the current study offers empirical evidence. (2) the current study enriches and expands the boundary conditions research of transactional/transformational leadership effectiveness. (3) although both scholars and practical managers acknowledge that mutual trust is the important premise of stable and sustainable cooperation, there are little direct evidence for this positive effect. From the perspective of employees, the current study, taking employee as both trustor and trustee, explores the effect of the interaction of trust and felt trust, which expands trust theory to some extent. (4) compared with relatively mature employee trust theory, felt trust theory is still in its infancy stage. Related research is limited, especially in China. The current study explores the role of felt trust in leadership process, and finds that felt trust has stronger impact on employee, which can inspire more future research. Practically, the results of this study suggest that to boost employee voice, leaders should show more distinct transformational leadership style, and more efforts should be devoted to establish mutual trust, especially convey trust to employees. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese universities still attach more importance to natural science than to social science? Chen Zhuo, Yang Zhenbing 2020, 41(3): 247-255.  Abstract ( 179 )    "Emphasizing nature science over liberal arts" is an academic malady accumulated in China′s long-term development process. On the one hand, after the division of liberal arts and sciences, the phenomenon of "emphasizing science over liberal arts " has been triggered; on the other hand, with the nature science disciplines (e.g., science, engineering, agriculture and medicine) playing an obvious and important role in the socialist modernization of new China, the degree of "emphasizing nature science over liberal arts" has been increased. Obviously, the emphasis on nature science rather than literature arts has directly led to the focus on scientific research and engineering. However, it is the basic requirement for education to emphasize both nature science and liberal arts. Therefore, in terms of scientific research efficiency, whether or not nature science is emphasized over liberal arts? This study will discuss this topic.Several studies use the DEA method with fixed production frontier to evaluate the scientific research performance at the university or regional level, but it has not been analyzed by different subjects. Based on the panel data of R&D inputs and output of nature science and liberal arts in mainland China from 2009 to 2014, this paper first uses the SFA method with variable production frontier to measure and compare the scientific research efficiency of different disciplines, so as to investigate whether there is a phenomenon of emphasizing nature science and ignoring literature arts from the perspective of scientific research efficiency. We draw the following conclusion and policy implications:It is found that the scientific research efficiency of natural science is significantly higher than that of liberal arts, which means that "emphasizing nature science rather than literature arts" is still established at the level of scientific research efficiency. Moreover, in the six years of the sample range, the gap is expanding. In 2009, the scientific research efficiency of natural science was 0.8130, slightly higher than that of social sciences, 0.7441. In 2014, the scientific research efficiency of natural science rose to 0.8885, while that of social sciences was still only 0.7474, which shows that the gap is gradually expanding. The scientific research efficiency of natural science has experienced a stable upward trend, with an average annual increase of 1.79% in six years; while the scientific research efficiency of social sciences has experienced a roughly N-shaped fluctuation, with an average annual increase of only 0.09% in six years.The scientific research efficiency in different disciplines shows obvious regional differences. The growth rate of scientific research efficiency of natural science in universities located in the eastern region is relatively slow, while that in the western region is relatively high. Although the scientific research efficiency of nature science in the eastern region is the highest in the initial stage, it has been overtaken by universities in the western and central regions at the end of our sample. In terms of the scientific research efficiency of social sciences, the eastern region with higher initial level was also surpassed by the central and western regions in the later period of the sample interval. The scientific research efficiency of social sciences in the central region showed a more rapid improvement. There are great differences in the scientific research efficiency between different provinces and cities. Among them, for the scientific research efficiency of nature science, Henan Province (i.e., the highest level) is 0.53 times of that in Tianjin, which is the lowest level. Also, the difference in the scientific research efficiency of social sciences among different provinces is even greater. Henan Province (the highest level) is 1.48 times of Shanxi Province, which demonstrates the lowest level. Related Articles | Metrics

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A summary of the studies on the agricultural innovation development model in China Zhao Qing, Yu Mei, Xiao Xiaohong 2020, 41(3): 256-263.  Abstract ( 197 )   With continuous innovation and reform, China′s economy is catching up with the world at an unprecedented speed. In this process, as the traditional basic of China′s economy, agriculture is also experiencing an important historical transformation. In recent years, some new models of agricultural innovation and development have emerged in China, which must have a significant impact on China′s economy. Currently academic research on the innovation and development of the agricultural field is mainly spread in partial discussions of systems, institutions, frameworks, technology, society and organizations, form the reconstruction view, combination view, cooperative view, system view and historical view, and finally evolved the five main models of China′s agricultural innovation and development: (1) The agricultural innovation development model driven by structural change; (2) The agricultural innovation development model driven by technology; (3) Service-driven innovation development model; (4) The agricultural innovation development model driven by institution; and (5) The agricultural innovative development model jointly driven by organization, technology, service and institution.Since the subject of agricultural innovation and development is rather complicated and owns unique Chinese characteristic, the researches often have problems like the partial replacement of the whole, extending or shrinking and even misrepresenting of the concepts. Discussions being too broad, fragmented, and lacking of paradigm lead to widespread distortion and misunderstanding on the conceptual presentation and conclusion of this important academic topic, and sometimes there is difficult communication even in the same field of research. This is due to the lack of comprehensive, structural research. Theoretically, the agricultural innovation development model can be regarded as the theoretical schema and explanation of agricultural innovation development, which has typical overall and structural characteristics, and is worthy of comprehensive analysis and summary. Based on structuralism, this paper conducts an overall academic research on agricultural innovation development model, and concludes that China′s agricultural innovation development models can be divided into two categories:(1) Agricultural internal innovation generation model. It emphasizes that Chinese agriculture develops from internal spontaneous innovation to a large degree, and evolves in the mutual replacement of labor and capital, steadily forming an innovative development model that constantly suppresses diminishing capital returns. In this process, the ratio of agricultural production factors can be repaired and adjusted to achieve a relatively stable ratio. China′s agricultural innovation development model is different from other industries, which is mainly reflected in its strongest endogenous driving force for innovation development. (2) Industrial integration innovative development model. It emphasizes that China, like other developed countries, will inevitably embark on the road of integrated and innovative development in agricultural innovation, forming Chinese specialty and constructing a relatively intensive, organized, specialized and socialized integrated and innovative development structure.This article also discusses the influence factors of industrial convergence innovation development pattern. Since in the new era, the integrated innovation development model may become the mainstream and future trend of China′s agricultural innovation development model, this model, influenced by both external factors and control variables during the evolution process, will develop into China′s unique innovation development model. Finally, when refers to the research topic, this article also contributes a lot to the future research. Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of the influence mechanism of workplace negative gossip on employees′ knowledge hiding Du Hengbo, Zhu Qianlin 2020, 41(3): 264-272.  Abstract ( 341 )   With the advent of the knowledge economy era, the highly efficient knowledge sharing is one of the key steps to improve the performance of organizations. Despite the established need for knowledge sharing, knowledge hiding is prevalent in many organizations and impairs knowledge transfer. Compared with the negative influence of knowledge hiding on organizations and employees, the antecedents of knowledge hiding have not been extensively examined. Extant studies which mostly based on social exchange theory have tested the relationship between workplace ostracism and employees′ knowledge hiding behavior. This study seeks to identify a new interpersonal antecedent of knowledge hiding, specifically workplace negative gossip, and mediating role of emotional exhaustion and the moderating role of negative reciprocity. Thus, we propose a moderated mediation model wherein workplace negative gossip predicts employees′ knowledge hiding behavior via emotional exhaustion, and negative reciprocity as the first stage moderator. Several hypotheses are proposed: (1) workplace negative gossip is positively related to knowledge hiding; (2) emotional exhaustion mediates the relationship between workplace negative gossip and knowledge hiding; (3) negative reciprocity moderates the relationship between workplace negative gossip and emotional exhaustion; and (4) negative reciprocity moderates the indirect effect of workplace negative gossip on knowledge hiding through emotional exhaustion.The participants of this study were 416 full-time employees from five high-tech enterprises in Shandong Province. In order to reduce the potential common method bias, the data was collected in three waves with two-month intervals. In the first-wave survey (T1), participants completed measures of predictor variable (perceived workplace negative gossip) and demographic variables (gender, age, and organizational tenure). In the second-wave survey (T2), two months later, participants were surveyed again and were required to rate mediating variable (emotional exhaustion) and moderating variable (negative reciprocity). In the third wave survey (T3), participants rated dependent variable (knowledge hiding behavior). Following the back- translation procedure, we created a Chinese version of all measures. With the assistance of human resource managers, we first sent 580 questionnaires to participants at Time 1, 507 responded the survey. About two months later (T2), the questionnaires on emotional exhaustion and negative reciprocity were completed by participants who finished the survey at Time 1, 452 participants finished the survey. About two months later (T3), the questionnaires on knowledge hiding were completed by those who finished the second-wave survey, 416 participants finished the survey. Finally, we got 416 valid samples, giving a response rate of 71.7%. Regarding demographics, of the 416 participating employees, 54.6 percent were male, most of the participants are under 35 years old (73.1 %)，and most of the participants′ organizational tenure is less than 10 years (78.4%).Among the major measures, Chandra and Robinson′s (2010) 3-item scale of workplace negative gossip, Peng′s (2012) 3-item scale of knowledge hiding,Perugini et al.′s 9-item scale of negative reciprocity, Maslach and Jackson′s (1986) 9-item emotional exhaustion scale were adopted. We conducted a Harman′s single-factor test to address potential common method bias. The analysis returned four factors with eigenvalues greater than one, with the first factor explained less than 50% of the variance (23.95% of 68.04%), the findings provided no indications of common method variance. We used hierarchical regression and bootstrapping method to test the hypotheses. Hypothesis testing was conducted by examining two nested models, mediation analysis and first stage moderated mediation analysis. Analyses were conducted using SPSS 21.0 and PROCESS version 2.16 for SPSS, bootstrapping was set to 5000 resamples. The research reported in this article used a time-lagged design to explore the impact mechanism of workplace negative gossip on knowledge hiding behaviors. As hypothesized, results showed that: (1) workplace negative gossip was positively related to employees′ knowledge hiding behavior; (2) emotional exhaustion mediated the relation between workplace negative gossip and knowledge hiding; and (3) negative reciprocity not only moderated the relation between workplace negative gossip and emotional exhaustion, but also moderated the mediated path though emotional exhaustion.Drawing from conservation of resources theory, this study offers following major contributions. First, although scholars have previously studied the antecedents of knowledge hiding from different perspectives, the interpersonal antecedents of knowledge hiding have not been extensively examined. In employees′ daily work, interpersonal interaction cues not only provide social context information to employees, but also influence their way of adapting and dealing with information. Therefore, it is necessary to explore antecedents of knowledge hiding from interpersonal interaction perspective. As an unfavorable kind of interpersonal treatment, workplace negative gossip can affect the employees′ behaviors, attitudes, and performance. Considering this, we expect workplace negative gossip may be an interpersonal antecedent of knowledge hiding. As hypothesized, this study fills in the gap of the research on the relation between workplace negative gossip and knowledge hiding, and enriches knowledge hiding literature by identifying a new interpersonal antecedent of knowledge hiding. Second, in addition to exploring the main effect of workplace negative gossip on knowledge hiding, the present study predicted the mediating role of emotional exhaustion and the moderating roles of negative reciprocity on the above association. As such, the second contribution of this study is to provide a better understanding of how and when gossiped employees hide knowledge. As predicted, negative reciprocity strengthened the positive direct effect of workplace negative gossip on emotional exhaustion and the indirect effect of workplace negative gossip on knowledge hiding through emotional exhaustion. For gossiped employees with high negative reciprocity, the impact of workplace negative gossip on knowledge hiding was more positive. For gossiped employees with low negative reciprocity beliefs, the influence was less positive. Thus, this study contributes to understanding the black box between workplace negative gossip and knowledge hiding. Related Articles | Metrics

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A review and analysis of NSFC funding in Beijing University of Chemical Technology in the past 15 years Qiao Wang, Xu Shuai, Yang Xiaoping 2020, 41(3): 273-279.  Abstract ( 308 )   The national natural science fund is an important part of the national innovation system, which is used to support basic research and some applied research of natural science. Beijing University of Chemical Technology is a high-level university that aims to develop chemical talent at the cutting-edge of science and technology. The university was established in 1958 and formerly known as Beijing Institute of Chemical Technology. As a national key university directly affiliated to the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, and as one of the Project 211 universities and 985 Project Innovation Platforms, Beijing University of Chemical Technology has responsibilities for basic and applied scientific research; original, high-tech development; and the training of high-level, innovative talent. With 60 years of history, Beijing University of Chemical Technology has become a multi-disciplinary university with a solid foundation in science and engineering, as well as other distinctive disciplines such as management, economics, law, literature, education, philosophy, medical sciences. Under the situation of the reform of the national scientific and technological system and the construction of “world-class universities and world-class disciplines”, the National Natural Science Foundation of China has become an important support for fundamental research and one of the main channels for scientific research funds of Beijing University of Chemical Technology. It has played an important role in many aspects，such as encouraging original innovation, yielding achievements, training talents, output of achievements and promoting the construction of interdisciplinary disciplines. The basic research work of Beijing University of Chemical Technology has obtained rapid development in the past years with the support of National Natural Science Foundation of China. On the 60th anniversary of the establishment of Beijing University of Chemical Technology, based on the database of Beijing University of Chemical Technology for application and funding of National Natural Science Foundation of China from 2003-2017. This article analyzed the projects of Beijing University of Chemical Technology applied for and funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China during the past 15 years. It mainly focused on the analysis of the number, funding, types, departments and disciplines of projects funded of the projects funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China as well as the age, degree, educational background and professional title of the project managers. At the same time, this paper reviews the project management of the National Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Chemical University in the past 15 years, and analyses the application management, execution process management, final acceptance management, project fund management, balance fund management and archives filing management of the projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and summarizes the achievements, experiences and short-comings during National Natural Science Foundation of China projects management. The aim of this study is to explore the effective of National Natural Science Foundation of China in Beijing University of Chemical Technology and to provide consultation for establishment of university scientific development strategy and scientific policy. And some suggestions are made on continuous development of basic scientific researches， so as to advance effectively the application and management of NSFC in Beijing University of Chemical Technology . Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the application for and granting of NSFC projects in the field of science and technology of public security Huang Xing, Zhang Yiwen, Ye Jian 2020, 41(3): 280-288.  Abstract ( 160 )   The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) plays an important role in supporting basic researches at the forefront of scientific fields, advancing talents and team construction, and enhancing original innovation. It is widely accepted that Funding Support from NSFC is regarded as high research capability index of a research institute. In the field of public security supported by comprehensive technology, the innovation ability which is continuously improved is highly demanded in recent years, and they are faced with more and more complex safety problems, although past research was traditionally characterized by modified application of good results and products from different technical fields. Thus, in recent decade, researchers in this field are positively involved in the project application supported by NSFC to find more scientific and effective solution against high-tech crimes and potential threats. According to the NSFC report, this study presented a quantified comparative analysis about NSFC applying and funding status of universities and research institutions in the field of public security, as well as the comparison with representative institution of the related area, with the purpose of providing reference for researchers, scientific managers and policy-makers. Firstly, this study investigated the funding of NSFC to public security science and technology in terms of the annual amount of application, project approval and funds, classified by institutes, generally based on the data of General Programs and Foundation for Young Scientists. To some extent, the funding of NSFC to public security reflects the developing progress of the original innovation of this field. With scientific planning and policy support, the amount of application and project approval has gradually increased each year. Different from other scientific fields, research institutions got much higher ratio of project funding than that of colleges in the field of public security.Secondly, disciplines funded in the field of public security were mainly distributed in the department of information science, medicine, mathematics and physics,and the department of engineering and materials, geoscience, bioscience are also involved. Widely application of interdisciplinary research outputs and cutting-edge technologies contributes a lot to practice work of public security, such as informatization construction, Internet security, communications and command, criminal case investigation and evidence examination. Especially for the field of forensic science, foundations are concentrated in medical science, which could be related to the limitation of applying direction. Finally, this study proposed suggestions that encouraging researchers to adopt proper strategy finding combination of natural science and social science, and to generalize research results. For scientific research managers, the suggestion is to refine management, create more communication for experience sharing. The NSFC has set up a series of talent team projects as Young Scientists Foundation, Outstanding Youth Foundation, Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, carried out echelon construction in terms of age composition, knowledge structure, technology reserve and achievement accumulation, providing a valuable reference for cultivating pattern of professional talents to institutes. As the strong guiding role of NSFC to promote the scientific field, this study also advised the managers of NSFC to pay more attention to the development of basic research in forensic science, and consider get more experts specialized in forensic science involved in review and evaluation. Related Articles | Metrics