Science Research Management

The innovative system for 30 years: A history of development and a prospect of research

Yu Wei, Hu Yan, Chen Hua

2019, 40(11): 1-11.

Abstract ( 383 )

In the late 1980s, Freeman (1987) and Dosi (1988) and a group of earlier innovation scholars studied the comparative advantages of many countries, which laid a foundation for the research of innovation system. Innovation system has become an important research field, especially related to academics and policy makers increasingly. Some international organizations such as OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) have adopted this method in their analysis and conducted some studies based on the innovation system, which have influenced the practice of innovation system construction in many OECD countries and developing countries.
At present, the research field of innovation system has become increasingly large and complex. However,there are large disputes about the distinction, boundary, function and classification method of innovation system among scholars. On the 30th anniversary of the concept of innovation system being proposed, this paper discusses some changes of the innovation system that has been created and applied including: national innovation system (NIS), regional innovation system (RIS), sectoral innovation system (SIS) and technological innovation system (TIS). According to the evolution process of innovation system research, this paper analyzes the theoretical origin of each innovation system method, examines the most cited case studies, analyzes the spatial boundary and analysis unit, discusses the basic components function and classification method, with the aim to clarify the theoretical system of innovation system research, and on this basis, puts forward further research each innovation system research method needs.
The research of national innovation system(NIS) can be used to compare the innovation capacity of each country comprehensively, and can furtherly and deeply understand how innovation occurs systematically, the driving and obstacle factors of innovation, and the influence of innovation on the future, economic status and science and technology of a country in the increasing global competition, rather than just focusing on the figures of past economic performance.
The research of regional innovation system(RIS) argues that the preferred spatial level of regulatory intervention is regional rather than central, expanding the current discussion on national innovation system: innovation system can be found at regional (or even sub-regional) levels as well as national and global levels.The necessity of establishing new spatial boundary of innovation system has been proved, and it is meaningful to discuss regional or local technology system.
The research of sectoral innovation system(SIS) , which complements the concepts of NIS and RIS, believes that the organization (space) of innovation is influenced by factors related to industrial and technological rather than national or regional factors. SIS mainly addresses the issues of what are the main network characteristics of innovators, what factors are responsible for the transformation of industries, and what are the relevant national institutional frameworks.
The research of technology innovation system (TIS) focuses on the construction of dynamic system and industry formation of emerging (clean technology) industries, which is a supplement to the industry innovation system (SIS) method and the embodiment of innovation system research in the field of technology (clean technology).
This paper finds that the theoretical origin of each innovation system method, the most cited case studies, the spatial boundary and analysis unit, the basic function of component and classification method of four the innovation system approaches all have the characteristics of generality and historical continuity, as well as the differences of the specific research objects, which are manifested in the further refinement of the research objects from country, region, industry to technology.
This paper points out the shortcomings of the current innovation system research:
First, RIS and NIS methods have been criticized for providing a rather static concept of innovation and paying too much attention to space. By presetting national or regional boundaries, the NIS and RIS concepts cannot fully capture the activities of organizations, networks, and institutions that develop at the supranational level. As a result, there is a lack of clear understanding of how they affect the geographically rooted dynamics of innovation. In addition, because RIS is difficult to give a clear definition with clear applications, its concepts seem to be a mixture of different sources and are often limited to high-tech and/or manufacturing industries.
Second, SIS scholars have developed elaborate industrial classifications that construct innovation processes based on technological systems and trajectories. This approach allows for the development of rigorous analytical frameworks, but it also draws strong criticism for their technical bias. In particular, SIS studies increasingly underestimate the importance of more distributed institutions, non-corporate actors, and the impact of informal institutions on the innovation process. Moreover, it tends to focus on long-term industry dynamics in existing manufacturing sectors (such as semiconductors, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, machine tools, etc.), with few explanations for the emergence of new industries and technologies.
Third, most of the empirical works in TIS set a priori system boundary at the national level, and limit the analysis to the clean technology industry, which is considered to be a group of coherent industries with similar technical trajectories. Therefore, it has attracted criticisms that the empirical applications pay too much attention to space and ignore the differences of innovation process between different industrial contexts. In the future, TIS research needs to extend the system boundaries at the national level to international and global geographic regions, and apply the analytical framework to other industries. In addition, it is necessary to study the nature of different stages of development of TIS, such as the formation stage, in order to evaluate the relative advantages of different systems.
This paper proposes further research directions of innovation system research: continuing to develop innovative system methods, specific directionality and normative orientation including four abilities: self-reflection capacities, bridging and integration capacities, anticipation capacities and experimentation capacities. Further research on innovation systems should also integrate the latest methods within the framework of innovation system analysis, the latest trend of which is called "Global Innovation System (GIS)". On the other hand, the current empirical research on innovation system is mainly targeted at developed countries such as Europe, America, Japan and OECD countries, while there are few studies on emerging economies represented by China. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the research on these countries to furtherly prove the applicability of innovation system theory in different contexts, especially to strengthen the empirical research and application in China.

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An analysis of the innerlogic and risks in planning construction of “Double First-Class” universities

Yuan Xilin, Dai Qi, Song Ge

2019, 40(11): 12-21.

Abstract ( 252 )

With the development of world higher education and the acceleration of economic globalization, the internationalization of higher education is becoming more important. As an far-reaching strategy for the development of higher education, many countries have issued policies to create world-class universities in order to enhance the comprehensive strength and international competitiveness of their universities. “Double-First-Class” Discipline Construction is an inevitable choice for Chinese higher education, and it is also an urgent need for economy and politics in China. The goal of “Double-First-Class” Construction is to build a world-class university. In September 2017, Ministry of Education announced the list of first-class universities. And the first-class universities drawn up and announced their first-class university construction strategy and subject development plans. "Building a world-class university with Chinese characteristics and a world-class discipline in China" is not only the vision of higher education in China, but also the development goal of all colleges and universities.
The “Double-First-Class” Discipline Construction plan of each university is generally based on the benchmarking of the world university ranking system, core journals and other academic evaluation system such as ESI, JCR, and Scopus. The university rankings, reflecting the level of colleges and universities has become a global phenomenon. It provides comparable information among colleges and universities. These evaluation systems have profound effects upon the development and construction of Chinese universities, including but not limited to discipline, faculty, enrollment scale, teaching model and curriculum settings. “Double-First-Class” Construction is funded by disciplines, and the list is adjusted every five years. This list is bound to influence the pattern of higher education in China in the future. So “Double-First-Class” Construction standard not only has the possibility of influencing ecology of universities, but also has the risk in the discipline construction due to misunderstanding or over-interpretation.
From the standpoint of group behavior, explores the logic of “Double-First-Class” Construction plan of universities in China. And statistical research on the related data of “Double-first-class” construction list published by the Ministry of Education in September 2017, analyses the influence factor and its’ risks. Based on the interpretation of the construction schemes of “Double First-Class” university projects, outlines the basic layout of the disciplines of the first-class universities in China, and shows the realistic influence of the two-class construction disciplines, so as to reference for further higher education development in China. The results show:
(1)"Double-First-Class" Construction and development is the consensus all of Chinese universities. Benchmarking management is the main idea of universities strategy plan. The reference system such as QS，THE，US News、ARWU and ESI or Scopus has a profound impact on the construction and development of universities. But thus reference system is deficient in practice standards. Therefore, it cannot be directly used as the basis for dynamic monitoring and effectiveness evaluation of “Double First -Class” Construction.
(2)In the list of “Double-First-Class” Construction, science and engineering disciplines are in the majority, especially true in engineering disciplines. And humanities and social sciences are in the minority. The imbalance between disciplines is obvious, and brings Matthew effect of discipline construction.
(3)The risk of involution in the field of university development and discipline construction has begun to emerge. The inferior disciplines face to another risk of cancellation or abolition due to insufficient resources. Too more resources, cause the scale of dominant disciplines increasing, more researchers and students, forming a "over-dense" state, and maintain a stable or slow development state.Then remind of that the diversity of disciplines and balanced development is the root of “Double First-Class” Construction.
So far as the innovation that is concerned, it is valuable that provide more and more funds, facilities and scientists, when there is a big gap with the advanced level of the subject field. It was because that clear goals and study paths, has shown the direction of imitation and the way to fellow. But there is no gap with the advanced level of the subject field, there is no object to follow, nothing can be imitated, then multi-channel exploration is necessary. Exploration means moving towards the unknown. And the unknown means cannot give the plans and preset routes.
Meanwhile, another goal of “Double-First-Class” Discipline Construction is adhere to the academic independence with Chinese characteristics. To achieve this strategic goal, it is obviously not enough to rely solely on natural sciences and practical applied sciences. It also needs humanities and social sciences. To set up the academic independence and academic equality mechanism of policy in higher education is great important from the basic standpoints of cultural equality, pluralism, academic autonomy and self-reliance.
Once the university development plan and key disciplines have been identified, it will have a profound impact on academic research and university development in a long period of time. The implementation of “Double-First-Class” Discipline Construction plan not only has the possibility of influencing or changing the discipline ecology of universities, but also has the realistic risk in discipline construction caused by misunderstanding or over-interpretation. Therefore, in the process of policy formulation and implementation of university strategic plan, it is necessary to combine the personalized practical needs of each university, and find the suitable way to develop its own personality and discipline characteristics. And remind of that the diversity and equilibrium of disciplines is so important to prevent the Matthew effect and the Involution Risk, and promote the independent development of higher education in China. “Double-First-Class” Discipline construction coherent aimed at achieving world standards and keeping Chinese characteristics.
Academic innovation is the source power of scientific research and development, and a decisive factor in the development of a country’s scientific undertakings.Interdisciplinary strategy can effectively promote academic innovation. If a university is open, it means that each discipline in the university can control its own destiny. Then the university will form its own personality and discipline characteristics, and become a growing organism. The study also provides decision-making reference for realizing the historic leap during the development of higher education in China. And clarify the internal logic of “Double-First-Class” Construction of higher education, and grasp the practical path of “Double-First-Class” Construction.

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Innovation efficiency of high-tech industries based on stochastic frontier method in China

Yi Ming, Peng Jiachao, Wu Chao

2019, 40(11): 22-31.

Abstract ( 259 )

Innovation efficiency is the key factor affecting the division of the labor status of the high-tech industry in the global value chain. The innovation ability of the high-tech industry is an important basis for the comprehensive competitiveness of a country or region. In recent years, China’s high-tech industry has developed rapidly, but it is also faced with many problems, such as the low intensity of R&D investment, the weak ability of independent innovation, fragmentation of innovation resources, imperfect industrial collaborative innovation system and so on. All these are related to the low efficiency of innovation in high-tech industries. Overall, the areas to be expanded in this field include: firstly, bringing the intermediate output and final output of high-tech industries into a unified analytical framework. The differences in efficiency values produced by different output indicators and the reasons for the differences were compared and analyzed. Secondly, in-depth analysis of the spatial relevance and regional differences of the innovation efficiency of the high-tech industry, and then explore the effective ways to realize the regional balanced and coordinated development of the high-tech industry.
The technological innovation of high-tech industry is a process of the joint action of endogenous factors and exogenous factors, so it is necessary to fully consider the influence of exogenous variables to measure its efficiency. In the process of estimation, the maximum likelihood method ensures that the estimated sample information can be used equally and fully. Therefore, this paper chooses to use the SFA method and uses the relevant data of 27 provinces or cities in China from 2000 to 2015, which analyzed the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of innovation efficiency in China.
The results show that: (1) The overall level of high-tech industry’s innovation efficiency is not high, especially the innovation efficiency with new product sales income as the final output is the most obvious, and the overall average level of innovation efficiency of regional high-tech industry is low. It was only 0.282, and the inefficiency factor accounted for 0.718. Taking the effective number of patents in the high-tech industry, the result shows that the overall average level of innovation efficiency is 0.781, and the inefficiency factor accounts for 0.219. (2) The innovation efficiency of the high-tech industry among regions generally shows a fluctuating increase, and the regional distribution of its growth rate is different. The variation range of the overall innovation efficiency of a high-tech industry estimated is \[0.08,0.48\] by new products. However, the variation range of the overall efficiency of the high-tech industry estimated is \[0.710.85\] by the effective number of patents, and there is no obvious upward trend. (3) In the innovation efficiency of high-tech industry, the efficiency of technology loss mainly comes from the degree of opening to the outside world and government support, among which the degree of opening to the outside world accelerates the loss of innovation efficiency of the high-tech industry. On the other hand, government support delays the loss of innovation efficiency. (4) Under different conditions, the effects of R&D funds stock and R&D human capital stock on the innovation output of the high-tech industry are not the same. (5) From the patent as an intermediate product to the sale of new products as final products, the innovation efficiency of high-tech industry loses a lot in this intermediate process. (6) The regions with average annual growth in innovation efficiency of high-tech industries in various provinces include the northeast (0.856%), the eastern coastal areas (0.841%), the northwest (0.576%), the northern coastal areas (0.486%), the southern coastal areas (0.207%) and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (0.044%), On the other hand, the areas where the average annual growth rate of innovation efficiency of high-tech industries decreases are the middle reaches of the Yellow River (-0.759%) and the southwest (-0.006%). Comparatively speaking, there is a large gap in innovation efficiency among different regions, especially between the eastern region and the southwest-middle reaches of the Yellow River. The innovation efficiency of the adjacent areas in the east has increased, which shows that the knowledge spillover effect in the east is obvious.
The policy implications of this study includes: firstly, optimizing the development environment of high-tech industry, focusing on strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights, perfecting the system and mechanism of technological achievement transfer and transformation in high-tech industry, Expand the industrial chain between intermediate output and final output of high-tech industry, and promote the organic integration of innovation chain, entrepreneurial chain, capital chain, talent chain and policy chain. Secondly, we should strengthen the investment in innovation, especially encourage high-tech enterprises to increase the investment in R&D, which can be supported by implementing and perfecting the policy of deducting R&D expenses. Thirdly, to formulate differentiated policies for the development of high-tech industries, for a long time to come, it is necessary to give appropriate policies to the backward areas in the development of high-tech industries, and at the same time establish and improve the regional linkage mechanism. To promote the coordinated development of the industry; Fourth, we should improve the openness of high-tech industries, attract more foreign direct investment into the field of high-tech industries, and encourage more high-tech enterprises to carry out transnational mergers and reorganization, transnational technology transfer and transnational investment.

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A research on innovative talent training mode from the perspective of tacit knowledge

Zhao Lanxiang, Yao Meng, Wu Bo

2019, 40(11): 32-42.

Abstract ( 241 )

The accelerated development of information technology makes the information technology evolve from teaching auxiliary means to dominant resources, and promotes a series of educational mode changes. This paper is mainly applied research, and comprehensively uses the literature analysis method, comparative analysis method and policy research method. The four dimensions of action technology, policy and knowledge are taken as the research framework. Firstly, the related literature in the fields of higher education and innovative talents are sorted out. The research focus and research ideas of this paper are clarified. Secondly, the new talent training methods in foreign higher education are classified and four types of talent training modes are compiled. Once again, the development stage of information technology in education and modern information are analyzed. The application of technology in higher education; then, in the United States, Japan, Britain, China and the European Union, systematically sort out relevant policies in the field of higher education in recent years, and summarize the possible impact of policies on future higher education practices; finally, knowledge perspective provides theoretical support for the above four types of training models, and combines knowledge classification to construct the "obvious knowledge learning model" and "hidden knowledge learning model". Through comparative analysis, the direction of future higher education development reform is clarified.
With the increasing emphasis on the effectiveness of talents in various countries, a series of new higher education models have emerged internationally. This paper selects some representative research universities, which can be roughly divided into two categories: The first category is the traditional old school. Since the beginning of the school, these colleges and universities have been able to meet the needs of social development for innovative talents through continuous reform of the talent training model. Their school strength and scientific research capabilities have long enjoyed a good reputation in the world. The schools listed in this article include the University of California at Berkeley, the California Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and Johns Hopkins University. The second category is the emerging research university. These colleges and universities have innovatively subverted traditional education barriers and adopted a new concept of training. After ten years of establishment, they have made outstanding achievements in scientific research and innovative personnel training. The schools listed in this article include the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology and the University of Minerva.
Based on the emerging education reform in the world, this paper summarizes the four training modes implied in the education phenomenon, and constructs the "explicit knowledge learning model" and "tacit knowledge learning model" based on the theory of knowledge management. In the "explicit knowledge learning model", it reflects the one-to-one correspondence between explicit knowledge cognition and current domestic talent training characteristics, including the "instillation learning" model oriented by transmission coding cognition. Homogeneous cognition-oriented "standardized learning" model, to strengthen the theoretical cognition-oriented "knowledge-based learning" model, to obtain delayed cognitive-oriented "memory-based learning" mode; likewise, "tacit knowledge learning model" reflects the one-to-one correspondence between tacit knowledge cognition and new talent training methods emerging abroad, including the “active learning” training model that stimulates potential cognition to adapt to individual recognition. A knowledge-oriented "personalized learning" training model, a "practical learning" training model that enhances experience cognition, and a "discussion-based learning" training model that emphasizes immediate cognition.
We collected and compiled the New Media Consortium (2010-2018) released by the US New Media Alliance in the past nine years, and sorted out the information technology that has been, is, and will be applied to the field of education in 2010-2022 to clarify information, to clarify the application process of information technology in higher education.
Education policy has responded to the development of information technology. Thanks to the support of information technology, the education policy gradually promotes some new teaching modes. We collected and organized the policies and reports issued by the five countries and regions in the United States, Japan, Britain, the European Union and China in the field of higher education in recent years to analyze the impact of the new education policy on traditional education reform. The perspective of knowledge provides us with a new perspective on thinking and explores the essential needs in the cultivation of innovative talents through knowledge classification.
The innovation of this paper is to extract the theoretical model from the phenomenon, so that the two types of knowledge correspond to the two types of learning models, and construct the "dominant knowledge learning model" and the "recessive knowledge learning model" respectively. The comparative analysis found that the explicit knowledge training mode that plays an important role in China’s higher education can no longer meet the needs of the society for innovative talents. The "hidden knowledge learning model" corresponds to the cuddly knowledge cognition mode and the learning mode adopted by foreign universities. It shows that the emergence of a series of actions in colleges and universities is not accidental. What is hidden behind it is the emphasis on tacit knowledge. This is the important conclusion of this article.
Through case analysis, policy analysis and model comparison, it is found that: 1.The emergence of new educational model is inseparable from information technology support and policy incentives. On the one hand, new technologies provide motivation and technical support for education reform, and new policies guide education reform; on the other hand, the rapid development of information technology also promotes the continuous transformation of education to meet the needs of international competition.2. The application of information technology in education has its limitations. Information technology is more convenient for dealing with explicit knowledge and can replace explicit knowledge education, but it has not played a significant role in tacit knowledge education, that is, information technologycan not solve tacit knowledge problems; information technology has no impact on higher education. It should be limited to the "tools" level, but should be the issue of education reform. The emergence of the new education model partially compensates for the shortcomings of information technology in the field of tacit knowledge education. This responds to the "Question of Jobs" to a certain extent.;3. The emergence of new education model is not accidental, but its essence is the emphasis on tacit knowledge. The existing campus education can meet the standardized output of explicit knowledge, but the focus of talent innovation is tacit knowledge education. So tacit knowledge education is an important direction of higher education reform.

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An analysis of the hierarchical management structure of scientific research projects in new type of universities

Yang Chunlin, Su Fen

2019, 40(11): 43-45.

Abstract ( 236 )

The new type of universities are developing rapidly in accordance with the trend of the times, but they are facing many challenges in the aspect of research project management. The content of scientific research project management includes four parts: (1) training more talents; (2) striving for scientific research funds; (3) Output and transformation of project results; and (4) perfect process management. The scientific research management of general scientific research institutions can be roughly divided into four levels: (1) school; (2) scientific research management department; (3) subordinate departments of the school; and (4) project leader and project team.
At present, the prevailing situation is: to strive for more project funds is the concern of all management units, and cultivation of talents because of the different scope of work of the management department, only the school has subjective will to promote, the same problem arises in the transformation of achievements, the transformation of scientific research results in general schools have a special department responsible for promoting,and this leads to the phenomenon: hot at both ends and cold in the middle. The effect of project performance management on talent cultivation and achievement transformation can be imagined and the improvement of project management mode is required to deal with the emergence of new problems.
〖JP3〗Our key concerns are: how to construct a perfect management hierarchy system to promote talent training and team building in universities, so that the research project management can follow the regularity of scientific research; how to enhance the ability of new type of universities to train scientific research talents and build scientific research team; how to improve scientific research performance.
There are many problems, so we should take the form of "combination boxing" to solve them. In terms of policy, scientific research should establish a perfect assessment mechanism. In terms of staffing, we can set up talent funds and scientific research achievements office. We can bring the training of scientific research talents into our daily work, and we can bring outstanding scientific research into practice in the process of scientific research projects. The achievements are sorted out and classified, and work on intellectual property rights, scientific research awards, and docking with the school’s achievements transformation department is carried out, and scientific researchers are guided to do well in projects, produce good results and reward outstanding scientific researchers through:(1) establish and improve assessment mechanism; (2) establish and improve a sound management unit; (3) establish a school-level excellent postdoctoral fund; (4) establish a school-level outstanding youth fund; and (5) establish a superior team /discipline / key laboratory training fund and other methods. The goal of each unit will be coordinated, which will effectively promote the development of school scientific research and personnel training.

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An evaluation and empirical analysis of urban economic and social development based on the set pair analysis

Zhang Yajing, Chi Guotai

2019, 40(11): 46-56.

Abstract ( 157 )

The purpose of this paper: Urban economic and social development refers to the measurement of the coordination status of a region’s economy, people’s livelihood and ecology. The economic and social development of a city is not only limited to the accumulation of economic material, but also a higher level of value pursuit. It is necessary to make an accurate and comprehensive evaluation of urban economic and social development from various aspects. As the second echelon area in the urban system, China’s sub-provincial cities are mostly central cities in various places. Their economic and cultural developments have a strong leading role in surrounding cities, so sub-provincial cities are an important group. Studying and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of economic and social development of various sub-provincial cities, it can provide comparative analysis and countermeasures for promoting economic and social development in sub-provincial cities and other regions, and assist sub-provincial cities to determine their own urban positioning and formulate development strategies.
The research method of this paper: This paper takes 15 sub-provincial cities such as Changchun and Shenzhen as the empirical samples. This paper establishes a primary selection index system for economic and social development by interviewing experts from the Development and Reform Commission, combing the economic and social development indicators of international authoritative institutions, and summarizing the high-frequency indicators of five-year planning in domestic cities. The economic and social indicator system finally constructed in this paper covers four levels of economic development, social and people’s livelihood, scientific and technological progress, and resource and environment. There are eight secondary criteria levels including economic growth, economic structure, improvement of people’s livelihood, social undertakings, investment in science and technology, scientific and technological output, and resource bearing and environmental quality. The evaluation indexes consist 36 indicators, such as proportion of tertiary industry, proportion of added value of financial industry, annual per capita net income of rural residents, and the expenditure of internal technological activities of industrial enterprises above designated size, the rate of harmless treatment of municipal solid waste, etc. Through the 36 economic and social development evaluation indicators, the comprehensive evaluation of the economic and social development of the sub-provincial cities is mainly combined with the method of set pair analysis and Spearman rank correlation test. The paper uses set pair analysis to combine coefficient of variation method, dispersion method and other evaluation methods, which solves the inconsistent problem of different single evaluation method by combined with the consistent degree of the best ranking and the opposite degree of the worst evaluation ranking. For 15 sub-provincial cities such as Changchun and Shenzhen, the four criteria levels of economy and people’s livelihood are ranked in detail, and the advantages and disadvantages of each city are observed to provide reference for policy recommendations.
There are three conclusions in this paper. First, the evaluation framework "KENDALL test - set pair analysis evaluation - Spearman rank correlation coefficient test" used in this paper solves the problem that the results obtained by different single objective evaluation methods are often very different, leading to inconsistent evaluation results. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient test method is used to test the consistency between the combined evaluation results and the single evaluation method. In some researches, the consistency test is usually lacked before and after the combination evaluation, which makes the combined evaluation results unreliable. Therefore, the proposed evaluation framework is universal and can be applied to a variety of evaluation issues, not limited to urban economic and social evaluation.
Secondly, through the empirical analysis of this paper, it is found that there are obvious regional differences in the economic and social development of sub-provincial cities in China. The rank of the economic and social development of southern regions are significantly higher than the northeast and central and western regions, and the coastal cities are ranked higher than the inland cities. For examples, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Hangzhou rank in the top three in economic and social development, Shenyang and Changchun in the last two. The reason is that the northeast region started from heavy industry in the early days, nowadays, resources of in northeast region are exhausted and the output value of industry is declining. It is necessary to change the economic development mode, such as strengthening the cooperation with the Russian Far East，the cooperation of land and sea transport，which will build an important window for opening to the north to drive economic development. And through the horizontal and vertical comparison to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each city, such as social and people’s livelihood, the cities that are weak relative to their own rankings are Shenzhen, Qingdao, Chengdu, Harbin.
Thirdly, the paper finds that the importance of forest stocks, total foreign trade import and export, and R&D expenditures of industrial enterprises above designated size account for the three major indicators of industrial output value are in the top three, which are three important factors affecting urban economic and social development. Therefore, it is recommended that local governments, while developing the economy, increase the scale of foreign trade and increase expenditure on environmental protection such as forests and energy. At the same time, increase the proportion of investment in scientific and technological support such as research and development expenses, the government can adopt various funds such as guiding funds, and ways to promote the financial industry to serve the transformation of scientific and technological achievements of small and medium-sized enterprises, enhance the city’s scientific and technological competitiveness; focus on strengthening the optimization of environmental regulations, and more to the market-oriented environmental protection policy.
The research significance of this paper is twofold. First, from the theoretical significance perspective, this paper proposes a method that can solve the inconsistency of the results of different single evaluation methods. Second, from the application perspective, in this paper the economic and social comprehensive rankings of 15 sub-provincial cities are analyzed, and specific rankings are given in the four levels of economic development, social livelihood, scientific and technological progress, and resource environment. By comparing horizontal and vertical, the cities can find the advantages and disadvantages of each city’s economic and social development, and help to make a strategic plan for development.

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The dynamic threshold effect of OFDI on regional innovation ability

Jin Qiaohua, Yan Taihua

2019, 40(11): 57-66.

Abstract ( 248 )

With the acceleration of economic globalization, the technological progress of a country depends not only on domestic independent research and development investment, but also on international technology spillovers. With the increasing scale of China’s foreign direct investment, more and more scholars have begun to pay attention to the role of OFDI reverse spillover effects on domestic regional innovation capabilities. Foreign direct investment in a country often requires the support of multiple external institutional environments, among which the intellectual property protection is particularly important. Under the dual background of the increasing scale of China’s foreign direct investment and the continuous improvement of intellectual property protection systems in various countries, has foreign direct investment improved China’s regional innovation capability? Does intellectual property protection play a role as a booster in the process of OFDI promoting technological innovation capability? Studying the above problems is of great significance to the improvement of China’s technological innovation capability. Based on this, this paper attempts to empirically analyze the impact of OFDI on regional innovation capability from the perspective of intellectual property protection, and investigate the mechanism of intellectual property protection in OFDI’s influence on innovation capability.
First of all, through the study of domestic and foreign literature, we find that most of the literature stays in the test whether OFDI promotes technological progress in the home country, and few scholars pay attention to the indirect effects of institutional factors such as intellectual property protection in the impact of foreign direct investment reverse technology spillovers on technological innovation capabilities. In addition, the accumulation of technological innovation is related to past knowledge and creativity, and the model has endogenous problems, and the traditional static model is not applicable. Therefore, this paper constructs a dynamic panel threshold regression model based on panel data of 30 provinces in China, aiming to investigate whether foreign direct investment can promote China’s innovation capability and the role of intellectual property protection in the relationship between the two.
Secondly, we set the model according to the knowledge production function, and selected R&D fund investment, R&D personnel investment, human capital, financial development level, economic development level and scientific and technological support level as control variables. Due to factors such as intellectual property protection, there may not be a simple linear relationship between OFDI and innovation capabilities. In order to discover the role of intellectual property protection in OFDI’s influence on regional innovation capabilities, we established a dynamic threshold regression model with intellectual property protection as the threshold variable. This model makes up for the deficiency of the static panel threshold model, and it not only can estimate the threshold value, but also can deal with the endogenous problems in the model. The empirical results show that the threshold effect of intellectual property protection exists between OFDI and the innovation capabilities. When the level of intellectual property protection in different provinces is different, the impact of OFDI on innovation capabilities is different. The role of OFDI on the innovation capacity is influenced by the level of intellectual property protection. When the degree of intellectual property protection is higher, OFDI is more conducive to the improvement of innovation capabilities in the provinces. The possible reason is that a higher level of intellectual property protection can encourage OFDI enterprises to study more advanced foreign technologies, digest, absorb and re-innovate, so as to improve the promotion effect of OFDI reverse technology spillover on domestic innovation capacity.
Thirdly, according to the threshold value in the threshold model, 30 provinces are divided into low intellectual property protection area and high intellectual property protection area. According to the analysis, the provinces located in the high intellectual property protection area account for a small number, most of which are the eastern and central provinces, while the western provinces only include Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan. This indicates that most provinces in western China have a low level of intellectual property protection, and the reverse spillover effect of OFDI has no significant impact on regional innovation capacity. However, only a few provinces in the eastern and central regions have higher level of intellectual property protection, and the reverse technology spillover of OFDI can promote the regional innovation capacity. This indicates that when China expands its foreign direct investment, most provinces will not significantly improve their local innovation capability, and while only a few provinces will. Therefore, when studying the relationship between OFDI and China’s innovation capacity, institutional factors such as intellectual property protection should be fully considered.
Fourthly, we can separately calculate the contribution rate of OFDI to regional innovation capability in high intellectual property protection area and low intellectual property protection area. The results show that a higher level of intellectual property protection is conducive to improving the contribution of OFDI to regional innovation capacity. In regions with a low level of intellectual property protection, OFDI’s contribution rate to regional innovation capacity is relatively low, which indicates that policies to promote domestic innovation capability through OFDI are basically ineffective. In regions with a high level of intellectual property protection, OFDI has a higher contribution rate to regional innovation capacity, which indicates that OFDI is conducive to promoting domestic innovation capacity, so intellectual property protection should be strengthened while promoting OFDI.
At the end of this paper, the research conclusions and policy suggestions are given. Taken the level of intellectual property infringement and technology transfer market size as the measure of regional intellectual property protection level, the role of intellectual property protection in the effect of OFDI on regional innovation ability has been analyzed by using the dynamic panel threshold regression model with the interprovincial panel data from 2003 to 2013 in China. The results show that the effect of OFDI on regional innovation ability is influenced by the degree of intellectual property protection; when the intellectual property protection level is lower than the threshold value, the OFDI has no significant effect on the innovation ability, the contribution rate of OFDI to regional innovation capacity is lower, and the policy of promoting domestic innovation ability through OFDI is basically invalid; when the intellectual property protection level is higher than the threshold value, the OFDI has significant positive effect on the innovation ability, and the contribution rate of OFDI to regional innovation capacity is higher, the OFDI will promote the innovation ability. The results also show that the intellectual property protection level of most provinces in China is lower, only few provinces across the threshold value of intellectual property protection, most provinces have not crossed the threshold, and strengthening the intellectual property protection is conducive to enhancing OFDI’s role in promoting regional innovation capacity.
Through the conclusion of the study, we propose the following policy recommendations: When local governments improve their regional innovation capability through OFDI, they should perfect and improve intellectual property protection laws and regulations, and strengthen the cultivation of talents specialized in intellectual property, strengthen the construction of technology trading market, and resolutely investigate and punish infringement of intellectual property rights, strengthen the enforcement of intellectual property rights protection, and actively support the intellectual property rights protection, so as to improve the level of intellectual property protection in China.

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An empirical research on the coordinated development between new urbanization and industrial structure evolution in Hunan

Wei Min, Hu Zhenhua

2019, 40(11): 67-84.

Abstract ( 207 )

Based on the theory of system and synergy, this study constructs a new evaluation index system for the coordinated development of urbanization and industrial structure evolution, and comprehensively applies entropy weight method, analytic hierarchy process, and principal component analysis method to empower indicators and introduce new urbanization and industrial structure. The evolution and coordination development evaluation model are used to demonstrate the coordination of new urbanization and industrial structure evolution in Hunan Province from 2000 to 2017. The empirical analysis results show that:
The coordination between the two is different in the time dimension. The new urbanization and industrial structure development in Hunan Province showed an upward trend. The former has been in a stable growth trend, with a substantial increase, and the development level is significantly higher than the latter. Its contribution and coordination in the subsystem are higher than those of the population development, residents’ living, and urban and rural coordination subsystems. However, the evolution of industrial structure shows a trend of large fluctuations, the growth rate is relatively low, and the development level is relatively lagging. The contribution and coordination of the output value subsystem in the subsystem are the highest, the employment structure development is lagging, and the proportion of non-agricultural industries is relatively low, and the proportion of employment in the secondary and tertiary industries is not coordinated. The development level difference between new urbanization and industrial structure is getting bigger and bigger, which leads to the apparent deviation of their development trajectory.
The coordination between the two is not synchronized in the speed dimension. The coordinated development of new urbanization and industrial structure evolution in Hunan Province has shown good momentum. The degree of coordination and coordinated development has been continuously improved. However, the correlation between the growth rates of the two systems is not stable, and the development speed of the two systems is not synchronized. From 2000 to 2017, the average growth rate of the general development level of new urbanization was 7.65%; and the average growth rate of the comprehensive development level of industrial structure evolution was 8.89%. Urbanization and industrial structure have not achieved simultaneous development in terms of development speed. The two systems do not have synergy in the speed dimension, and there is a severe imbalance.
The interaction between the two is not strong enough. From 2000 to 2009, the new urbanization and industrial structure evolution in Hunan experienced a long process of “disorder.” This shows that during this period, the two systems have developed slowly, and the degree of coordination and coordinated development is relatively low, failing the overall function of the two systems. From 2010 to 2017, the new urbanization and industrial structure evolution in Hunan entered the stage of “deadly disordered and reluctant coordination”, indicating that the overall functional role of the two systems began to play to a certain extent, but the overall functional coordination development is still low, and the interaction between the two systems was not noticeable.
Sustainability is not evident in the evolutionary trend. The new urbanization and industrial structure evolution in Hunan experienced a process from disharmony to reluctance, and the level of coordinated development experienced two conversions, and its coordination degree and coordinated development degree were significantly improved. However, the type of coordination lag has not changed. The development level of new urbanization has always been ahead of the level of industrial structure development. The gap has become more and more obvious with the development of time. It is unlikely that there will be a virtuous cycle of coordination lag types at this stage. The sustainability of the two systems in the evolution of the coordination state is not apparent.
There is a development imbalance in regional coordination. The level of coordinated development of new urbanization and industrial structure evolution in each city is generally good, but there are distinct regional differences. The general development level of urbanization in each city shows a two-level differentiation phenomenon of the normal distribution, and its level is higher than the overall development level of industrial structure; the two-level differentiation of industrial development level of each city is more dangerous. The city with a coordinated development level reaching the primary coordination accounted for 42.86%. The cities with higher levels were almost all distributed in the eastern region, while the lower levels were distributed in the western region, showing a downward trend from east to west.
From the perspective of the coordinated development measure model and process constructed in this study, there are at least six aspects of significant scientific and innovative features:
Firstly, a very comprehensive evaluation index system has been constructed. According to the theory of ecosystem, on the basis of fully absorbing the existing research results, from the perspective of comprehensiveness of indicators, a comprehensive evaluation index system for measuring the coordinated development of new urbanization and industrial structure evolution has been innovatively constructed, covering all the different factors that may affect the coordination of the two. The establishment of these indicators is systematic, scientific, rational, comparable, data-attainable, objective, and pioneering in academia.
Secondly, a method of empowering the combination of indicators was adopted. Considering the different degrees of influence of various factors on the coordinated development of new urbanization and industrial structure evolution, the combination of entropy weighting, analytic hierarchy process, and principal component analysis is used to improve the rationality andscientificity of index weights further. It circumvents the shortcomings of the measurement evaluation index system.
Thirdly, the calculation formula of coordinated development degree measurement is scientifically constructed, and a quantitative evaluation model of new urbanization and industrial structure coordinated development is established, and a new concept of coordination degree and coordinated development degree is proposed. Moreover, the type of coupling and coordination development is divided into seven different levels, which provides methodological guidance for scientifically finding gaps and making suggestions.
Fourth, make full use of the statistical yearbooks, statistical bulletins, environmental bulletins, and other data platforms of Hunan Province and various cities in 2000-2017.By collecting tens of thousands of raw data, the extreme value method is used to standardize the raw data of the indicator system. The data is authentic, accurate, and systematic.
Fifth, according to the historical data of Hunan Province from 2000 to 2017, an empirical study on the dynamic changes of the coordinated development degree of new urbanization and industrial structure evolution was carried out. From the aspects of a time dimension, structural function, dynamic trend, the coordination between the two systems, and the two systems are analyzed.
Sixth, a series of countermeasures are put forward to promote the coordinated development of new urbanization and industrial structure evolution. It will have a positive guiding significance for countries (regions) to solve the problems existing in the development of new urbanization and industrial structure, and to promote the coordinated development of new urbanization and industrial structure evolution.

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Collaboration network, intellectual property ability and degree of regional independent innovation: A moderated mediator model

Xie Qijun, Feng Chujian, Song Wei

2019, 40(11): 85-94.

Abstract ( 190 )

With the intensification of regional economic competition, innovation has become the driving force for countries to maintain sustained economic growth. From the implementation of the intellectual property strategy in 2008, to the innovation-driven development strategy in 2012, and the promulgation of the National Innovation-Driven Development Strategy Outline in 2016, innovation is already in a very important position in China. Under internal and external pressures, the economic competition between provinces in China is becoming increasingly fierce, and technological innovation is an important way to keep long-term sustainable economic growth. Therefore, all provinces are actively increasing innovation investment to promote scientific and technological progress. However, because of differences in resource endowment, policy environment, and economic base, innovation and development in various provinces are not balanced. The cooperative innovation is considered to be an important way to make up for the unbalanced development. Due to the increasing demand for scientific and technological resources of innovation development, in the case that the innovation elements in the region are difficult to meet, cross-regional cooperation can promote the flow and sharing of innovation resources between different regions. Participation in collaborative innovation can let regions take advantage of chances in knowledge exchange and innovation output, and enhance their innovation performance through a combination of diversifying knowledge. This can alleviate the problem of unbalanced innovation development among regions and enhance the ability of regional independent innovation.
In addition, as the importance of knowledge management is growing, intellectual property is increasingly important for innovation. Intellectual property as a result of innovation is an important support for generating income and enhancing competitiveness. For a region, intellectual property can promote technological advancement, promote regional innovation, and contribute to economic growth. At the regional level, there are few literatures focusing on factors influencing regional independent innovation from the perspective of collaborative innovation networks and intellectual property capabilities. However, exploring the mechanism of collaborative networks affecting regional independent innovation through intellectual property capabilities can enrich the theoretical research on regional innovation. Moreover, it has important practical significance for promoting independent innovation in provinces. Therefore, from the perspective of social network, this paper attempts to explore the mediating role of intellectual property ability in the relationship between collaborative networks and regional independent innovation as well as the moderating effect of regional environment (such as openness and institutional factors) in above relationship with the help of social network analysis, principal component analysis and regression analysis.
We have taken the following steps to solve the above problem. First, calculating the network characteristic index values. We screen out the number of collaborative papers between each two regions and then build a collaboration matrix. Based on the cooperation matrix, we apply UCINET software to calculate network characteristic index values of 31 provinces in China. Second, evaluating regional intellectual property ability. According to previous research, this study establishes an evaluation index system of regional intellectual property ability from intellectual property creation, utilization, protection, management and service. And the principal component analysis is used to calculate the intellectual property comprehensive ability of each province with SPSS software. Last but not the least, investigating the path of collaboration network affecting the regional independent innovation through intellectual property ability. We use stepwise regression to test mediating effect of intellectual property ability in the relationship between collaboration network and regional independent innovation. Then we also apply stepwise regression to examine the moderating effect of openness and institutional factor in the relationship between intellectual property ability and regional independent innovation.
The findings show that intellectual property ability and the characteristics of the cooperative network (such as cluster coefficient, structural hole, degree centrality, closeness centrality and betweeness centrality) have positively effect on regional independent innovation, which means that a region with higher intellectual property ability or more important position in cooperation network tends to have a higher degree of independent innovation. In addition, intellectual property ability plays a part mediating role in the relationship of cluster coefficient, structural hole, degree centrality, closeness centrality and betweeness centrality and regional independent innovation. The existing literature has less research on the mediating effect of intellectual property capabilities. No similar conclusions have been drawn, either. However, the conclusion of this paper helps researchers to better understand the mechanisms of how collaboration innovation network influences regional independent innovation through regional intellectual property capabilities.
Moreover, openness plays a cross-moderating effect role in the relationship between intellectual property ability and regional independent innovation. It means that when the intellectual property capacity of a province is weak, low openness is helpful to strengthen regional independent innovation, in contrast, when regional intellectual property capacity is enhanced, increasing openness is conducive to regional independent innovation. The reason for this conclusion may be that when a province’s intellectual property capacity is weak, high openness will not make the imported technology digested and absorbed in time, which is not conducive to regional independent innovation; and when the region has certain intellectual property ability, high openness can make a large influx of advanced technology, and the region has the ability to digest and absorb some of these technologies and turn them into intellectual property rights, thereby promoting regional independent innovation. Furthermore, institutional factor negatively moderates the effect of intellectual property ability on regional independent innovation, which means that higher institutional factor is not conducive to regional independent innovation. The reason may be that there are too many interventions in innovation, but it has a certain inhibitory effect on regional independent innovation. The high institutional factor provided by the government may not achieve the desired promotion effect. Overall, this paper not only clarifies the mechanism of collaborative innovation network and intellectual property ability affecting regional innovation, but also provides the reference of policy-making about promoting the development of the regional independent innovation.

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A research on the opportunities and times of China’s overseas investment in nuclear powers based on the Bass model

Liu Bing，Li Yuqiong，Liu Yun

2019, 40(11): 95-101.

Abstract ( 146 )

Chinese government expects to invest aggressively in overseas nuclear power (NP) as an important focus of the Belt and Road Initiative. However, there is a decision-making dilemma to seize the emergent market and face the high risk of investment. After more than 30 years of efforts, China has finally grasped the 3rd generations of NP technology with independent intellectual property rights, and has the ability to dominate the overall overseas NP projects. The State Council attaches great importance to the strategy of NP-going-out and calls for it to be translated into concrete actions as soon as possible. However, NP enterprises need to seize key going-out opportunities, and the failure rate of investment at the wrong time is as high as 80%. Traditional investment decision-making methods are not suitable for NP, and the error between predicted value and actual value is large. It is necessary to develop reliable analysis tools for accurately grasping the investment opportunities on emergent market & technology of NP.
After the emergence of the 3rd generations of NP technology, the uncertainty of the industrial competitive environment and the abundance of industrial profits are significantly higher; the international competition in NP market is also more intense, and France, Russia et. are exploring overseas markets. With the development of the Belt and Road Initiative, the opportunity window is getting bigger and bigger for China. The opening and closing of the window of opportunity is affected by both technology and market. It is the greatest challenge for investment management to grasp the opportunities faced with emerging technologies and markets. There is a great difference between NP investment and large-scale products. Traditional cost, sales and other significant factors are not significant for NP investment. Complex technological behavior accompanies the whole process of NP construction and maintenance, and significantly affects the opening of the opportunity window. The first adopters of new nuclear technology can occupy the market by technological monopoly and obtain excess profits, which will attract many countries to follow. NP project belongs to complex product system, it shows the herding effect of innovation imitation is weak, the cost of forerunner’ technology advantage is low, and the profit maintenance stage is long for investors. So，it is an important investors’ opportunity window at the leading stage. It is used to abstract the complex process of nuclear technology diffusion via Bass model. The largest cumulative installed capacity of NP market represents the market potential of the third generation of new NP technology, and the innovation coefficient represents the degree of influence of the third generation NP market in China, such as France, Russia and other developed countries; the imitation coefficient represents the influence of the host country’s market behavior by our country or has already adopted the third generation NP technology country’s influence degree.
Analyzing the diffusion characteristics of NP technology and the hypothesis of classical Bass model, found that there is a good fit between them. The maximum possible cumulative installed capacity of the international NP market, indicating the market potential of the third generation of new nuclear technology; innovation coefficient represents the extent to which the market behavior of the third generation of NP in China, HRP1000, is affected by other technologies from France and Russia and so on; imitation coefficient represents the extent to which the market behavior of the host country is affected by HRP1000 or other third generation NP technology. In the model, the ratio of accumulative installed units to potential users at t-time, represents the diffusion speed of the third generation NP technology at t time ; then the time when the technology-diffusion speed is the greatest, is called inflection point or critical point, which is regarded as the termination time of decision-making for the adoption of new technologies, and the stage from adoption to termination is the window of opportunity. NP "going out" is essentially a kind of commercial export behavior. Through the construction of FOAK(first of a kind), it is proved that the new technology can greatly improve efficiency and reduce costs, attract many countries to develop NP to join the ranks of imitators. The process of NP technology diffusion is a "learning- Digestion -adoption" process. Found by fitting the diffusion characteristics of NP technology with the classical Bass model, the larger of the technological innovation coefficient the smaller the width of the opportunity window, conversely the larger the imitation coefficient the greater of the opportunity window. The knowledge attribute of the third generation of NP technology in China is very obvious, and difficult to change to public knowledge. So, the transformation cycle is very long. By the Bass model of NP technology diffusion, we use the time series indices of single power unit of NP plant describe the diffusion speed of NP technology. By iterating the income curve and the cost curve, it is found that the best time to enter the opportunity window is not the same time as the best time to return, and the best time is always after the peak value of the income curve.
Though Fukushima Nuclear Accident has a significant impact on safety technology, the best time for overseas investment in NP is bound to be more delayed than the peak value of market earnings forecast. China’s overseas investment opportunities in NP is not mature,so they should strengthen the construction of cooperative networks with the host country, and wait for the best time to enter.

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Innovative effect of exploring and exploiting internationalization:A matching test based on contingency theory

Wu Hang, Chen Jin

2019, 40(11): 102-110.

Abstract ( 216 )

Entering into international market has become an important strategic choice for Chinese firms to connect with international innovation sources to explore new knowledge and resources, and to exploit technological and market advantages to achieve economies of scale. Although Chinese firms have shown great enthusiasm for globalization, the outcome of implementing internationalization strategy is uneven. In other words, although a group of companies such as Geely and Haier have achieved great success in the international markets and promoted the great development of technological innovation, there are also a large number of firms losing their innovation expectations in the process of internationalization. Therefore, it is theoretically necessary to further study the innovation mechanism of firm’ internationalization.
Existing research has paid great attention to the study on the relationship between internationalization and innovation, but has not reached a consensus conclusion. Empirical studies show that internationalization has a positive, negative, U-type and even no impact on innovation, the reason for which is that there are two theoretical gaps in existing research. On the one hand, existing research regards internationalization as an overall strategy, and there is no empirical test on the impacting mechanism of differentiated internationalization strategies on innovation performance. In fact, Makino et al. (2002) have already pointed out that there are differences in the motives of internationalization, including asset search and asset utilization.Prange and Verdier (2011) further pointed out that the implementation of internationalization strategy is a process of combining exploration and utilization. Awate et al. (2015) believe that firm’s internationalization can be understood from two aspects including capacity creation and capacity utilization. Therefore, it is necessary to further subdivide internationalization and deeply analyze the affecting mechanism of different internationalization strategies on innovation performance.
〖JP3〗On the other hand, scholars explain the influencing mechanism of internationalization on innovation based on resource view and organizational learning theory, both of which do not uncover the affecting conditions of resource and learning on innovation. According to the logic of contingency theory, the innovation effect of internationalization strategy depends on the matching degree of internationalization strategy selection with organization, strategy and environmental factors. In fact, the contingency theory has long been reflected in the field of internationalization. For example, Dunning (1981) believes that the success of enterprise internationalization lies in its ownership advantage, location advantage and internalization advantage.Brouthers et al. (1999) further suggested that the implementation of internationalization strategy needs to match the ownership, location and internalization advantages. However, existing research often regards internationalization as an overall strategy, and does not study the innovative effects of different internationalization strategies under the framework of contingency thinking. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate the theory of internationalization and contingency theory, and explore the conditions for the implementation of different internationalization strategies.
In view of this, this paper firstly divides internationalization into exploratory and exploitative internationalization based on the organizational learning theory. According to the perspective of organizational learning theory, both exploration and exploitation involve organizational learning. The difference is that exploratory learning is a search for new domain knowledge in a large scope, while exploitative learning is deep in the known narrow range. Therefore, exploratory internationalization represents a learning activity that searches extensively for new knowledge in the international market, and exploitative internationalization represents a learning activity that utilizes its own resources and knowledge in the international market. Secondly, based on large sample survey of 227 Chinese manufacturing firms, this paper examines the relationship between exploratory internationalization, exploitative internationalization and innovation performance. Except that, we also test the moderating effect of firm age, host-home country similarity and international environmental dynamism.
The results show that exploratory and exploitative internationalization both have a positive relationship with innovation performance, and exploratory internationalization has greater consequences on innovation performance compared to exploitative internationalization. Otherwise, selection of international strategy must fit the organizational, strategic and environmental factors to maximize innovation. Young firms are better able to improve their innovation performance in the process of implementing exploitative internationalization, and older firms are better able to enhance their innovation performance in the process of implementing exploratory internationalization. When choosing to enter a market with high similarity to the home country, firms can obtain innovative income from exploitative internationalization, and when choosing to enter a market with low similarity with the home country, firms can obtain innovative income from exploratory internationalization. When the international environment is highly volatile, the implementation of exploratory internationalization can enhance innovation performance, and when the international environment is stable, the implementation of exploitative internationalization can improve innovation performance.
This study contributes to the classification theory of internationalization strategies by Makino et al. (2002),Prange and Verdier (2011), further subdivides the internationalization strategy into exploratory and exploitative internationalization, and empirically analyzes the impact of two internationalization strategies on innovation performance. More importantly, this study integrates contingency theory in the traditional framework of the theoretical research on the relationship between internationalization and innovation, and argues that the impact of exploratory and exploitative internationalization on innovation performance depends on the fitness of two internationalization strategies with firm age, the similarity between home country and host country, and the turbulence of the international environment, which responds to the previous contradictory relationship between internationalization and innovation, and makes up for the theoretical gap in previous international studies.
This study has practical guiding significance for business managers. On the one hand, business managers should be aware that the implementation of exploratory and exploitative activities in foreign markets can promote innovation. On the other hand, the implementation of internationalization strategy must match organizational, strategic and environmental factors. For young firms, firms that choose to enter overseas markets similar to those in their home countries, or those firms operating in overseas markets with low environmental turmoil, they should implement exploitative strategy in the international market. In contrast, for older firms, firms that choose to enter overseas markets different to those in their home countries, or those firms operating in overseas markets with high environmental turmoil, they should implement exploration strategies in the international market.

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An evaluation of the dynamic performance of enterprise’s mainstream and new stream innovations based on the FCM model

Wu Cilian, Zhu Bin

2019, 40(11): 111-122.

Abstract ( 199 )

The action of “Made in China 2025” points out that innovation should be given a prominent position in the development of manufacturing industry and the path of innovation-driven development should be followed. Innovation is the foundation of enterprises’ survival as well as the guarantee of realizing the strategy of strengthening China through science and technology. In the face of the fierce competition, enterprises should not only improve and upgrade the traditional technology to extend the life cycle, but also strive to develop new technology to keep ahead before the decline of traditional technology. We can subdivide the enterprise’s innovation activities into traditional mainstream innovation and emerging new stream innovation. However, none of the existing studies have been able to subdivide the innovation activity before the performance evaluation, and almost all of the studies just focus on the static evaluation, which is not conducive to accurately grasp the advantages and disadvantages of traditional and emerging innovation fields and also lacks the ability of dynamic prediction of performance, and the ability to analyze the impact mechanism of key variables on dynamic performance.
Therefore, this paper adopted the method of combining theoretical reasoning with empirical research. Firstly, the innovation activities were divided into mainstream and new stream innovation, and the semi-structural interview method was used to obtain the key variables which will affect the dynamic performance of mainstream and new stream innovation through open communication with the heads of scientific research department, senior managers of enterprise, experts and scholars of universities; secondly, according to the definition of the variables, qualitative clustering method was adopted to classify the variables, a dynamic performance evaluation system was constructed, the fuzzy cognitive maps were drawn to highlight the characteristics of mainstream and new stream innovation and to reflect the causal relationship between the evaluation variables, and the adjacency matrix was constructed by synthesizing the experts’ opinion and Hebbian learning weight; thirdly, regarding the R&D activities of traditional fuel vehicles of company A as mainstream innovation and the R&D activities of new energy vehicles as new stream innovation, taking the index value of 2016 as the initial state value, using the MATLAB software to simulate the evolution process of dynamic innovation performance of mainstream and new stream; finally, according to the adjacency matrix, the center degree of the variable was calculated, and the influencing mechanism of key variables on dynamic performance was explored.
The case study showed that the fuzzy cognitive map can clearly reflect the logical relationship between the variables of the mainstream and new stream innovation system, the adjacency matrix and threshold function can simulate the future evolution trend of innovation performance and explore the mechanism of key variables on dynamic performance. For example, the evolution of innovation performance of traditional fuel vehicles is affected by the following variables, such as the innovation efficiency of scientific research team, the external market competition, the innovation incentive mechanism, the entrepreneur’s innovation consciousness, the innovation ability, the innovation frequency and the marketing strength and so on. On the other hand, the innovation performance of new energy is mainly affected by the following variables, such as the forward looking of the R&D team, the dynamic capability of the R&D team, the government subsidies, the innovation culture of risk-preference, the technology foundation, the innovation frequency, the financial subsidies for product sales and the adoption rate of predictive customer’s suggestion.
According to the results of empirical analysis, this paper put forward the following suggestions. In terms of mainstream innovation management: (1) in order to strengthen the innovation foundation, the decision-makers should pay attention to cultivate the innovation ability, cooperate with the universities and research institutes, increase the internal fund investment and optimize the R&D team; (2) the enterprises should create an innovative corporate culture, optimize product design and production process, strengthen technical research in key areas, increase the number of technical innovation projects, and improve the frequency of innovation to achieve technological breakthrough；(3) the enterprises should optimize the innovation incentive mechanism to active the innovation atmosphere, and improve the innovation efficiency of the R&D team; (4) the enterprises must pay attention to the selection of marketing methods, through market research, reasonably determine the publicity media to improve the effectiveness of publicity; (5) the government should raise the threshold of innovation subsidies, establish a selection mechanism and elimination mechanism, strengthen the positive incentive effect of subsidies on standardizing and trustworthy enterprises, and implement a subsidy withdrawal mechanism to force the enterprises to carry out technological innovation. In addition, in the process of new stream innovation, it is necessary to emphasize the forward-looking of R&D team to achieve technological leadership; to pay attention to cultivate the innovative dynamic ability; to create an innovative and risk taking culture; to strengthen the effective communication between upstream and downstream enterprises, internal departments, enterprises and consumers; to improve the performance of products by the suggestions from business partners and customers.
The innovations of this paper were shown as follows: two dynamic performance evaluation index systems were constructed which can reflect the different characteristics between mainstream and new stream, two fuzzy cognitive maps were drawn to show the causal relationship between the dynamic evaluation variables, the weighting method of the adjacency matrix was improved, the key influencing variables of dynamic performance were identified by using the centrality theory, the influencing mechanism of the key influencing variables on the dynamic performance were simulated with the computer.
This paper is useful for the managers to make dynamic prediction of innovation performance, for decision-makers to grasp the difference of innovation performance between enterprise’s traditional and emerging technology, and to realize the whole-process monitoring of innovation performance. Therefore, this study has certain theoretical significance and practical value.

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Sequential evolution of technological capabilities for complex engineering machinery manufacturing firms: A longitudinal case study of Sany and Zoomlion

Zhang Dongmei, Shi Yanan, Xu Yusen

2019, 40(11): 123-133.

Abstract ( 260 )

The manufacturing of complex construction machinery is a typical technology-intensive industry with a long industrial and technology chain, and involves many disciplines and technical fields. Since 2012, the sales volume and sales revenue of China’s construction machinery industry have ranked first in the world for many years. Some of its products have reached international leading standards in terms of technological level, and some brands have gained a certain reputation in the world. It is noteworthy that the innovation in construction machinery is still hard to catch up in China. Among the 2,000 construction machinery enterprises, only a few enterprises, such as Sany Heavy Industry Company and Zoomlion Company, have achieved steady catch-up, while most enterprises are still at the low of the industrial and technology chain. The above facts lead to the following question: Why are there obvious gaps in the process of innovation catch-up among latecomer enterprises? Judging from experience, the improvement of technical ability is the inevitable way for traditional manufacturing enterprises to get rid of the competitive predicament, establish new competitive advantages and realize the later developing enterprises to catch up with innovation.
From the perspective of technical capabilities, most of the existing researches have explored the gradual improvement of technological capabilities of late-stage enterprises in the process of innovation catch-up. It suggested that enterprise acquire relatively elementary technological capabilities at the beginning then develop to more advanced technological capabilities; and also highlight the evolution of technical capability from low to high level, and suggest low-level technology is the basis of higher-level technology and it promotes the development of higher-level technology. However, the research on the role of high level technology to low level technology and the relationship between various levels of technical capability still needs to be deepened. Also, the bulk of previous literature have focused their attention on the single factor mainly belonging to the two broad categories of organizational learning and resource governance influencing the improvement of technological capabilities. The paper highlight the role played by the combination of the organizational learning, resource management and technical capabilities to analyze the innovation catch-up process of the latecomer enterprises and reveal the objective laws and evolution laws.
The paper takes two listed companies which have successfully achieved innovation catch-up in the field of engineering production and manufacturing, as the case study objects and use the procedures and methods of grounded theory to summarizes the representative laws of the technological capability upgrading, organizational learning as well as resource governance activities in the process of innovation catching-up of the two enterprises.
〖JP2〗The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) It is pointed out that the technological capabilities of complex equipment manufacturing enterprises generally include assembly and processing capabilities, manufacturing equipment and testing equipment capabilities, key components design and manufacturing capabilities to technical standards and new technological principles development capabilities, which form an interrelated system from low to high level. The existing theory of progressive capability development emphasizes the supporting role of low-level technological capabilities to high-level technological capabilities, but it does not reveal the promoting role of high-level technological capabilities to low-level technological capabilities. This paper further finds that high echelon technological capabilities also have pulling effects on low echelon technological capabilities. It reveals the “mutual promotion” law between high-level and low-level technological capability, and the law of “sequential” model has been raised. (2) The research found that with the improvement of technological capability, the organizational learning and resource governance activities of enterprises also show the characteristics of “sequential” evolution. Organizational learning has gradually evolved from exploitative learning, non-linear learning to global exploratory learning, and resource governance has gradually evolved from externalized and relational governance to global market and internalized governance. At the same time, it reveals the matching relationship among technological capability system, organizational learning and resource governance. (3) Mastering knowledge of technology and engineering science are the key factors to enhance the core technological capability of manufacturing enterprises of complex construction machinery, which should be paid close attention to in the whole process of innovation catch-up.
The above conclusions are helpful to guide the innovation catch-up practice of Chinese enterprises in the following three aspects: First, Sequential model is helpful for later-developing enterprises to identify the key development objects in the technological capability system according to their catching-up stage. It enlightens catch-up enterprises to cultivate high-level technological capabilities in advance, and then promote the overall technological capability system of enterprises. Second, it is also necessary to actively promote the sequential development of organizational learning and resource governance activities, so as to support the sequential upgrading of technological capabilities. Actively guiding and promoting organizational learning activities should evolve from exploitative and non-linear learning to global exploratory learning; resource governance activities should evolve from externalization and relationship governance to global local market and internalization governance. Third, it suggests that enterprises should attach importance to the mastery of technological and engineering scientific knowledge. In fact, insufficient attention to the importance of technology and engineering science knowledge and investment in resources have restricted the innovation catching-up process of China’s later complex construction machinery manufacturing enterprises to a certain extent.
It should be pointed out that it is necessary to simplify the actual evolution process and various characteristics of the object of study, so as to make the results easy to remember and disseminate. The applicability of the “sequential” model summarized in this paper also has some limitations. In addition, the conclusions drawn from the inductive analysis of limited cases also have some limitations. Therefore，it requires further revise the conceptual framework proposed in this study based on the typical cases in different countries and regions in the future．

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Method of measurement and an empirical research of technology convergence based on patents

Lou Yan, Yang Peipei, Huang Lucheng

2019, 40(11): 134-145.

Abstract ( 304 )

With the development of science and technology, knowledge flow is constantly occurring among multidisciplinary fields, leading to the frequent convergence of different technologies. Early identification and detection of it will help companies find opportunities promptly and adjust technological innovation strategies. The existing measurement and prediction research of technology convergence based on patent have not formed a complete system yet. Aiming at this gap, a framework of measuring technology convergence is proposed. Based on patent data, the framework analyzes it from the perspectives of polymerizability, coupling, and equilibrium. The overall network formed by the technology convergence and the technical subjects that constitute the network are analyzed in detail. Finally, the equilibrium degree of the network is also studied. The model is verified by the convergence of pure electric vehicle technology and information technology in the Derwent patent database. Finally, based on the three dimensions, it is possible to screen out technologies that have a high level and a wide range of convergence, as well as a relatively stable technology portfolio. Relevant companies and R&D structures can conduct selective research and development according to the selected optimal technology or portfolio and promote the convergence and upgrading of related industries.
Nowadays, with the development of the digital economy, the complementary effects between technologies are constantly increasing, and the technological intersection between different industries is becoming more and more obvious. A single technology can no longer dominate a field, and single-subject knowledge can no longer meet the rapid development of society. At the same time, a single organization will meet with many uncertainties in the face of complex and changeable environment. Technology convergence drives technological improvement and industrial upgrading through mechanisms such as infiltration, crossover, and reorganization. It can also promote the interaction between different disciplines and provide a basis for solving various technological problems. Technology convergence also promotes cooperation among different organizations and improves innovation efficiency.
However, the existing patent-based measurement of technology convergence and prediction research has not yet formed a complete system. In terms of objectivity, patent is an indicator of technological innovation, which has been widely used to measure innovative output and is a relatively accurate index. Therefore, this paper takes patent information as an effective data source based on the classification and shows the current situation of technology convergence in the period of 2004-2014 by using technology co-occurrence map in macro-measurement. In the micro-analysis, technology convergence is measured bypolymerizability, coupling and equilibrium. Polymerizability mainly focuses on the network composed of various technologies. Coupling mainly measures technology convergence by taking each technology as the main body. Finally, the equilibrium of the network formed by technology convergence is also measured. Among them, the polymerizability is measured from three aspects: network density, network centrality and Φ index. Compared to the polymerizability, the coupling is concerned with the correlation between a module and other modules, mainly from the perspective of intensity and coverage. The measure of equilibrium is based on the information entropy.
With the aggravation of environmental pollution and the shortage of resources, many countries begin to develop new energy industry vigorously. As an important project of new energy vehicles, pure electric vehicles have been supported by the government and received widely concerned by people in recent years, but their technical system is still immature. Therefore, this paper mainly explores the convergence status of information technology and pure electric vehicle technology and points out the existing research and development priorities, which can provide guidance for future research and development activities according to the convergence situation.
In the case study, patents of pure electric vehicle technology and information technology are collected between 2004 and 2014. In the technology co-occurrence map of macro-analysis, the trend of technology convergence during 2004-2014 is analyzed and divided into three periods. The combinations of technologies with strongest relationships are G06F-H02J, H03K-H02M and H04N-B60R in 2004-2007, and G06F-H02J, H04N-B60R and G08C-G01R in 2008-2011. Compared with the previous period, more fields of information technology and pure electric vehicles are merging, although the intensity is lower, but the types are increasing, which indicates that the technology convergence in this period is developing towards diversification. The most powerful ones in 2012-2014 are G06F-H02J, H04N-B60R and H04B-H02J and the types of convergence in these two fields are also increasing compared with the period of 2008-2011. In microscopic analysis, from the three dimensions ofpolymerizability, coupling and equilibrium, it can be seen that G05F-H02M, G05F-H02J, G06F-B60L and G07C-B60W have higher convergence degree and quality, and they also have better development prospects. As for single technology, the distribution rate and coverage of B60W, B60R and G06F are at a high level, which indicates that there are many kinds of technologies converging with them, and the number of technologies they converge with is also increasing. From the perspective of equilibrium, in recent years, the convergence of information technology and pure electric vehicle technology is in an undulate and variable stage, and the most influential are H02J and G06G. In future R&D, relevant researchers and R&D institutes can select technology portfolios in strong convergence situation and emerging areas according to quadrant maps, which can guarantee a high rate of return. It is also possible to work on technologies with strong stability, so that the relevant investment can obtain relatively stable benefits.
The measurement of future technology convergence can also be further improved. In addition to the patent co-occurrence, it can also take the cooperation between institutions and individuals in different fields into account to further explore technology convergence. At the same time, it is also possible to consider the scenario where more than two technologies are converged, so as to more comprehensively study the future convergence trend.
In summary, this paper gives a new definition of technology convergence through patent-based measurement method, which lays a foundation for future patent-based measurement. Secondly, this paper proposes a relatively complete measurement method of technology convergence, which not only considers the overall internal convergence of the network formed by technology convergence, but also considers the different technologies that constitute the network and the coupling between different modules. Finally, the equilibrium of the network is explored.

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Technology transfer, new product development and firm performance

Xu Guojun, Yang Jianjun

2019, 40(11): 146-154.

Abstract ( 278 )

With the intensification of global competition, the acceleration of technological change and the surge of market demand, enterprises have realized that they should not only promote knowledge sharing among employees and departments, but also carry out inter-organizational knowledge transfer, so as to expand their knowledge base and improve their performance. Although studies have found that knowledge transfer between enterprises can help knowledge recipients to obtain higher sales, improve product profit margin, market share and operating efficiency. However, few literature have deeply explored the influence of knowledge transfer and its complexity on the performance of knowledge recipients. Technology can be regarded as a form of knowledge. Acquiring and integrating technology from external knowledge sources is the key factor for enterprises to enhance their own technical capabilities and establish competitive advantages.
Firstly, literature suggests that there are differences in the scope and level of knowledge involved in technical exchange and technology transfer. The former is a discrete proprietary technology used to solve a specific engineering problem and tends to transfer relatively narrow and simple information resources. The latter is often a collection of techniques, approaches, and designs to solve a set of technical challenges that involve higher-level capabilities in the enterprise. Thus, it is a good supplement to the literature to compare the impact of technical exchange and technology transfer on the performance of technology recipients from the perspective of technology.
Secondly, how do technical exchange and technology transfer affect the performance of technology recipients? The literature on knowledge transfer and enterprises’ performance mainly interprets its influence mechanism from the perspective of organizational learning and knowledge creation. However, technical exchange and technology transfer involve more technology exchange activities between enterprises, which will especially affect the development of new products of technology recipients. At the same time, new product development, as an enterprise’s activity to create new products or improve existing products by utilizing resources and capabilities, mainly involves the new product creativity and new product development speed. The former is generally determined in the early stage of new product development and mainly depends on the acquisition and development of new ideas. The latter is more dependent on later stages, such as prototype development, industrial manufacturing, and mainly depends on efficient processes. Therefore, it is of great theoretical significance to explore the mediating role of these two factors to reveal the black box of technology transfer affecting the performance of technology recipients.
Finally, what contingency factors affect the above mechanism? According to the absorptive capacity theory, not all enterprises can effectively acquire, absorb, transform and utilize knowledge due to the differences in their absorptive capacity. Absorptive capacity can be divided into potential absorptive capacity andrealized absorptive capacity. The former refers to the enterprises’ ability to receive external knowledge, while the latter emphasizes the enterprises’ ability to use knowledge and transform it into innovation output. Enterprises with high realized absorptive capacity are more likely to absorb useful technical knowledge through technology transfer and apply it to the process of new product development, so as to improve enterprises’ performance. Therefore, this paper will study the moderating role of the realized absorptive capacity of the technology recipients in the above intermediary mechanism, so as to further clarify the function boundary of the intermediary mechanism.
In this study, we focus on the new product development process of Chinese manufacturing and high-technology enterprises. Taking the manufacturing and high-technology enterprises in Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Henan, Hebei and Fujian as samples, they are mainly distributed in the mechanical, electrical, energy, chemical, electronic and electrical industries. For each sample, questionnaires A and B are designed. The data in questionnaire A are mainly from major shareholders, directors and senior executives of enterprises, while the data in questionnaire B are mainly from department managers. During the research period from December 2014 to April 2015, data were collected mainly through face-to-face research and supplemented by E-mail. A total of 525 questionnaires were issued and 348 questionnaires were recovered, with a recovery rate of 66.29%. A total of 249 valid questionnaires were issued, with an effective rate of 71.56%. And we examine the effects of two forms of technology transfer between cooperative partners on performance of technology recipients. In addition, we explore the mediating role of new product creativity and new product development speed, and the moderating role of realized absorptive capacity.
The findings of the study are as follows. First, although literature has studied the influence of inter-firm knowledge transfer on the performance of knowledge recipients, few literature have studied the specific content of knowledge transfer and the influence of technology transfer on the performance of technology recipients. The findings show that technology transfer is more strongly associated with new product development speed and firm performance of technology recipients than technical exchange.
Second, the research shows that the influence of technical exchange and technology transfer on new product creativity and new product development speed of technology recipients is different. Technical exchange is more strongly associated with new product creativity of technology recipients than technology transfer.
Third, technical exchange has an indirect, positive relationship, via new product creativity, with firm performance of technology recipients. Technology transfer has an indirect, positive relationship, via new product development speed, with firm performance of technology recipients. This makes the mediating effect between technology transfer and enterprises’ performance more specific and explicit.
Last, previous studies have shown that the acquisition and absorption of external knowledge is not enough to help enterprises build competitive advantages unless they can use and transform it more efficiently than their competitors. Another finding is that the mediation effect of new product creativity is stronger when realized absorptive capacity of technology recipients is high. Therefore, it is of great theoretical value to discover the moderating role of realized absorptive capacity of technology recipients in the intermediary path of "technology transfer, new product development and enterprises’ performance" for a deeper understanding of the mechanism that technology transfer drives the performance of technology recipients.

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Foreign technical control and foreign sole ownership trap in Sino-foreign joint ventures

Liu Ting, Zhang Mengming

2019, 40(11): 155-163.

Abstract ( 215 )

In 1990s, the establishment of a joint venture is the main form for the foreign capital to enter the Chinese market. On the one hand, it was closely related to the strategic planning of the multinational enterprises. On the other hand, the Chinese government did not want the momentum of attracting foreign capital to be too excessive. Therefore, entering Chinese market in the form of sole proprietorship has been strictly restricted, and Chinese government put forward the slogan of "exchanging market for technology", and great policy encouragement has been given to the forms of joint ventures and cooperation. In some industries, there were strict restrictions on the proportion of equity between Chinese and foreign investors in joint ventures. However, our government has neglected the possible dynamic changes in the ownership structure of multinational enterprises. In fact, we can see from the practice of overseas investment of Japanese enterprises that when multinational enterprises enter the unfamiliar host market for the first time, especially in the developing countries market, they tend to take a cautious attitude towards holding in the initial stage, and tend to adopt a small shareholding strategy. But with the gradual familiarity and adaptation to the host country’s environment, the trend for multinational enterprises to increase their capital and expand their shares until they fully hold the investment will gradually emerge. It is with the objective of "exchanging market for technology", China opened up the national policy of introducing foreign investment. However, the reality showed that the "exchanging market for technology" policy has not obtained their target that the Chinese government expected. What’s more, it even brought the danger of "joint venture-conspiratorial losses-merger & acquisition" to Chinese business. The "joint venture-conspiratorial losses-M&A" risk is a gradual process. In fact, to take part in the Chinese market more easily, the foreign enterprises need Chinese corporations to act as springboards, which means first they build JVs with Chinese corporations with some plan and after that, they take methods to harm the interests of the Sino-foreign joint ventures on purpose until they can acquire the Sino-foreign JVs without high cost. That is, they can accomplish their purpose of sole proprietorship of the joint ventures. The "conspiratorial loss" strategy brings difficulty for Chinese enterprises to learn advanced technology from foreign corporations. Though Chinese enterprises have paid high transaction costs and learning costs, they failed to achieve their desired results.
Both theoretical research and practical experience at home and abroad show that joint venture is only a form of strategic alliance among enterprises, and it is unstable in itself. Alliance is not the ultimate goal of an enterprise, but a method and means to maximize its own interests. China cherishes the hope of learning foreign advanced technology through joint ventures. However, in fact, the foreign side will not easily transfer technology and knowledge, but will adopt technology control and other means to prevent technology spillover. The foreign side may even intentionally consume the resources which the joint ventures need to enhance its technological innovation capability, or secretly transfer and monopolize the research results of its investment, so as to weaken the technological innovation capability of the joint ventures and facilitate it to obtain the final control of the joint ventures. The bad outcome of Sino-foreign joint ventures is often the result of the well-planned implementation of technology control by foreign parties.
The transition from "joint ventures" to "merger and acquisition" in the Sino-foreign JVs reduced the market space and benefit of Chinese business, and at the same time, threatened the target country’s industrials safety. It also caused bad effect to the host country’s national economy by hampering the economy’s healthy and orderly development. The decline of financial performance of the joint ventures is the main manifestation of "loss", but this "loss" is also reflected in the innovation performance of Sino-foreign JVs. The multinational corporations’ technoloy control over the joint ventures and the damage to their technological innovation capability by using their technological advantages is the main reason why joint ventures are helpless when facing " conspiratorial losses". We can draw a conclusion that technology control should be the most key means for the foreign enterprises to employ "conspiratorial losses". With the employment of technology control, the foreign corporations can on the one hand, impose strict technological blockade on the Chinese business to stop the spillover of their own knowledge, thus resulting in the Sino-foreign JVs’ rely on the foreign side. And on the other hand, it can bring great influence on the strategic decision-making and final performance of the joint ventures because of their right of making decisions and the power of using the technological investment. And with this method, the development of technological innovation ability of joint ventures has also been greatly damaged. Thus, it made it easy for foreign parties to manipulate the development trend of the joint ventures and promote the path change of "joint ventures " to "merger and acquisition". That means the Sino-foreign joint ventures’ risk of being taken over increased. 
Although many scholars have realized the application of technology control in the process of "joint venture-conspiratorial losses-M&A" transfer, most of them stop at theoretical analysis and we still need relevant empirical research to prove it. This paper empirically studies the relationship among foreign technical control, joint venture’s R&D investment, the technological innovation ability of the Sino-foreign JVs and the risk of the joint ventures being taken over with the panel data based on 2005-2007 year’s Industrial Enterprise Database. The results show that the foreign enterprises can hinder the improvement of the technological innovation ability of the joint ventures through technology control, thus increasing the risk of their being acquired; joint venture’s R&D investment will promote their technological innovation capacity, but at the same time increase their risk of being acquired; the weakening of the joint ventures’ technological innovation ability may significantly increase the risk of their being acquired. The research conclusions of this passage can play a positive role in the formulation and implementation of China’s relevant policies and the practice of attracting foreign investment.

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The offense-defense strategies against malware under the visual threshold of cyberspace security

Dong Kunxiang, Xie Zongxiao, Zhen Jie

2019, 40(11): 164-174.

Abstract ( 185 )

With the rapid development of information technology, the cyberspace which is composed of Internet, communication network, computer system, automation control system, digital equipment and its applications is changing the styles of people’s production and life, and improving the levels of enterprise automation and digitization. However, while enjoying the fruits of information technology, enterprises are also facing increasingly with complex cyberspace security threats. For example, frequency malware attacks and data breaches have led to the collapse of key infrastructure such as enterprise industrial control systems and information systems, which seriously endanger the digital assets and social reputation of the company. In order to deal with those problems, we explore how organizations and individuals should adopt the appropriate prevention strategies in response to both widespread attacks and quantitative attacks from malware to minimize enterprises’ security losses. The system dynamics method used in this paper is a useful tool to study complex information feedback systems. System dynamics method can analyze the attack and defense of malware from a dynamic, qualitative and quantitative perspective, which provides a way to explore the internal mechanism of malware attack and defense systems. So we applied the system dynamics method to analyze the hackers’ attack strategies and the users’ prevention strategies from the offense-defense perspective.
The existing literature on malware offensive and defensive research mainly focused on two aspects. One is the computer technology perspective, such as cryptography, detection technology, attack intention analysis and the attack, propagation and control of malware. The other is the economic management perspective. The literature has analyzed the economic protection strategies of organization and employees. However, the number of participants and prevention strategies of the literature is relatively one fold, who ignores the integrity of cyberspace security, the diversity of malware attacks and the combination of prevention strategies. So we attempt to integrate users, computers, attackers, security service providers and other entities from the perspective of cyberspace security by considering factors such as cost-benefit, technological progress and win-win cooperation, using the prevention and control requirements of ISO / IEC 27002:2013. Then we apply the system dynamics method, to analyze the effects of different prevention strategies in the process of malware attacks. Compared with the existing literature, this paper shows all the possible attacking types and defense strategies in the process of malware attack, which were comprehensively analyzed by the cross-over analysis of offense-defense strategies. The different characteristics of the attack modes are that the role of users and security service providers in the prevention process are considered in the malware propagation model. And the offense-defense strategies for information security in a dynamic perspective were built by using the system dynamics method, which could provide advice from the global view. The structure of this paper is described as follow.
Firstly, we described and analyzed three defense strategies, security education investment, tool investment and recovery investment, and ISO/IEC 27002:2013 standard requirements in the stage of prevention, response and recovery. Then based on the prevention strategies, malware infection process, ISO/IEC 27002:2013 standard requirements, literature and expert’s advice, we analyzed the causal feedback relationships of the malware attack and defense systems. According to the causal relationships between attackers, computers, security service providers and users, we proposed the attacking subsystem, malware infection subsystem, user’ protection subsystem and security service provider’s protection subsystem. Then the malware attacking offense-defense system dynamics models from the perspective of cyberspace were built up. And the equations and parameters of the models are confirmed according to the relationship between the various factors in the subsystem.
Secondly,we used the software of Vensim7 to simulate the dynamic model. The trends of widespread attacking and quantitative attacking of malware are simulated and analyzed according to parameters. The simulation results show that the number of infection computers is bigger in the quantitative attacking condition. And trends in security vulnerability, user loss, and security service provider stress over time are also more serious in quantitative attacking. Moreover, three defend users’ strategies’ performance of security education investment, security tool investment and recovery investment are evaluated and assessed. By the cross-over analysis of offense-defense strategies, we found that difference defended strategies should be taken in different protection stages.
Finally, based on the data of the UK’s enterprise cyberspace security status report, the stability and the reliability of the model results were verified, and the best malware prevention strategies under different target situations were further proposed: (1) Increasing security education investment and security tools investment could significantly reduce the spread of malware and the vulnerabilities in the stage of prevention and response. The recovery investment could reduce the losses in the recovery stage. (2) The combined strategies of security education investment and security tools investment is the best defend strategy, which can dramatically reduce the number of infected computers and vulnerability. Meanwhile, the combined strategy of security education investment, security tools investment and recovery investment works the best in reducing users’ losses. (3) In order to help user to adopt appropriate cyberspace security protection strategies, reduce the security vulnerability of user and improve their security defense capabilities, some countermeasures and suggestions were putted forward. First of all, the best choice for user is comprehensive defense. Only users emphasize the importance of cyberspace security in all aspects, which could reduce the vulnerability of the system and effectively prevent widespread attacks. Second, users should increase security education investment and tool investment in the early stage, which could effectively prevent most malware attacks. Once the system is attacked, users and security service providers should cooperate to reduce losses in time. And in the recovery stage, users should invest to recovery, and make good records to prevent similar security incidents in the future. Third, in order to effectively defend against malware attacks, the combination prevention strategies of security education investment and security tools investment should be adopted by the users, if the cost and defense effect are considered. If users’ goal is to minimize attacking losses the combination strategy of security education investment, security tool investment and recovery investment should be adopted. And in fact, users should also consider their market reputation. If users take investment to recover the loss, they would restore the reputation in the public immediately.

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An empirical study of switching intention to cloud ERP systems from the perspective of multiple theories

Zhang Yuwei1， Xing Wen2, Xu Qian1, Guan Jixing3

2019, 40(11): 175-184.

Abstract ( 316 )

With the continuous development of cloud computing, enterprise information technology has undergone major changes. Users can use cloud computing services to seamlessly link their information through any device anywhere anytime. Due to the many advantages of cloud services, the gradual maturity of technology, and the support of national industrial policies, the cloud computing industry has ushered in a rapid development stage. According to International Data Corporation, global cloud computing information technology infrastructure investment will grow from $37.1 billion to $59.5 billion from 2016 to 2020. In the future, factors such as big data will bring more opportunities to cloud computing industry and will accelerate the development of cloud computing application models.
Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are software under a typical cloud computing architecture that can solve large-scale concurrent applications, cluster management, mass storage, and complex functions. Cloud ERP systems can be software as a service (SaaS, Software as a Service), which can be used at any time, expands at any time, and on-demand. Enterprises pay for the needed service and do not need to pay the copyright license fee, which helps enterprises to save a large amount of ERP system costs. Compared with traditional ERP systems, information technology hardware deployment is required, the software implementation is cumbersome, and the price is high. The progress and advantages of cloud ERP systems are more obvious, so more and more enterprises are willing to consider adopting cloud ERP systems.
Relevant research on the adoption and acceptation of new technologies has a certain academic foundation in the contexts ofERP systems and cloud computing. However, in most enterprises, enterprise information systems has been deployed, and the advantages of cloud computing have been widely recognized. More practical considerations should be the switching issue from traditional enterprise information systems to cloud enterprise information systems. Switching to information technology is mainly targeted at the application software used by individuals, such as the switching of browsers, the switching between two e-commerce platforms or the switching to cloud office applications, but no prior works is dedicated to the switching to enterprise information systems in enterprises.
When adopting application software, individuals simply pay attention to the benefits brought by the system and the ease of use of the system interface. Past research pointed out that individuals switch to other browsers because of the usefulness, ease of use, and security of the browser. Individuals switch to the e-commerce platform because of the benefits of the website function. However, when enterprises adopt enterprise information systems, enterprise information systems implementation involves a larger scale of information storage transmission, which requires a more comprehensive evaluation. When enterprises must switch all internal processes and information to cloud platform, the stability of the cloud system, the real-time and integration of information, and the maintenance of cloud service providers are all important. As a result, personal applications and enterprise information systems applications are completely different, so companies should consider more factors when switching to cloud enterprise information systems.
This study investigates the intention to switch to cloud enterprise information systems. The cloud ERP system is a common application of public cloud services, so we target at cloud ERP systems. We develop a theoretical framework for enterprise information systems based on the technology acceptance model and the information systems success model. The technology acceptance model posited that the individual’s behavioral intention is determined by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Because cloud ERP systems continue the basic characteristics of ERP systems, such as high-performance systems, timely information, and the service quality provided by cloud service providers, it may be useful to evaluate the usefulness of enterprises’ switching to cloud ERP systems. In addition, the user interface of cloud ERP systems will also affect users’ evaluation. The information systems success model posited that information quality, system quality and service quality are the three main determinants of information system adoption. Enterprise information systems success literature verified the contribution of the information systems success model in enterprise information systems research.
This study aims to investigate the factors affecting enterprises’ switching to cloud ERP systems. The integrated multi-theoretical model provides a clear clue to study the intention to switch. Therefore, this study combines the technology acceptance model and the information systems success model to investigate enterprises’ intention to switch to cloud ERP systems from a multi-theoretical perspective. Based on the technology acceptance model, the factors affecting the intention to switch are divided into perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Based on the previously proposed information systems success model, the factors affecting perceived usefulness are divided into information quality, system quality and service quality.
After analyzing the survey data, this study found that information quality and system quality have a significant impact on perceived usefulness, further indicating that enterprise managers focus on the system quality and information quality of cloud ERP systems, rather than the service quality provided by cloud service providers. Furthermore, we found that perceived ease of use has a significant impact on perceived usefulness, while perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness have a significant impact on the intention to switch. In summary, it is explained that enterprise managers’ intention to switch to cloud ERP systems depends on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, and usefulness is determined by ease of use, information quality and system quality.
It is easy to understand that this study theoretically provides some suggestions for future research on the factors affecting the intention to switch to cloud ERP systems. In practice, it provides cloud service providers with the key to facilitate enterprises’ intention to switch to cloud ERP systems, that is, high performance and easy to use ERP system.

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A research on the strategy choice of dual-channel selection of online and offline in specialized market

Yu Binbin, Lu Lijun

2019, 40(11): 185-195.

Abstract ( 214 )

With the rapid development of network information technology, modern logistics technology and emerging circulation formats, traditional specialized markets face new challenges from e-commerce models such as trading methods and trading technologies. Both theoretical observations and practical evidence show that the combination of offline channel and online channel is becoming the main feature and development trend of “new-type specialized market”. In the context of e-commerce, the information processing between business flow, logistics and information flow has experienced a qualitative leap. The traditional competitive market has gradually weakened its competitive advantage as a price center and distribution center, and even fell into the dilemma of "incompatibility between online and offline". Then, how will the specialized market evolve and whether it can be transformed and upgraded under the impact of e-commerce? Some scholars believe that although e-commerce has become one of the important factors to promote the differentiation, integration and upgrading of traditional specialized markets, online sales channels do not compress the profit margins of middlemen, and there are complementary advantages and coordinated interaction between online and offline channels. Another group of scholars believe that the advantages of e-commerce platform in terms of trading technology, trading methods, transaction efficiency, etc., have obvious substitution effects on the sales model and trading function of the specialized market, which has reignited scholars’ concerns about the "specialized market demise theory". The reason for this controversy is that most of the research is a case study or qualitative analysis of a few specialized markets or e-commerce platforms, and only analyzes the alternative relationship or benefit between the professional market and the e-commerce platform from a macro or meso-level. However, previous studies have not revealed the micro-mechanism of the specialized market participants in the e-commerce environment to choose the strategy of offline and online channels, and have not carried out quantitative analysis, which leads to the lack of universal significance in most conclusions. It should be pointed out that the rapid development of e-commerce has provided a new distribution and procurement channel for market participants, which has promoted the transformation of the specialized market from “seller market” to “buyer market”.
This paper constructs a strategy selection model for line and online channels of specialized market operators, and uses the questionnaires of Yiwu Small Commodity Market to do empirical analysis. Research shows that substitution effect, recovery rate, policy support, production scale, market transaction efficiency and economic agglomeration are important factors influencing the choice of specialized market operators. In response to the above theoretical analysis, the author conducted a questionnaire survey on the market operators, in Yiwu Small Commodity Market, and distributed 450 questionnaires and 445 valid questionnaires, with an effective rate of 98.9%. The results of the questionnaire analysis show that: (1) The improvement of substitution effect and recovery rate has a significant promoting effect on the market performance of market operators. Moreover, the faster the market share of the online channel is selected by market operators, the higher the market performance is, which indicates that the improvement of the recovery rate further enhances the substitution effect of the online channel on the offline channel. (2) Policy support, especially the construction of specialized market information infrastructure by local governments has improved the market performance of market operators. The local government’s policy support has further reduced the operating costs of online channels selected by market operators and improved the market transaction efficiency of online channels. (3) The expansion of production scale will help improve the market performance of business operators. This also verifies the dependence of the market operators on the “Yiwu Commercial Circle”, that is, it is precisely because Yiwu Small Commodity Market is the main body that forms a cross-regional division of labor cooperation network with increasing returns to scale, which enables the market operators to obtain higher market performance. (4) Late-joined market operators will face higher opportunity costs than early-joined market operators. Further research found that the recovery rate of early-joined market operators has a significant effect on market performance, while the relationship between the recovery rate of late-joined market operators and market performance is not significant. This shows that early-joined market operators can expand their market share or market performance faster through online channels, which also proves that the late-joined market operators will face higher opportunity costs. In addition, for the late-joined market operators, the expansion of production scale and economic agglomeration effect are important sources of market performance improvement. For the early-joined market operators, improving market transaction efficiency has a significant positive impact on increasing market performance. This means that the integration of online and offline channels is the main way for the sustainable growth of market performance.
The above research conclusions provide some policy implications for how to develop e-commerce in specialized markets. First, build an industrial division of labor network based on market characteristics and product classification. While promoting the large-scale development of the specialized market, it should also promote the development of related industries according to the characteristics of the trading group, product attributes and differentiation, so as to provide industrial support for the economies of scope and economies of scale of the specialized market. Secondly, improve the support service system for the integration of offline channels and online channels. In the process of promoting the integration of dual channels, we should accelerate the development of modern service industries such as financial services and information services closely related to e-commerce, and promote the information development of market operators and governments, banks and intermediary organizations. In particular, the Internet of Things (IOT) system is compatible with the virtual market and the physical market to enhance the market performance of dual channel integration. Finally, the specialized market needs to improve the market trading system and market trading functions through institutional innovation. Local governments should respect the objective development rules of specialized markets and e-commerce, and continuously optimize the trading system and trading features of specialized markets by improving high-quality management services, efficient trading methods, perfect supporting facilities, safe credit systems, and high-quality commodity systems.

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An empirical study of the relationship between entrepreneurial mentality and innovation input

Wang Feirong, Zhao Xin, Li Zhengwei

2019, 40(11): 196-205.

Abstract ( 250 )

In recent years, many enterprises have faced difficulties under the pressure of external competition and internal transformation. They try to get out of the predicament through innovation, but many of them have lost the passion for innovation. What is the driving force of innovation investment? Technology-push, demand-pull or the interactive forces cannot fundamentally explain the innovation behavior of different enterprises. It is necessary to find the prime driving force from the entrepreneurs who make the decisions of firms. The entrepreneurs’ mentality reflect the values and the inner spiritual pursuit of entrepreneurs, which can clearly explain the innovation behavior of enterprises. Entrepreneurial mentality is similar to the spirit of entrepreneurship but not completely consistent. As early in 2001, Peter F. Drucker proposed that "entrepreneurship" has a significant impact on technological innovation of enterprises. At present, the academia has different connotations of entrepreneurship, but the same is the spirit of innovation and adventure. Entrepreneurial mentality exemplifies the higher level pursuit and spirit of entrepreneurs. It is based on the society, people, stakeholders, and environment, emphasizes the sustainable development of the company. Therefore, this paper uses the special perspective of entrepreneurs to study the relationship between mentality and innovation investment.
Innovation is the source of corporate growth and sustainable development. Innovation investment is the basis and important driving force. However, innovation investment has the characteristics of long cycle, high risk and great uncertainty of results. From idea generation, R&D investment, manufacturing, marketing to the final acceptance of the market, the failure of any step in the entire innovation process will lead to failure of innovation activities. Therefore, when entrepreneurs decide to make innovative investment, they are confronted with risks and pressures. In addition, different entrepreneurs’ risk-taking and stress-response capabilities are different, which will eventually lead to differences in the decision-making of innovation investment. Current literature lacks of research on risk-taking and stress-response from the perspective of managerial characteristics. Therefore, based on the theory of planned behavior, this paper draws on Li Zhengwei’s definition of entrepreneur’s mentality, and holds that entrepreneurs’ mentality includes five dimensions: lofty aspirations, benevolent altruism, indifferent fame & wealth, environmental friendliness and craftsman complex, then constructs a conceptual model of entrepreneurial mentality affecting innovation investment through risk-taking and stress-response, corresponding assumptions is put forward.
This paper uses 183 valid questionnaires for empirical analysis. The results show that entrepreneurs’mentality can promote innovation investment, risk-taking and stress-response plays a part intermediary role in the path from mentality to innovation investment. From the empirical results, we can draw the following conclusions: (1) As mentality is a kind of value pursuit with the interests of society in mind, entrepreneurs with high mentality tend to be indifferent to personal gains and losses, and take social value as the main spiritual pursuit and behavioral goals, focusing more on the long-term and sustainable development of enterprises; (2) Because of the high-level spiritual pursuit contained in the entrepreneur’s mentality, entrepreneurs have strong determination to cope with and take risks, thus promote innovation investment. Therefore, considering the driving force of innovation investment, we cannot only focus on the tax policy, company size, shareholding structure and foreign direct investment amount proposed by traditional research perspective. These external influence factors can’t really explain the innovation investment of enterprises. While the entrepreneur’s personal spiritual pursuit and behavioral goals are the fundamental driving force to truly promote the innovation investment of enterprises.
The theoretical contribution of this research is as follows. First, this paper incorporates entrepreneurialmentality into innovation research, supplements and perfects the theory of innovation motivation. In the past research, motivations were simply summarized as technology-push, demand-pull, or the interactive forces of the two, but these factors simply stay on the surface, entrepreneurial mentality is the embodiment of the entrepreneur’s deep pursuit and spirit. This kind of internal value is spontaneous and conscious for innovation, which brings the long-term and sustainable impact of the enterprise far more than the external driving forces. Second, the study of entrepreneurial mentality effectively expands entrepreneurship theory. Entrepreneurship is a collection of entrepreneurial spirit and skill. Previous studies on entrepreneurship were not systematic, especially the definition of connotation was not uniform. Most of the existing researches believe that innovation is the core content and soul of entrepreneurship, and the spirit of adventure is an important representation of entrepreneurship. Therefore, current descriptions of entrepreneurship still remain at the surface level, while the research of entrepreneurial mentality deepens the connotation of entrepreneurship, it is an important supplement to the theory of entrepreneurship.
This study has several management implications. First of all, for entrepreneurs, they must constantly improve their spiritual cultivation, and strive to improve risk-taking and stress-response capabilities. Nowadays, technology and environment are changing faster than ever, enterprise are undergoing rapid changes from all sides. As the soul of the enterprise, entrepreneurs must also have the spirit, ability and professionalism to help the growth, development of the enterprise, and finally lead to the success of enterprises. The more complex the business environment, the higher requirements the entrepreneurs need. Stress-response and risk-taking ability, lofty aspirations, benevolent altruism, indifferent fame & wealth, environmental friendliness and craftsman complex all require entrepreneurs to have a broader mind and vision. Entrepreneurs should consciously integrate personal pursuit, enterprise development and national need. Secondly, for the government, it is necessary not only to remove obstacles from the top-level design, but also to focus on the guidance and cultivation of entrepreneurs at the spiritual level, to promote the transformation of entrepreneurial values, and to vigorously publicize and propagate entrepreneurial spirit andmentality. Entrepreneurs’ quality is not only effectively combined with corporate development at the micro level, but also with social progress, such as the realization of Chinese dream at the macro level. In this process, it is especially important to create an environment for entrepreneurs to grow up healthily. On the other hand, it is crucial for all parties to work together to build an innovative atmosphere under the new normal of China’s economy, which can stimulate the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs for innovation, and let entrepreneurship and mentality bloom in a new era.

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A research on the influence of entrepreneur’s occupation values and resource bricolage on entrepreneurial performance

Gu Jiajun， Shen Xiaobin

2019, 40(11): 206-215.

Abstract ( 232 )

At present, Chinese society is facing an important moment of enterprise transformation and upgrading. Under the impetus of “mass entrepreneurship and innovation”, more and more people are starting to start their own businesses. The entrepreneurial craze has swept across the country and is more popular among young people. The common problem faced by new ventures is the resource problem. The limitation of resources has become an important obstacle to the survival and development of enterprises. However, many enterprises have found their own way to break through the predicament and continue to form competitive advantages and continue to survive and develop rapidly. Many scholars have also carried out a lot of research for this. As the decision-makers and managers of entrepreneurial enterprises, the personal factors of entrepreneurs will undoubtedly have an important impact on the development of enterprises, and even allow them to survive by themselves. Therefore, entrepreneurs have become a hot spot in entrepreneurial research. At present, there are few researches on entrepreneurial performance on entrepreneurial values, and there is a lack of research on how entrepreneurial values affect entrepreneurial performance. Based on the lack of resources of new entrepreneurial enterprises, this study considers the resource behavior perspective from resources to explore the impact of entrepreneurial occupation values on entrepreneurial performance. In order to provide a new reference for the entrepreneurial value layer to influence the development of the enterprise.
First of all, this paper sorts out the relevant literature in the past. According to the previous scholars’ research, the entrepreneur’soccupation values are divided into four dimensions: social responsibility, interest orientation, individual pursuit and self-realization. Social responsibility refers to the social responsibility of entrepreneurs to pay attention to entrepreneurship. Orientation refers to entrepreneurs who are guided by their own interests and hobbies. Personality pursuit refers to the unique characteristics of entrepreneurs who pursue unconstrained qualities. Self-realization refers to entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurship in order to achieve self-worth. In order to explore how entrepreneurs with the driving force of these occupation values influence the sustainable development of enterprises, this paper introduces the resource behavior patchwork behavior of entrepreneurs, with the concept of "entrepreneur’s concept - entrepreneur’s behavior - behavior effect" research mainline, and environmental dynamics to study the role of environmental factors in resource bricolage and entrepreneurial performance.
Based on resource-based theory, high-order theory, and self-value orientation theory, this paper proposes a research model of entrepreneurs’ professional values, resourcebricolage, environmental dynamics, and entrepreneurial performance. For entrepreneurs, a sample survey of 195 data was collected, and SPSS19.0 statistical software was used for empirical analysis. The research shows that the four dimensions of entrepreneurial professional values will have a positive impact on entrepreneurs’ resource patching behavior; Putting together has a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial performance; resource bricolage has a partial mediation between entrepreneurial professional values and entrepreneurial performance; environmental dynamics negatively regulates the positive effect of resource bricolage on entrepreneurial performance, regarding the reasons why environmental dynamics adjustment hypothesis is not established, the comprehensive theory and the actual analysis, we believe that the relationship between environmental dynamics, patchwork and performance is not just the above theoretical relationship, in addition to environmental dynamics, There are factors that have a greater impact on the relationship between patchwork and performance. It is likely that the dynamic environment has intensified the inefficiency of resources and created a “perfect storm” for startups that use resources to piece together, because there are too many challenges. Even though there is intention or attempt to piece together, it is difficult to complete the patchwork..
Through research, it has also gained some inspiration. Entrepreneurs should rethink their original intentions. They should not only blindly pursue their interests. When entrepreneurs encounter bottlenecks, they should clearly define their own entrepreneurial beliefs and motivations. The entrepreneurial attitude to face difficulties, more positive behaviors to support the development of the enterprise, and promote continuous improvement of entrepreneurial performance.For new businesses, the limitations of resources are the primary issues that need to be faced, and resource patchwork encourages entrepreneurial managers to focus on existing resources, act decisively, and exert their creative abilities to look at seemingly ineffective resources. Creative recombination to solve the existing dilemma is a new resource processing perspective for new ventures. Resources have a low requirement for the environment. With the utilization and applicability of resources, these new enterprises will be given. Bring new energy and help them survive. The improvement of entrepreneurial performance is influenced by the concept of "entrepreneur’s professional values - resource patchwork" to behavioral entrepreneurs’ behavior patterns. The concept-behavior-results in organizational behavior is an important behavioral paradigm. The awareness of enabling startups to increase the impact of entrepreneurs on the business provides a path of impact from a resource perspective. In a modern society where environmental changes are increasingly rapid, entrepreneurs must take into account the importance of the industry, economy, politics and other environments in a timely manner when balancing resources. They must balance the impact of the dynamic environment and cannot blindly piece together. Instead of combining the resources of the enterprise itself, the strategy should be adjusted in time to adapt to rapid changes in the environment and help enterprises to develop rapidly. This study has obtained some relevant conclusions, but this study only studies the influence path of entrepreneurs’ professional values on entrepreneurial performance from the perspective of resources, and other mechanisms, such as the research perspective of team behavior affecting entrepreneurial performance, need to be improved. In the future, the research on entrepreneurs’ professional values can be further explored in the development of scales. The exploration of more index systems, the resource patching behavior and the influencing factors of the effect of resource patchwork are still the research directions worth exploring.

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Influence of empowering leadership on employee job engagement

Kang Fei, Qu Qing, Zhang Han

2019, 40(11): 216-225.

Abstract ( 326 )

Employee engagement is one of the latest topics in the field of OB and HRM. Increased employee engagement will result in higher customer satisfaction, lower turnover intentions, and better team performance. At the individual level, employees with higher levels of engagement can do their jobs better, be willing to make more organizational citizenship behaviors, be more proactive in learning, and reduce interpersonal deviations and organizational deviations. Outside the workplace, employees with higher levels of engagement have less work-family conflicts, better physical and mental health, and higher life satisfaction. Therefore, improving employee engagement is important for both the organization and the individual. In view of this, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the antecedents and their mechanisms of employee engagement.
It may be easily inferred from systematic review of related literature that leadership behaviors play crucial roles in predicting employee engagement. Domestic and foreign scholars have successively demonstrated thattransformational leadership, charismatic leadership, and authentic leadership are significantly correlated with employee engagement but ignored the influence of empowering leadership on it. In view of this，this paper firstly intends to discuss the impact of empowering leadership on employee engagement. Besides, empowering leadership encourages and supports employees to take proactive actions, make decisions and take responsibility, and give them a self-determination experience to meet their own need of autonomy. Specifically, empowering leaders give employees the opportunity to implement and control their work in the manner and method of their choice, and encourage employees to make important decisions independently. In addition, in the process of empowerment, the leadership reflects the respect and recognition of employees’ opinions and suggestions. This is also an important autonomy support in the work environment, which helps employees meet their own need of autonomy. 
According to the self-determination theory, human beings have three basic needs, namely,need for autonomy, competence and relatedness. When these three basic needs are met, it is easy to motivate the individual’s intrinsic motivation and thus have a more sustained focus and commitment to the work. The need for autonomy is the core part of the three basic needs. The core meaning is that the individual can act according to his own will, instead of being forced by external forces. When employees’ need for autonomy are met, they will have stronger intrinsic motivation, more active actions, and a higher level of workplace well-being. Therefore, employees who have satisfied their own need for autonomy will devote more time and energy to work harder and demonstrate higher levels of work engagement. Hence, this paper intends to discuss the mediating effects of autonomy need satisfaction in the relationship between empowering leadership and employee engagement.
Finally, we believe that the relationship betweenautonomy need satisfaction and employee engagement will be moderated by the employee’s learning goals orientation. Specifically, for employees with high learning goal orientation, regardless of the external environment and conditions, they are willing to invest in work tasks, in order to learn new knowledge, new skills, and constantly improve their work ability. Even if the working environment gives them a small amount of autonomy, they will be proactive. This means that for such employees, the degree of autonomy need satisfaction has little impact on employee engagement. In contrast, low-learning-oriented employees have a lower willingness to work, and they are more dependent on the influence of external factors and the satisfaction of their own needs. When the work environment gives them autonomy and meets their own autonomous need, they will show higher levels of engagement. When the autonomy support in the environment is relatively low, their engagement will be reduced accordingly. For such employees, the impact of autonomy need satisfaction on engagement will be strong. Hence，this paper aims to discuss how employees’ learning goal orientation moderates the relationship between autonomy need satisfaction and work engagement.
The respondents of this study come from a number of companies in Beijing, which are involved in manufacturing, real estate, construction, communications and other industries. In order to avoid the influence of common method bias, the study conducted data collection in two phases, two weeks before and after. In the first survey, employees filled out questionnaires including items of background information, empowering leadership, autonomy need satisfaction, and learning goal orientation. The content of the second survey was the employee’s engagement. In the first survey, we distributed questionnaires to 500 employees and received 322 valid questionnaires. In the second survey, questionnaires were also sent to the 500 employees, and 299 valid questionnaires were returned. Matching the two valid questionnaires recovered, a total of 253 employee samples were obtained. We analyzed the 253 sets of paired data through hierarchical multiple regression. The results indicated thatempowering leadership had a significantly positive effect on employee engagement; autonomy need satisfaction played a mediating role in the relationship between empowering leadership and employee engagement; employees’ learning goal orientation moderated the relationship between autonomy need satisfaction and employee engagement, and it also moderated the mediating effect of autonomy need satisfaction in the relationship between empowering leadership and employee engagement.
There are three theoretical contributions as follows: Firstly, this paper confirms the positive connections between empowering leadership and employee engagement, which further enrich studies on antecedents of employee engagement. Furthermore，this paper finds that autonomy need satisfaction mediates the relationship between empowering leadership and employee engagement based on the self-determination theory, which effectively reveals the way through which empowering leadership impacts employee engagement, further diversifying studies on the mediating mechanism for the relationship between empowering leadership and employee engagement. At last, this research reveals that employees’ learning goal orientation significantly weaken the influence of autonomy need satisfaction on employee engagement, expanding studies on the boundary conditions of employee engagement.
In general, this paper reached some valuable conclusions butthere were still some limitations to be improved as follows: (1) This paper is a cross-sectional study, which is ineffective for judging causal relationship between variables; and (2) All variables in this study were derived from employee self-reports. Although we used a two-stage study design to collect data, the results were inevitably affected by the scorer factors.

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Actor interaction, value co-creation and product innovation in crowdfunding

Zeng Jianghong, Huang Xiangrong, Wu Hao

2019, 40(11): 226-235.

Abstract ( 271 )

Under the trend of economic globalization, the intensification of market competition, the diversification of consumer demand, the advancement of production technology and the refinement of products make product innovation an inevitable choice for enterprises to survive and progress. Continuous development of new products is an effective strategy for modern enterprises to maintain competitive advantage and gain economic profits. With the rapid development of Internet finance, there are more and more researches on crowdfunding, which mainly focus on funding success, supporters’ decision-making, influencing factors of satisfaction and so on. Some scholars believe that in addition to being a low cost, low risk and efficient financing tool, crowdfunding can also provide valuable feedback and creativity to the project, and it’s of great significance for the development of small and micro enterprises. Based on the Internet platform, the information dissemination speed in crowdfunding is fast, the number of supporters is large and they are of different backgrounds, and products are usually in the pre-stage of mass production. The initiators can get product feedback and creativity in time through crowdfunding to realize product innovation further. There are literature which have studied the relationship between interaction, co-creation and innovation. They believe that interaction can drive the co-creation process, and co-creation can help achieve product innovation. Other scholars have found that consumer-enterprise communication and interaction promote co-creation, and co-creation has a positive effect on innovation. Actor interaction is defined as establishing dialogues, exchanging resources and generating learning. The theory of value co-creation holds that the value that formed in the production and consumption of goods or services is created by both producers and consumers. Product innovation is a process of developing new products that are significantly different from original products and can satisfy customers’ needs. It is a complete process from planning, designing, developing, testing to releasing, and can be divided into three dimensions: function innovation, form innovation and service innovation. 
In this paper, we research how to motivate product innovation through exploratory multi-case studies based on grounded theory using Nvivo software. In order to ensure the scientific nature of case selection, two-stage cases screening method is adopted and four enterprises are selected as study objects. The case enterprises have launched several similar technology projects on representative public crowdfunding platform and realized product innovation later. Considering the innovation cycle, their first project should be launched in more than one year away. In order to ensure the reliability and validity, this paper uses a variety of data collection methods and data sources to obtain first-hand and second-hand data according to the triangulation method. Then the grounded theory was applied in three steps: The first step, open coding. The data labeling, conceptualization and categorization of the main case are carried out to refine concepts. The second step, spindle coding. The analysis of logic relations of conditions, action/interaction strategies and results is conducted to figure out the relationship between category and category. The third step, selective coding. The main categories are compared with the existing theories, the core categories are identified and connected with other categories to complete the theoretical construction. In addition, the other three cases are coded and analyzed respectively, trying to support or modify the concepts, categories or the relationship between categories that have been refined, until the coding has reached a better theoretical saturation and validity.
The research finds that: (1) the three categories of "sponsor learning", "supporter learning" and "information interaction" constitute the content of the actor interaction. The initiators obtain knowledge through cognitive learning and experiential learning driven by demand for product development of improvement, project implementation and solution achievement; the supporters eliminate doubts and enhance understanding through observation learning and exchange learning driven by demand for comprehensive understanding of projects and products; the initiators publish plans and update trends, supporters feedback through online comments and the initiators responds back to complete information exchange on the platform. (2) The four categories of "co-planning", "co-designing", "co-testing" and "co-promoting" constitute the process of value co-creation closely related to product innovation. Co-planning is to announce the product originality by the initiators and the supporters give feedbacks and suggestions from their own needs to create and evaluate the originality together; Co-designing is to share suggestions and participate in product designing with the initiator to determine product design scheme; Co-testing is to test and comment the product by the supporters for the initiators to further optimize the products; And co-promoting is both the propaganda of initiator and the recommendations and sharing of the supporters. (3) The case enterprises have achieved function innovation, form innovation or service innovation by initiating crowdfunding. According to the suggestions, ideas and feedbacks of supporters, innovation on function, form or service of case enterprises have taken place in different degrees, forming a multi-dimensional product innovation portfolio. (4) Actor interaction promotes the process of value co-creation to achieve product innovation. On one hand, actor interaction can promote value co-creation. The realization of value co-creation requires actor interaction, which is the precondition and basis for participating in value co-creation. Actor interaction helps initiators to tap the needs of supporters, and helps supporters understand the positioning of initiators’ opinions on products, thus it enables both sides to invest resources in the process of value co-creation. On the other hand, value co-creation can stimulate product innovation. Value co-creation is a complete process including co-planning, co-designing, co-testing and co-promoting. It transforms the resources contained in the actor interaction into product innovation power, and stimulates the innovation of product function, form and service.
Based on the theory of value co-creation, this paper has identified the content of the actor interaction in crowdfunding, summarized the process of value co-creation in crowdfunding from the perspective of product innovation process, and analyzed how the actor interaction promotes value co-creation so as to stimulate product innovation. These theoretical explorations show that crowdfunding can promote product innovation, enrich the connotation of actor interaction and value co-creation, and open up a new perspective of crowdfunding research and tap new function of crowdfunding. This is not only helpful to fill the theoretical gap, but also has important practical guiding significance for small and micro enterprises which are especially short of innovation resources.

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A research on collectivism orientation, knowledge attributes and knowledge sharing behavior#br#

Jin Hui, Li Zhidong, Duan Guang

2019, 40(11): 236-246.

Abstract ( 264 )

The increasingly fierce competitive environment poses a severe challenge to maximize the utility of enterprise knowledge resources. One of the important measures to deal with this challenge is to promote efficient knowledge sharing among employees. Although most enterprises are engaged in knowledge sharing practice, they still face the dilemma of employees refusing to share knowledge. Hence, the understanding of the factors supporting or inhibiting employee’s knowledge sharing behavior has received much attention in practice and research.
A large body of research has confirmed that employee’s knowledge sharing behavior can be affected by many factors. Western scholars have explored the influencing factors of employee’s knowledge sharing behavior from the perspectives of knowledge attributes, individual characteristics and organizational characteristics, and have achieved fruitful research results. Unfortunately, such research results have failed to support Chinese enterprises’ knowledge sharing practice. One potential reason is that most of the existing research places knowledge sharing behavior under "cultural vacuum", and explores the so-called "universal" knowledge sharing mechanism. However, individual behavior is rooted in a specific national cultural context. Therefore, the research of knowledge sharing behavior should not neglect the importance of national culture. National culture should be considered as one of the important factors influencing employee’s knowledge sharing behavior. Meanwhile, relevant cross-cultural studies have shown that the effect of national culture on individual behavior may be interfered by other situational factors. Accordingly, in different situations, the direction and utility of the effect of one specific national cultural variable on employee’s knowledge sharing behavior may be different.
Since most of the previous studies on knowledge sharing were placed under “cultural vacuum”, and few studies focused on differential effects of national culture on knowledge sharing behavior in different situations, the study integrates national culture, knowledge attributes and knowledge sharing behavior into the same research framework from the perspective of cultural and knowledge situations, and aims to answer two research questions: first, how national culture and knowledge attributes directly affect knowledge sharing behavior; second, whether the effect of national culture on knowledge sharing behavior may differ in different knowledge situations.
Collectivism orientation is one of the typical characteristics of Chinese culture, and was found closely related to individual information/knowledge behavior; thereby this study selects collectivism orientation as the representative variable of Chinese culture. Besides, drawing from previous research, this study selects tacitness of knowledge as the representative variable of natural attributes of knowledge, perceived private ownership of knowledge as the representative variable of social attributes of knowledge, and perceived value of knowledge as the representative variable of economic attributes of knowledge. The research hypotheses are proposed as follows: collectivism orientation positively affects knowledge sharing behavior; tacitness of knowledge negatively affects knowledge sharing behavior; perceived private ownership of knowledge negatively affects knowledge sharing behavior; perceived value of knowledge negatively affects knowledge sharing behavior; tacitness of knowledge positively moderates the relationship between collectivism orientation and knowledge sharing behavior; perceived private ownership of knowledge positively moderates the relationship between collectivism orientation and knowledge sharing behavior; perceived value of knowledge positively moderates the relationship between collectivism orientation and knowledge sharing behavior.
Through a multi-informant (self-report and other-report) survey, 1182 valid samples were collected. The hypothesized relationships were tested by analyzing survey data using multiple regression analysis. The results show that collectivism orientation positively affects knowledge sharing behavior; tacitness of knowledge and perceived private ownership of knowledge negatively affect knowledge sharing behavior; there is an “inverted U-shaped” relationship between perceived value of knowledge and knowledge sharing behavior; perceived private ownership of knowledge and perceived value of knowledge positively moderate the relationship between collectivism orientation and knowledge sharing behavior; tacitness of knowledge does not play a moderating role on the relationship between collectivism orientation and knowledge sharing behavior.
This study contributes to knowledge sharing literature in three ways. First, this study selects collectivism orientation as the representative variable of Chinese culture, and confirmed that collectivism orientation can drive employees to actively participate in knowledge sharing practice. Compared with the previous knowledge sharing research under “cultural vacuum”, this study not only reveals the positive effect of collectivism orientation on knowledge sharing behavior, but also echoes the previous literature view that national culture plays an important role in interpreting individual behavior. Second, this study selects tacitness of knowledge/perceived private ownership of knowledge/perceived value of knowledge as the representative variable of natural /social/economic attributes of knowledge, explores how different knowledge attributes directly affect knowledge sharing behavior. Hence, this study not only reveals the effects of the three kinds of knowledge attributes on knowledge sharing behavior, but also fills in the shortcomings of previous studies that focus on the natural attributes of knowledge and ignore the social/economic attributes of knowledge. Third, this study investigates the moderating roles of different knowledge attributes, and confirmed that perceived private ownership of knowledge and perceived value of knowledge positively moderate the relationship between collectivism orientation and knowledge sharing behavior. By revealing the moderating effects of knowledge attributes, this study not only provides the first empirical evidence that collectivism orientation has a more positive effect on knowledge sharing behavior in the knowledge situations where there is a strong conflict between collective interests and individual interests, but also supports the previous literature view that the effect of national culture on individual behavior will be interfered by other situational factors. In addition, this study also provides the reference for further research exploring the relationships between other Chinese cultural variables (e.g., face orientation, good-relationship orientation, zhongyong orientation) and knowledge sharing behavior in other different situations (e.g., different sharing channels situations, different sharing objects situations).
The findings of this study provide practical implications for management. First, considering the importance of national culture, enterprises should pay attention to the influence of national culture on knowledge sharing behavior, and advocate cultures conducive to knowledge sharing behavior. Focusing on collectivism orientation of this study, enterprises can link collective interests with individual interests through measures such as team performance appraisal and team salary design, thereby enhancing the collectivism orientation of employees. Second, considering the moderating effects of knowledge attributes on the relationship between national culture and knowledge sharing behavior, enterprises should pertinently formulate and implement measures based on the specific knowledge situation to enhance the positive effect of national culture on knowledge sharing behavior. In terms of perceived private ownership of knowledge and perceived value of knowledge in this study, when employees are more inclined to view knowledge as private property or perceive higher knowledge value, collectivism orientation will exert a more positive effect on employee’s knowledge sharing behavior, so meanwhile enterprises should devote more efforts to cultivate collectivism orientation of employees in the meanwhile.

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Estimation of the contribution of talent aggregation on economic growth in provincial regions of China

He Yong，Liao Nuo， Zhang Zijun

2019, 40(11): 247-256.

Abstract ( 230 )

As an important resource, talent has become a core element in economic growth. In the 30 years of China’s reform and opening up, the role of human resources in local economic growth mainly reflects its regional aggregation. For example, Beijing, Shanghai and some other provincial regions have always maintained the leading position of economic growth, mainly relying on the high level of talent aggregation. Talent resources are the essence of human resources with high-level knowledge and skill. They are the core of human resources and play a key role in promoting science and technology progress and economic growth. The key role is derived from the capital of talent resources, namely talent capital. Based on the theory of human capital and the specific practice in China, many scholars have carried out groundbreaking research on the theoretical system of talent aggregation and talent capital. They have carried out fruitful exploration on the relationship between talent aggregation and economic growth, as well as talent capital and economic growth. However, the research on talent aggregation and economic growth is not deep enough, which is only through qualitative description or correlation analysis of the time series to show the positive relationship. The research on the internal mechanism is lacking. The following issues should be solved. Why does talent aggregation have a positive effect on economic growth? What is the transmission path from talent aggregation to economic growth? In addition, the existing literature mainly focuses on the analysis of the contribution of talent aggregation on economic growth in a single region, and there lacks comprehensive comparative studies on multiple regions.
This paper takes talent capital as a bridge and constructs the "T-C-E" talent economic value conversion chain, namely "talent aggregation-talent capital-economic growth", and uses Shultz model and the extended Cobb-Douglas production function to calculate the talent aggregation, talent capital and the contribution rate to economic growth in 31 provincial regions in mainland China from 1990 to 2017. The clustering algorithm is adopted to construct the matrix of talent aggregation to the contribution rate of talent capital, to further analyze the mutual relationship. The corresponding policy implications are put forward according to the research results. Regarding to the "T-C-E" talent-economy conversion chain, in the talent aggregation-talent capital (T-C) calculation model, using the Shultz model of the education year method, the product of education years and productivity is used as the weight value, and then the number of people educated in different levels and the weight value are sum-weighted to obtain the total human capital stock. In the talent capital-economic growth (C-E) calculation model, the extended C-D function of human capital is used to simultaneously calculate the economic contribution rate of talent capital and the contribution rate of basic human capital and fixed capital to economic growth. Through the above methods, the talent aggregation, talent capital and the economic contribution rate of talent capital in 31 provincial regions of Mainland China are calculated. The matrix of talent aggregation-talent capital contribution rate is analyzed and the following conclusions are put forward:
First, the level of talent aggregation in 31 provincial regions in China is quite different, and the distribution of talents is uneven. From the perspective of talent aggregation, Beijing and Shanghai have the highest level of talent aggregation, with a mean value of 24.75% and 17.02% respectively. Qinghai has the lowest level of talent aggregation, and its mean value is only 1.70%. Second, there are significant differences in the contribution of talent capital on economic growth among provincial regions. The economic contribution rates of talent capital in 9 regions, such as Beijing and Tianjin, are more than 35%. The talent capital of these regions has a significant effect on economic growth. The contribution rates of talent capital in 8 regions, such as Ningxia and Anhui, are less than 10%, and in these regions, the contribution of talent capital to economic growth is not significant enough. The economic contribution rate of basic human capital has shown negative value in 17 regions, indicating that the basic human capital in these regions is decreasing along the years. Third, through the analysis on the matrix of talent aggregation-talent capital contribution rate, it indicates that, high-level talent aggregation tends to generate high economic growth contribution, medium-level talent aggregation may produce high, medium and low economic contribution, and low-level talent aggregation will generate low economic contribution. In general, regions with higher-level talent aggregation tend to have a relatively higher contribution rate to economic growth, but there is no strict positive relationship between them.
From the above conclusions, the following policy suggestions are proposed: first, in order to improve the economic contribution rate of talent capital, every provincial region should keep enhancing the talent aggregation, increasing the intensity of talent introduction and personnel training, to enhance the stock of talent capital. The policy of prioritizing human capital investment should be implemented, and higher education and on-the-job training should be developed vigorously to improve the quality of employed people. Second, talent resources should be rationally allocated, and the efficacy of human resources should take into effect fully. Government should promote the transformation of human resources into talent capital, to increase the stock of talent capital. Under the same level of talent aggregation, there are differences in the economic contribution of talent capital. When every region pays attention to the level of talent aggregation, it is also necessary to pay attention to talent capital, especially the high-end talents. Third, each region should coordinate the proportion of talent capital and fixed capital. There is a reasonable proportion between fixed capital and human capital in economic growth. Under this proportion, the economic output could have the highest growth rate. When increasing the investment of fixed capital, all regions should increase the investment and aggregation of human capital, in order to better promote the pattern transformation of economic growth.

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Incentive effect of managerial short-term compensation on innovation

Huang Qinghua， Zhang Fangfang, Chen Xiding

2019, 40(11): 257-265.

Abstract ( 285 )

Technological innovation is a heterogeneous activity characterized by high risk, unpredictability, long term, multi-stage and labor intensity. Therefore, it needs the efforts of executives and poses severe challenges to the design of incentive contracts for executives. The theoretical model of Manso (2011) shows that the standard pay for performance scheme is not conducive to innovation, and the optimal executive incentive plan should show substantial tolerance (or even reward) for short-term failures and reward long-term success. 
Based on the theoretical analysis of Manso (2011), this paper attempts to examine the impact of short-term managerial compensation on technological innovation of listed companies. This paper argues that the short-term managerial compensation has a positive impact on the technological innovation of listed companies. High short-term pay is a tolerance for early failure, even a reward in a sense. Higher short-term salary inhibits the risk aversion tendency of senior executives and encourages them to invest more in research and development based on the long-term value of the enterprise. Therefore, higher short-term salary will promote the innovation input of the enterprise. Assuming that the probability of R&D success is stable, more R&D input will naturally generate more R&D output (such as invention patents), so higher short-term salary will also promote the innovation output of listed companies. Not only that, higher short-term salary can eliminate the worries of senior executives to some extent, which is not only conducive to more R&D activities of senior executives, but also conducive to the focus of senior executives to strengthen the management of innovation, thus improving the innovation efficiency of enterprises.
Taking the A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2008 to 2016 as samples, this paper finds that the short-term executive compensation has a significant positive impact on the future technological innovation of enterprises. This is embodied in three aspects: first, short-term executive compensation increases the investment in technological innovation. According to the availability of data, this paper defines the short-term executive compensation as the natural logarithm of the total amount of the top three short-term executive compensation (i.e. salary and bonus, excluding allowances). Technological innovation input is defined as the ratio of R&D input to total assets. Control variables include total assets, the ratio of fixed assets to the total number of employees, the annual stock return, the ratio of market value to book value, the ratio of total leverage, the tenure of CEO, the age of CEO, the education of CEO, the year and industry dummy variables. In order to control the influence of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity on regression results, the standard deviations of regression coefficients were clustered at the enterprise level. Second, short-term executive compensation increases the technological innovation output of enterprises, which is measured by the number of invention patents granted. Third, short-term executive compensation improves the efficiency of technological innovation of enterprises.
In view of the above empirical results, this paper makes a large number of robustness tests. First, this article uses instrumental variables. Although the previous regression equation contains a large number of control variables, there may still be endogenous problems between short-term executive compensation and technological innovation. One possibility is that the characteristics of an enterprise cause the enterprise to set higher short-term compensation incentives and carry out more technological innovation activities, thus leading to the spurious regression between the short-term executive compensation and the technological innovation of the enterprise. To avoid this problem, this article use instrumental variable regression. Appropriate instrumental variables should satisfy both relevance and exclusion. With this in mind, this article provides two instrumental variables for 2SLS estimation. The first instrumental variable is the average of short-term executive compensation of the companies in the same industry. The second instrumental variable is the average of short-term executive compensation in the same province. The results show that the short-term executive compensation has a significant positive impact on the input, output and efficiency of technological innovation. Second, this paper controls other variables. According to the existing literature, this paper takes the duality of CEO, the board size, the independence of board, the degree of accounting conservatism, whether the property right of the company is state-owned, and whether the audit institution belongs to the big four firms as additional control variables. The empirical results show that the short-term executive compensation still has a significant positive impact on the input, output and efficiency of technological innovation.
The prediction of the positive relationship between short-term executive compensation and enterprise technology innovation is based on the conflict of interest between shareholders and managers, which is easy to induce managers to implement opportunistic behavior. However, in a stronger regulatory environment, the opportunistic behavior of executives is more likely to be curbed, and the positive impact of short-term executive compensation on technological innovation of enterprises will be more obvious. Therefore, this paper further studies the moderating effect of external regulatory intensity. Consistent with Kim et al. (2011), this paper uses the number of analysts covered and the shareholding ratio of institutional investors as proxy indicators for external supervision. The larger the number of analysts or the higher the proportion of institutional investors, the greater the intensity of external regulation. The empirical results of this paper show that: external supervision has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between the short-term executive compensation and the technological innovation of enterprises; external supervision is more powerful, and the incentive effect of short-term executive compensation is more obvious.
This paper has three policy implications: first, it shows that enterprises can motivate their executives to become better innovators by properly designing short-term compensation. Second, the research results of this paper also show that the board needs to pay special attention to the time dimension of executive compensation in order to motivate innovation. Third, the research results of this paper also indicate that China should actively disclose the executive compensation plans of listed companies in the future.

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Impact of corporate social strategy on value creation —— The moderating role of organic organizational culture

Wang Zhanjie, Mai Sheng

2019, 40(11): 266-275.

Abstract ( 234 )

Corporate social strategy provides a new theoretical perspective for creating corporate value by combining social responsibility and corporate strategy, but its mechanism are not identified yet. The newly emerging concept of corporate social strategy is composed of social planning and social positioning, using a series of corporate resources and social projects so as to achieve specific social goals and corporate value creation. However, how to integrate social responsibility and social strategy into corporate social strategy? What is the mechanism of economic value and social value creation of social strategy? How does organic organizational culture influence the value creation of corporate social strategy? What is the impact of different types of culture? All such questions in enterprise sustainability and strategic management are in urgent need of being answered.Therefore, this paper aims to explore the relationship between corporate social strategy and value creation, and try to verify the effectiveness of social strategy in China’s multi-cultural context.
Based on strategic management theory and resource-based theory, this study explores the impact of corporate social strategy on value creation. First ,the establishment of corporate social strategic plan shows that the enterprise is aware of the significant opportunities or risks existing in the non market environment; in order to show the strategic intention, the corporate immediately needs to show the resource management and relevant policies aimed at creating unique competitive positioning. Corporate regard planning and positioning as the key to formulate social strategy, and allocate resources reasonably in social planning and positioning according to different environmental characteristics, so as to create economic value through social projects. Therefore,we propose that corporate social planning and social positioning have a significant positive impact on corporate value creation. Then, Organizational culture is the “adhesive” that connects enterprises and society. The adhocracy culture of flexibility and external orientation encourages enterprises to break through existing norms, seek new resources, and formulate corresponding social plans considering environmental, social and economic factors. Respond to changes in the external environment, promote social strategies and build newer or higher quality social responses, motivate companies to make appropriate adjustments in product and service planning, and participate in the introduction of new and improved processes and services. The clan culture, which emphasizes cohesiveness and internal orientation, effectively promotes effective information processing and sharing inside and outside the organization, enabling enterprises to formulate corresponding social plans to respond to customers’ changing needs in a timely manner, helping enterprises to capture existing market demands and reduce them. The potential risk of stealing resources to the buyer’s needs. This paper proposes adhocracy culture and clan culture plays a positive role in regulating the social orientation and value creation of enterprises.
To test our hypotheses, a questionnaire survey was conducted in China using Random sampling.The study sample consisted of employees from organizations of different sizes, owner ships, and industry type. Finally, 433 sets of questionnaires were obtained.Hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the hypothesized relationships.This study has several findings.First, corporate social strategy has a significant positive impact on value creation, both social planning and social positioning are conducive to the promotion of corporate value creation.Second, organic culture has a significant regulatory role between corporate social strategy and value creation. The adhocracy culture positively regulates the relationship between social planning, social positioning and value creation, while the clan culture only regulates the relationship between social positioning and value creation.
This study provides the following guidance and reference for the development of corporate social strategic activities and the construction of corporate culture: Firstly, enterprises should cultivate social strategies from the value concept of balancing economic and social benefits, and break through the negative effects brought by the asymmetry of enterprises’attention to internal and external environment. In the system of economic transformation, enterprises can not effectively obtain some external key resources in the process of value creation, which reduces the legitimacy and resource utilization efficiency of enterprises formed by external support. Therefore, Chinese enterprises should pay attention to and carry out social strategic activities consciously in order to ease the restraint brought by the external social environment of enterprises, so as to be more beneficial and create value. In addition, although social strategy plays a significant role in value creation of enterprises, it is not a comprehensive problem to solve the economic and social benefits creation of enterprises. Enterprise managers should actively cultivate their own capabilities and institutional legitimacy, overcome the problems existing in business activities and value creation process from the perspective of social strategy and market strategy, and enhance the competitiveness and price of enterprises. Value creation ability. Secondly, we should give full play to the leverage effect of organic organizational culture in the process of social strategy influencing the realization of value creation. Organic culture is essentially an aggregate of ideology and codes of conduct formed over a long period of time within the organization. Guided by these ideologies and codes of conduct, enterprises can effectively deal with conflicts with various stakeholders, reduce management costs, and enhance team effectiveness. The innovative atmosphere and cohesive efficiency formed by organic organizational culture can make enterprises win-win with all stakeholders. Therefore, Chinese enterprises should build their own organizational culture according to their own characteristics, integrate cultural construction with social and economic development, and enhance the efficiency of economic and social value creation of enterprises.
This study still has certain limitations, which provides a realistic basis and theoretical clues for future research. First, this paper only explores the process of corporate value creation under the transitional economic system from the perspective of the key influencing factor of enterprise social strategy. In the future, it is necessary to combine market strategy and other strategies to explore the synergistic mechanism of enterprise value creation. Secondly, this paper uses organic organizational culture to reflect the effectiveness of Chinese context in value creation. Later research can try to deepen its influence on enterprise value creation from key variables such as board characteristics, decision-making mechanism and innovation ability. Thirdly, in view of the limitations of the time and funds of the survey, the selected area of the sample still has some limitations. Future research can expand the scope of sample selection and improve the accuracy of the research object to ensure the accuracy and scientificity of the sample data.

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Is good relationship with supervisors conducive to middle managers’ prohibitive voice？ A moderated mediation model

Huang Dujuan， Ye Jiangfeng， Zhang Gupeng

2019, 40(11): 276-284.

Abstract ( 187 )

Voice behavior has being a research focus, however，most of researches are pay attention to the voice of the employees of grass roots while ignoring the voice of middle managers. Middle managers are the key personnel who must try to tackle demands from both the tops and the bottoms of their organizations. The role undertaken by middle managers to link differentiated views has become highly important, especially in circumstances of complex change. Thus, middle manager voice plays an important role in organization operation and development. The essential differences between middle manager and grass roots employees are they concerned on profound factors when behave their voice behavior. However, little work has been done to explore what factors and how they affect middle managers’ voice behavior in Chinese context. Owing to the influence of Chinese culture and thinking style of Chinese people, although there are outstanding research outcomes in foreign countries, it is still hard to put these conclusions into practice in Chinese background. This study is being conducted in Chinese companies to explore the mechanism of Chinese middle managers’ prohibitive voice, which has significant theoretical implications for voice behavior research, and are practically beneficial for the management in organizations.〖JP〗
China is a good-relationship foundation country and supervisor-subordinate good-relationship is defined as a dyadic, particular and sentimental tie that has potential of facilitating favor exchanges between the parties connected by the tie. Taking into account the previous research did not make a further distinction on supervisor-subordinate good-relationship and the upper echelons supervisor-subordinate good-relationship has a more significant effect on the subordinate’s organizational behavior, this paper will focus on impact of manager-supervisor good-relationship on middle managers’ prohibitive voice, and examines the mechanism and moderating effect. 
Although studies have suggested that Chinese supervisors can influence middle managers’ behavior because they have extensive control over resources , evidence regarding the intermediate psychological processes that would explain how and why manager-supervisorgood-relationship affects managers’ voice behavior needs to explore. Drawing from social exchange theory, we examine the mediation effects of belief in reciprocity. Further, based on role theory, consistent with recent calls for the examination of moderators for voice behavior, power distance was included as a moderators. We first analyze the meaning of supervisor-subordinate good-relationship and belief in reciprocity. We discuss the theoretical background and hypotheses, and put forwarded four hypotheses and a moderated mediation model. On the one hand, we analyze the impact of supervisor-subordinate good-relationship on middle managers’ prohibitive voice. On the other hand, we explore the mediation role of belief in reciprocity as well as the moderation role of power distance in the relationships between supervisor-subordinate good-relationship on middle managers’ prohibitive voice. Second, in order to examine the hypotheses, we conduct an empirical study, and issue the questionnaires to 328 middle managers and their 76 leaders, after deleting the incomplete ones, we obtain 236 valid matching questionnaires. Third, by conducting confirmatory factor analysis, the discriminant validity are assessed, and variable’s mean, standard deviation and correlations are calculated which shows that there is a strong correlation among the variables in this study, and without collinearity problem. Hierarchical regression analyses are applied to examine the main effect, mediating effect and moderating effect, while bootstrapping method are used to prove the moderated mediation effect. 
In this study, SPSS statistical software was used to test the research hypotheses, and the results indicated that：(1) relationship with senior leaders has a positive impact on middle managers’ prohibitive voice; (2) the relationship between supervisor-subordinate good-relationship and middle managers’ prohibitive voice is mediated by belief in reciprocity; and (3) power distance negatively moderated the relationship between supervisor-subordinate good-relationship and belief in reciprocity in such a way that the relationships were stronger for individuals lower than higher in power distance, and this moderation also buffered the whole mediating mechanism. All hypotheses were supported. 
At present, the research on voice mainly focuses on the junior staff, lacking the research on voice from middle managers. Based onsocial exchange theory and role theory, this study, firstly, expands the existing research about the relationship between supervisor-subordinate good-relationship and middle managers’ prohibitive voice; on the other hand; secondly, further proves that belief in reciprocity plays a vital role in facilitating middle managers’ prohibitive voice but this effect has boundaries. We reveal the boundary condition that how belief in reciprocity affects on middle managers’ prohibitive voice; finally, this study reveals the contingency characteristics of power distance, which is a combination of situational knowledge and universalization theory in the context of Chinese culture. This reflects that as the fundamental norm of reciprocity in interpersonal communication, it will be affected by the role orientation of specific exchange relations. Overall, this research contributes to the voice behavior literature by providing a new theory perspective, extends our understanding of the relationship between manager-supervisor good-relationship and managers’ voice behavior. This paper also has important implication in practice. It proves that the supervisor-subordinate good-relationship has an important impact on the middle managers’ prohibitive voice, will be conducive to the resolution of middle managers’ voice dilemma and has an important practical implications for the organizational development. 
The shortcomings of this study are as follows: (1) The sample data of this study is a cross-sectional data. In the future, longitudinal data can be introduced to further verify this influence mechanism; and (2) This study only considers the influence of individual level on voice behavior. In the future, cross-level analysis can be considered.

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Non-peer review of academic researches and countermeasures

Li Fei, Li Dajun, Liu Qian

2019, 40(11): 285-288.

Abstract ( 172 )

Peer review stays a hot topic in scholarly discussions of the mechanism of academic appraisal. However, review by “non-peer”, which is actually widely practiced in peer review process, has not been granted sufficient attention. In response to this phenomenon, we raise and address the following three questions here: first, could we effectively avoid review by non-peers? second, what are the major drawbacks of this alternative to peer review in a strict sense? And third, what we might do to become a “good” non-peer reviewer?
For a long time, the academic community has not stopped asking questions about peer review, but there is no better way to replace it. Therefore, scholars have been paying attention to improving peer review methods, such as the characteristics of good peer reviewers? How to screen out a good peer reviewer?And how to control the unfair behavior of peer reviewers? These studies are very meaningful, but in many cases, we cannot find the true peers of the review anyway, so some American scholars say that peer review is “a science that is difficult to have peers”. That is to say, although we are collectively referred to as peer review when we are reviewing scientific research topics and research results, in fact, there are a large number of non-peer reviews in many situations. Therefore, paying attention to and discussing the phenomenon of non-peer reviewers is an issue that cannot be ignored in ensuring the quality and effectiveness of the review.
The “peer” in the peer review, the English word is “Peer”, which means people with the same qualifications and abilities. British scholars Gibbon and George believe that “peer review is a synonym for the scientific value of research work in this field by scientists in the field or scientists in the vicinity”. If the “area” in the definition is identified as a peer, then “proximity” or “equivalent, same ability” is considered to be a quasi-peer or non-peer. Therefore, although we strive to make peer review a reality, non-peer review becomes an inevitable universal phenomenon due to the ambiguity of peer definition and some reasons.
Although peer review is not peer-reviewed in many cases, whether it is the review of the organizer or the applicant, the reviewer is regarded as a peer, industry expert or authority. What is even more frightening is that some commentators regard themselves as true industry authority. In fact, they may be a certain degree of non-peer, or even a full-time layman, and the result will lead to many misevaluations. This is an important reason why some academic journals and fund projects have not achieved satisfactory results in recent years. Since we inevitably invite non-peer or some lay commentators, it is important to choose a good non-peer reviewer. A good non-peer commentator, typically characterized as a non-peer or a layman, is judged by the paradigm of the field in which the person is being evaluated, and not necessarily the paradigm he is familiar with. Many facts prove that the reasons for non-peer reviewers to make misevaluations are mostly not due to their limited professional knowledge, but because they use their well-known paradigms to evaluate scientific research in other fields. 

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