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A research on the financial cooperation and the regional innovation ability of the Belt and Road Li Yanxi, He Chao, Zhou Yihan 2019, 40(9): 1-13.  Abstract ( 264 )    Globalization has improved the openness and mobility of innovation elements, accelerated the speed and spread of science and technology around the world, greatly improved the closeness and linkage of the world economy, and promoted economic society with technological innovation. Development has become a global consensus, and upgrading regional innovation capabilities has become an important goal and responsibility of many countries and enterprises. The Belt and Road initiative has brought opportunities for countries along the route to carry out regional innovation cooperation on a larger scale, at a higher level and at a deeper level. Financial cooperation plays a key supporting role in the construction of the Belt and Road and has an important impact on regional innovation in countries along the route. Based on the concept of regional innovation capability, this paper sorts out the important factors that affect regional innovation. The formation of regional innovation capability depends on a complex network system, which is not only related to the abundance of social resources and innovation process in the region, but also affected by the exchange and flow of internal and external resources. Innovative environment, innovative resources, knowledge flow and industrial clusters are important factors affecting regional innovation capability. With the further development of regional innovation cooperation along the Belt and Road, how to improve the regional innovation capability of the countries along the route and how to analyze the factors that affect the innovation urgently need theoretical support. On this basis, the paper analyzes the impact of financial cooperation on regional innovation, and analyzes its impact on regional innovation activities from three aspects: financial system, FDI and OFDI. Although the existing literature takes different perspectives in examining the relationship between financial cooperation and regional innovation capability, they basically draw the conclusion that financial cooperation helps to improve regional innovation capability. The Belt and Road initiative extends the level of cooperation between financial cooperation and technological innovation to the national level, and the current research mainly focuses on the impact of coordinated development of domestic financial system, FDI and OFDI on regional innovation capability. To explore the role of international financial cooperation in promoting regional innovation capability, we should start from various aspects such as monetary cooperation, investment and financing cooperation, financial services cooperation, credit cooperation, financial supervision cooperation, and explore effective ways to enhance the regional innovation capability of the Belt and Road countries. Compared with the traditional financial cooperation, the Belt and Road national financial cooperation is very different in connotation and scope, and in operation mode. According to the theory of cross regional sub regional cooperation, the Belt and Road national financial cooperation is essentially a sub-regional financial cooperation across the border. By promoting the construction of monetary cooperation system, investment and financing system, financial service system, credit cooperation system, and financial supervision cooperation system, it aims to promote the free circulation of funds in the Belt and Road area, and enhance the regulatory coordination among the countries along the route, so as to improve the efficiency of capital allocation and achieve effective identification, response and early warning of all kinds of financial risks. According to the evaluation report on the cooperation degree of the Belt and Road released by the National Information Center, the score of financial connectivity reached 9.86 (full score 20) in 2018. China has carried out various forms of cooperation with the countries along the border in terms of money, investment and financing, financial services, credit, financial supervision and so on. Meanwhile, since the launch of the Belt and Road science and technology innovation action plan in 2017, the Belt and Road countries based on the demand for scientific and technological innovation cooperation, focus on scientific and technological humanities exchanges, jointly build joint laboratories, technology park cooperation, technology transfer, patent applications and other fields, and gradually form the Belt and Road regional innovation cooperation pattern. To achieve regional innovation and development in the Belt and Road region, we need not only innovative cooperation in science and technology, but also deepening financial cooperation among governments, financial institutions and technology intermediary service institutions along the belt, and establishing and improving regional innovation cooperation mechanism. First, adhering to the principle of equal participation, interest sharing and risk sharing, the Belt and Road countries should deepen the cooperation in investment and financing, and provide financial support for the regional innovation and development of the countries along the route. Second, the Belt and Road countries should also promote the Belt and Road financial service system to achieve network layout, promote the docking of science and technology development strategy along the border, and provide effective financial support for the Belt and Road regional innovation and development. Third, the Belt and Road countries should strengthen cross-border credit cooperation and promote bilateral and multilateral governments or enterprises to carry out scientific and technological innovation cooperation. Finally, the Belt and Road countries should promote financial supervision and coordination, maintain confidence in the regional financial market and stabilize the financial system, so as to ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the Belt and Road national science and technology innovation projects. The proposal of the Digital Silk Road has added new contents to the Belt and Road construction, and has highlighted the important role of financial cooperation in the Belt and Road national regional innovation and development. This paper explores the path of and proposes a research framework for financial cooperation to enhance the regional innovation capability of the Belt and Road, as well as possible research and innovation points in this field, providing guidance for national financial cooperation and regional innovation and development along the route. Future research could focus on at least in the following two aspects: On the one hand, based on the Belt and Road national perspective, examining the policy effect and influence of the financial cooperation initiative between China and the Belt and Road countries on regional innovation capability and exploring effective ways to enhance regional innovation capability from the perspectives of monetary cooperation, investment and financing cooperation, financial services cooperation, credit cooperation and financial supervision and coordination. On the other hand, the characteristics of regional innovation activities should be investigated in light of the realistic characteristics of the countries along the Belt and Road. Related Articles | Metrics

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A literature review on the regional innovation research methods Su Yi, Liu Yanxue 2019, 40(9): 14-24.  Abstract ( 315 )   In March 2019, China’s ‘two sessions’ (the National People’s Congress and Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference) pointed out that it is necessary to focus on strengthening the scientific and technological innovation development plan, to strengthen the docking of various science and technology, talents, and industrial planning in various provinces and cities, and to study and plan regional science and technology innovation strategies. Regional innovation is the basis for planning regional science and technology innovation strategy. How to apply scientific methods to study regional innovation is particularly important. Through extensive reading of domestic and foreign literature on regional innovation, this paper finds that scholars are very concerned about regional innovation research, and the research methods adopted are also quite diverse. This paper attempts to sort out the research methods related to regional innovation, in order to lay a foundation for scholars to carry out relevant research. First of all, based on China Knowledge Network (CNKI) and Web of Science databases, this paper uses “regional innovation” and “regional innovation” as the title and key words to retrieve the literature. Then, taking the important journals identified by the Ministry of Management Science of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the journals sponsored by the National Social Science Foundation, SCI, SSCI, etc. as the criteria, this paper select “Scientific Research Management”, “China Soft Science”, “Technological Forecasting and Social Change”, “Journal of Cleaner Production” , etc. The representative classical literature are selected from these journals for detailed analysis. Due to space limitations, this paper only lists 40 main references at the end. This paper sorts out three typical methods for studying regional innovation problems: statistical analysis methods, frontier analysis methods and system analysis methods. In thesecond part, regional innovation research based on statistical analysis methods is divided into two categories: regression analysis, dimensionality reduction and classification analysis. The regression analysis method is divided into two sub-categories: classical cross-section data analysis and non-classical cross-section data analysis. When using classical interface data analysis methods to study regional innovation, scholars mainly focus on linear regression analysis, time series regression analysis and spatial regression analysis methods. When using non-classical cross-section data analysis methods to study regional innovation, scholars focused on panel data regression analysis methods and discrete data regression analysis methods. Using regression analysis methods, scholars mainly studied the factors influencing regional innovation, technological innovation, regional innovation capability, and regional innovation performance. Scholars use the method of dimensionality reduction and classification analysis to study the regional innovation ability and innovation efficiency as well as the evaluation of innovation performance. The method of dimensionality reduction mainly refers to two aspects of factor analysis and projection pursuit analysis. The classification method mainly refers to cluster analysis. In thethird part, regional innovation research based on frontier analysis methods is divided into two categories: data envelopment analysis (DEA) and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Scholars have applied the data envelopment analysis (DEA) methods and its improved model to study the efficiency measurement and performance evaluation of regional innovation systems, and the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method to study the influencing factors of regional innovation efficiency. In thefourth part, regional innovation research based on system perspective is divided into four perspectives: regional innovation research based on system science analysis methods, regional innovation research based on social network analysis methods, the regional innovation research based on game theory analysis methods, regional innovation research based on ecological theory analysis methods. Applying system science analysis methods, the scholars mainly focus on the measurement of coupling coordination degree and order degree in various regions, the evaluation of innovation ability and collaborative evolution of regional innovation systems. Applying social network analysis methods, the scholars focus on the evolution path of innovation cooperation network, the influence factors of regional innovation network and innovation performance. Applying game theory analysis methods, the scholars focus on the main bodies of regional innovation system, such as enterprises and academic institutions, government-industry-university research, enterprises and enterprises. And the game mechanism among various innovators and the influencing factors of strategy selection are studied. Applying ecological theory analysis methods, scholars regard enterprises, universities and other innovators in the regional innovation system as different populations in the ecosystem. At the same time, relevant theories and models of ecology are introduced to study the coupling mechanisms, the dynamic evolution, the population effects and the population relationships in the innovation ecosystem. In the fifth part, the relationship among statistical analysis method, frontier analysis method and system analysis method is discussed. The unreliability of statistical data determines the limitations of quantitative research methods. In view of the new challenges faced by regional innovation, this paper prospects the research methods that should be focused on in the future regional innovation from the following two aspects. (1) The arrival of the era of big data has spawned new regional concepts. Based on the big data platform, various scientific and technological resources can be fully integrated to meet the increasingly diverse and personalized demand for technological innovation, and the efficiency of innovation and the conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements can be improved greatly. Therefore, it will be an effective way to study regional innovation by using big data method. (2) With the advent of the electronic information age, the artificial intelligence methods will become the research methods of regional innovation. As the system theory is excessively abstract and rational, some research hypotheses are divorced from reality. Artificial intelligence research method, which integrates rationality and reality reasonably, will become a new research method of regional innovation research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Innovation ecosystem: systematic review from a contextual perspective Wang Weinan,Wu Xintong, Mei Liang 2019, 40(9): 25-36.  Abstract ( 483 )    Innovation is a complex process of value creation and a decisive force in economic development. A single organization faces many challenges in coping with the complex competitive environment, such as the rapid development of emerging technologies, the deep integration of science, economy and society, etc. Many industries have the characteristics of high innovation uncertainties, multi-agent symbiosis and cross-integration. In addition, China faces serious pressures of economic growth, industrial transformation and technological change. For that, closed, isolated and linear innovation management paradigm has been unable to satisfy the needs of organizational development. The emergence of new technologies (such as digitization, industrial internet, artificial intelligence, 5G technology), the rise of sharing economy, and the change of platform-based organizational models, have further triggered new paradigm in uncertain environment in research and practice. Under this background, "ecosystem" as a new paradigm has gradually attracted the academic and practical attention in the past 20 years, and has become a focal topic in the discussion of strategic management and innovation management. However, the existing reviews of innovation ecosystems lack attention about emerging technologies, markets, and organizational management contexts, such as digitalization, networking, sharing economy, platform-based organizations, and ignore the interaction of innovation ecosystems with new contexts. Based on systematic review, bibliometric analysis and content analysis, this paper identifies the focus topics, theoretical development, method evolution and research contexts (including technology context, organizational context and market context) emerged from literature clusters. The paper provides a summary and inspiration for the development of innovative ecosystem theory and practice from a situational perspective. On the contextual perspective of innovation ecosystem, this paper comprehensively adopts systematic review, bibliometrics and citation analysis, content analysis and so on. Systematic review is a literature review research method which collects all the relevant studies, evaluates all the samples strictly one by one, and synthetically evaluates all the research results. Bibliometrics and citation analysis are quantitative methods that use citation networks to effectively identify research topics, hotspots, evolutionary paths and research contents. In addition, this paper also focuses on the contexts, and makes an in-depth content analysis of the literature related to innovation ecosystem. The findings are as follows: Firstly, the current research on innovation ecosystem has been extended from business ecosystem sub agenda to an independent research topic. As an independent research topic, innovative ecosystem has formed a core research foundation based on Ron Adner’s research and other scholars. It focuses on the concepts and strategies of innovative ecosystem, value creation and value capture, ecosystem structure and competition relationship, etc. Secondly, as an independent research topic, the core three theoretical branches of innovation ecosystem has changed from traditional strategic management, innovation management and new institutional economics to innovation management, marketing management and entrepreneurship management. Moreover, the research methods of innovation ecosystem are still dominated by qualitative research and case study. Thirdly, the research method of innovation ecosystem is still based on qualitative research. Through case studies, most papers describe how enterprises establish innovation ecosystem, realize creation and value acquisition. However, since the research represented by Ron Adner and Raul Kapoor, it has begun to conduct quantitative empirical research, mainly through continuous variables or dichotomous variables to measure complementarities, interdependencies, substitution, competitiveness, system complexity and other indicators in the innovation ecosystem. Fourthly, the literature clusters emerging from citation analysis reflect the important contextual characteristics of innovative ecosystem research, which are highlighted in three aspects: on the supply side, focusing on emerging technology scenarios; on the enterprise side, linking innovation ecosystem with organizational scenarios; and on the demand side, emphasizing on market scenarios. In detail, emerging technological contexts include artificial intelligence, 5G technology, big data, Internet platforms, etc. The emerging organizational contexts includes multi-agent participation, organizational platform and the logic of sharing technology. Emerging market contexts include sharing economy, mobile payment, deep globalization, service dominant logic and service ecosystem. This paper systematically reviews the literature of innovative ecosystem, constructs the theoretical framework of innovative ecosystem, and summarizes the characteristics of the research development and evolution of innovative ecosystem. Based on the connotation of innovation ecosystem, this paper deconstructs the research contexts of innovation ecosystem (including technological context, organizational context, and market context). The review and summary of innovative ecosystem based on contextual perspective is an exploratory attempt in the field of innovative ecosystem research, which provides important knowledge increments and development enlightenments for the academic and practical of innovative ecosystem. With the deep integration of science and technologies, economy and society, the rapid development of market, organizations and technologies provide new opportunities and theoretical growth points for the future research of innovation ecosystem. Future researches in this field needs to focus on the following aspects. Firstly, focus on the contextual characteristics of innovation ecosystem, and think about the emergence of new technologies, the change of new organizational models, the change of new market trends, and the driving factors behind the change. In addition, to analyze the impact of these changes on the innovation ecosystem composition, structure, complementary and substitutionary relationships of innovation ecosystems. Second, the vertical evolution process and dynamic governance mechanism between micro subjects and macro economy need to be further discussed. Most of the existing researches define the connotation attribute, structural characteristics and organizational paradigm of innovation ecosystem based on the static perspective. The researches need to further integrate the contextual perspective into it, to determine the impact of emerging situations and how the innovation ecosystem needs to adapt to the context characteristics, so as to discuss how to evolve, how to govern and how to regulate. Finally, uncertainties about emerging technologies, organizational models, and market trends have led to a reassessment of the value of the innovation ecosystem at social level. For example, responsibility issues about the emerging technology governance, science and technology ethics, social satisfaction, group well-being, value for all, gender equality and other issues in the process of creating positive externalities. In addition, it also includes the significance of innovation ecosystem for the community with a sharing future, sustainability, world peace and other medium- and long-term human development issues. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact mechanisms of TMT diversity on synergic innovation performance of firms Xie Xuemei, Huo Jiage, Wu Yonghui 2019, 40(9): 37-47.  Abstract ( 313 )   In the era of knowledge economy, the implementation of collaborative innovation strategy is important to effectively integrate internal and external resources and improve innovation efficiency. Collaborative innovation, which means the integration of various innovation elements and the barrier-free flow of innovation resources, can promote deep cooperation. With the integration of technological innovation and industrial development, how to improve the effect of collaborative innovation has become an important issue related to the competitive advantage of firms. In addition, the top management team, as the strategy maker, is critical to the advancement of collaborative innovation strategies. Therefore, it is of great practical significance and value to explore the impact of characteristics of top management team on collaborative innovation performance. According to theupper echelon theory, a firm’s behaviors are reflected by the cognitive foundation and values of the Top Management Team (TMT), composed of CEOs and key managers, and TMT diversity reflects the differences in preferences, ideas, and information networks. Research on TMT diversity and innovation focuses on two aspects. One focus is the relationship between TMT diversity and external network heterogeneity. The research findings are as follows: TMT diversity determines the number of types of external networks; TMT diversity can improve network heterogeneity, and network heterogeneity can promote integration of external knowledge and improve innovation performance. The second focus is the relationship between TMT diversity and innovation. The corresponding research findings are that TMT diversity can enhance business performance by new product innovation and scientific decision-making. However, some studies suggest that the relationship between TMT diversity and innovation changes with the changing environment and it is difficult to determine the relationship between TMT diversity and the output. Overall, there are few empirical studies on TMT diversity and collaborative innovation, especially those with indirect and contextual factors considered. However, the study of this relationship helps refine the upper echelon theory and synergy theory. Therefore, the main concerns of this study are the mechanism and contextual factors of the impact of TMT diversity on collaborative innovation. Based on the aforementioned research gaps, from the perspective of TMT diversity, this study intends to explore ways to enhance collaborative innovation performance by considering the mediating effects of strategic orientation and collaborative learning and the moderating effect of environmental dynamics. In this study, collaborative innovation performance is measured from two aspects: synergy and innovation. Strategic orientation is divided into market orientation, technology orientation, green orientation and network orientation, and collaborative learning is divided into exploratory learning, exploitative learning and inter-organizational learning. The impact of TMT diversity on collaborative innovation performance, strategic orientation and collaborative learning is examined. Besides, the mediating roles of strategic orientation and collaborative learning on the relationship between TMT diversity and collaborative innovation performance are explored. Additionally, environmental dynamics is divided into technical environment dynamics and market environment dynamics. The effects of environmental dynamics on the relationship between strategic orientation and collaborative innovation performance and on the relationship between collaborative learning and collaborative innovation performance are explored. Data used in this study are the survey data of 431 manufacturing firms in Yangtze River Delta. First, the measurement indicators in the initial questionnaire are modified by consulting relevant experts in academia and business. Second, forty firms were selected for small-scale interviews to further refine the questionnaire. Finally, a formal investigation was conducted. A total of 1020 questionnaires were distributed, and 431 valid questionnaires were returned. The recovery rate was 42.3%. The empirical results show that TMT diversity has both direct effect and indirect positive effects on collaborative innovation performance. Meanwhile, TMT diversity has a positive impact on strategic orientation, and each dimension of strategic orientation (i.e., market orientation, technology orientation, network orientation and green orientation) mediates the relationship between TMT diversity and corporate collaborative innovation performance. This implies that the independent and sensitive perspective of the heterogeneous top management team can influence each aspect of strategic orientation, and contribute to collaborative innovation performance. Besides, TMT diversity contributes to the collaborative learning of firms. Each dimension of collaborative learning (exploratory learning, exploitative learning and inter-organizational learning) is a mediator of the relationship between TMT diversity and collaborative innovation performance. This reveals that TMT with high diversity has a more complete prior knowledge base, and can conduct exploratory learning, exploitative learning and inter-organizational learning. The ability of absorbing new knowledge and transforming new knowledge can be improved, and collaborative innovation performance will be improved. In addition, environmental dynamics has significant moderating effects on the relationships between strategic orientation, collaborative learning and collaborative innovation performance. With the increase of environmental dynamics, the impacts of strategic orientation and collaborative learning on collaborative innovation performance will increase. In the context of high environmental dynamics, it is better to adapt to the environment with strategic orientation and collaborative learning, and adjust the focus of strategic orientation and collaborative learning according to the characteristics of the environment. The above research findings prove the positive effects of TMT diversity on strategic orientation, collaborative learning and collaborative innovation performance. Based on the above empirical research results, the following policy recommendations are proposed: First, firms should construct a heterogeneous TMT with complementary advantages. Top management team is the most important human resource for a firm. Therefore, during the formation and selection process, it is necessary for TMT to focus on diversity. Second, firms should strategically design their structures and make a balance between exploratory, exploitative and inter-organizational learning. A firm can rely on long-term cooperative relationships with core partners to carry out exploitative learning, and can also explore new knowledge through different partners with inter-organizational learning. Third, firms should take use of the dynamic environment and enhance the strategic flexibility and learning ability. With the increasingly serious environmental problems in the 21st century, the development of green products is to fulfill the social responsibilities of firms, and forming a green strategic orientation is a must to satisfy the green needs of consumers. Therefore, firms should develop TMT with high diversity to improve their collaborative innovation capabilities. Related Articles | Metrics

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A review of the research on “smart specialization strategy” abroad Shen Jie, Zhong Shuhua 2019, 40(9): 48-56.  Abstract ( 342 )   The 18th Chinese Communist Party (CPC) National Congress proposed the strategy of Innovation-driven Development, stressing scientific and technology innovation is a strategic pillar for boosting social productivity of China. It pointed out that development must be anchored on innovation, and efforts must be made to overcome the “middle-income trap”. At regional level, regions may vary in different domains, what should be noticed is that the “one-size-fit-all” is not the answer when thinking about how to stimulate dynamic innovation capability of regions. Developed along with economic development and industry specialization, smart specialization strategy (S3) has offered a brand new framework for regional science and technology public policy and science and technology strategy. Smart Specialization Strategy is a vivid and alive idea. It has been profoundly propagandized and implemented through European under the umbrella of “European 2020” strategy. Smart specialization aim at stimulating the best of each region. In fact, the core principle of Innovation-driven Development of China also revolve around being “SMART”. This paper introduced the background of Smart Specialization Strategy. The characteristics and development path of S3 has been proposed, the impact of it to the regional innovation growth has been discussed. The nature of S3 includes the notion and logic structure, the implementation research of S3 derive from policy making process and procedure, the evaluation system of S3 contains the evaluation context, indicators and models.To meet the need of regional innovation growth implementation in China, several cases of S3 implementation has been introduced as examples. The idea of smart specialization follows a logic continuation in the process of deepening, diversifying and specializing of more general innovation strategies, taking into account of regional specifies and inter-regional characteristics, to restart economic growth by leveraging innovation led/knowledge-based investments in regions. From smart specialization to smart specialization strategy, scholars abroad implied that this process can be understood from three aspects. The notion of smart specialization can be described as a process embedded in localized productive structures and capacities whose transformations calls for new resources, new technologies and competences. Turing to the notion of smart specialization strategy, it involves putting in a place a smart specialization process, which can be facilitated thanks to punctual and effective and targeted governmental intervention. Apart from the discussion analyzed above, we can still noticed that there are some experts working on how to define smart specialization strategy from domains selection and characteristics. The core of S3 can be concluded as entrepreneurial discovery. It is obvious that entrepreneurial discovery is the critical element, the essential phase and the decisive link that bridge and allows the system to reorient and renew, or even restart itself. In other words, entrepreneurial discovery stimulate the process of smart specialization in two aspects. It can be seen as the advent of an innovation, and the deployment and variation of innovative ideas in a domains that generated knowledge about the future economic value of a possible structure change as well. Spillovers together will cause entry of similar. It can be said that entry, or mimic entry is a key ingredient of smart specialization so that agglomeration externalities can be realized. The entrants scale and quality will reflect a potential domain in which a region could become a future leader. Following by next phase will be structural change. What can be observed is that potential success of discoveries and new activities with the purpose to explore and open up new area of innovation will ultimately translate into some structural change.Literature analysis shows that this process will experience from transition in an existing industrial commons to modernization manifested by development of general purpose technology in sectors, and finally arrives at diversification that are likely to connect an existing activity and a new one. As for the S3 implementation, related research papers mainly focused on designing policy instruments and approaches. Most research results reflected that the implementation of S3 should follow a step-by-step approach to help every region to better position themselves in the GVC age. Simply put S3 as a one-direction innovation strategy well face policy dilemmas, it is of crucial important to understand that S3 involves various innovation stakeholder and entrepreneurs. And it is not only their knowledge and commitment that helps to identify key priority areas, but smart specialization is also pointing cross-border/sector and trans-regional cooperation to achieve more critical potential and related variety. During this process, the importance of monitoring and evaluation within these strategies should be particularly highlighted. It has been noticed that in order to attract policy attention and to shift the discussion from conceptual issue to empirical practice, establish a statistical measurement is of vitally importance to encourage countries and regions to take part into S3 design. It has been addressed that there are two problems--the discovery process and then the tracking of progress--has to be dealt with. Taking them into account, framework of indicators has been proposed, assessment models has been tested and evaluation principles has been discussed. Smart Specialization, as a central part of European Union (EU) Cohesion Policy, is widely implemented within Europe and beyond. Since there is no Smart Specialization template or “model” which can be set directly into every region, regions have to work within their own characteristics, and find the domain with competitive advantage. Many countries and regions have already implemented S3 which provide an in-depth analysis of real-life experience in policies and governance mechanisms. Spain, Belgium, Denmark, North Korea, Australia, The United Kingdom and Romania, etc. have been provided with a template either from vertical or horizontal way. In other words, we can observe that the S3 implementation happened on a particular domain, like automotive, photonics agriculture sustainable chemistry and fishing, or on the regional strategy process for smart specialization, like nanotech for health cluster in Finland.  Based on abroad literature review, smart specialization is a place-based policy concept boosting regional economic energy, promoting economic transformation and investment through innovative activities in selected domains. As smart specialization embraces a broad view of innovation that goes beyond research-oriented and technology-based activities, and requires an appropriate government intervention, it can provide a brand new way for the development of innovation-driven growth in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Is social network of enterprise always useful:A literature review Huang Jiawen 2019, 40(9): 57-64.  Abstract ( 219 )   After forty years of development, social network has become one of the most important research fields in management and formed two main analysis paths which are egocentric approach and sociocentric approach. Regardless of the analysis path, many empirical studies have shown that social networks can produce beneficial results for the users in different scenarios. Social networks of enterprises have significant positive impacts on their governance, financing and growth. Recently, however, scholars have pointed out that past studies have neglected a series of unexpected consequences of social networks. For example, the function of social networks will change with the different objects of action. It may have a positive impact on some actors, but also harm other actors. So some studies about negative function of social networks have renewed the understanding of excessive attention to positive effects, which has gradually become the core topic of social network. Domestic research in this field is still scattered and literature review is rare. Therefore, based on the enterprise level, this paper summarizes the negative function of social network from three aspects including characteristics, analysis framework and future direction. On one hand, it helps to clarify the context of the theories and construct a panorama of social network research. On the other hand, the direction for future research is pointed out by sorting out the limitations of this field, so as to enhance the continuity of discussion. 〖JP3〗The results have showed that the negative functions of enterprise social networks are reflected in the micro-, meso- and macro-levels. Firstly, the excessive dependence on certain social networks will reduce the creativity of managers or ordinary employees, and may even force more ambitious and innovative members to leave the enterprise. Secondly, enterprises which rely on a single social network also face the problem of declining organizational adaptability including weakening the ability to acquire information, withstand market risks and innovate. The above problems and the fact that the cost of building social networks is greater than the benefit will lead to the liabilities of enterprises. Thirdly, the negative function of social network is also reflected in inducing market segmentation and local protectionism. For a single organization, social networks may help achieve the goals of enterprise, but not for the entire industry, market or region. Whether or not an enterprise is a member of social network will lead to a non-reciprocal position, and it is difficult to achieve the fairness of market competition. Horizontal or vertical government networks can build bridges for cooperation between enterprises. But if the government intervenes excessively, it will often form local protectionism. In terms of analysis framework, the studies in this field can be summarized into two main perspectives. One is to attribute the negative function of social network to the limitation of the structure itself. When actors are in the social network, their behavior is bound to be constrained by the network structure. Exclusiveness and over-embeddedness of networks are important factors leading to negative functions of social networks for enterprises. Because non-members cannot maximize the benefits of trading behavior through information sharing, members of the network can also control the closure of social networks by their identity advantages; the role of social networks for different members is not consistent. Strong tie, in addition to providing resources, information and opportunities, also represent a closed and strong constraint, which will lead to over-socialization of actors embedded in the network. The other regards negative function as the co-variation result of the interaction between the enterprise and the organizational environment. An organization is a dynamic system which exchanges material, energy and information with environment continuously. The complexity of enterprise operation leads to the loose relationship between enterprise and other actors in the system. Thereby, with the change of organizational environment, this loose network relationship may face the problem of disintegration. The organizational environment includes not only the social environment of the enterprise, but also the internal environment involving the working environment, organizational culture, organizational technology and enterprise characteristics. When the external environment of the organization changes such as uncertainty of market demand and technological turbulence, relying solely on the original social network cannot adapt to changes in the market environment. The life cycle of an enterprise and the orientation of organizational goals will have different impacts on the functioning of social networks. In the field of management, the research on the negative function of enterprise social network is still in its infancy, and there are still many valuable academic issues to be analyzed and discussed. On the basis of reviewing the studies, the paper puts forward four possible research directions in the future. Firstly, a comprehensive analytical framework should be constructed from the perspective of network structuralism and organizational environment, which should not be regarded as competing theoretical schools. Secondly, pay attention to the negative impact of heterogeneity of social networks on enterprise performance, and analyze the whole process of social networks’ survival, development and disappearance from a dynamic perspective in order to identify the real functions of social networks. Thirdly, a set of scientific and rigorous causal analysis methods is established. For example, the study can overcome the problem of using only average treatment effect through adopting counterfactual causal analysis mechanism. Fourthly, most of the current studies on the negative functions of social networks are based on the empirical facts of Western society. So relevant conclusions need to be further validated and analyzed in China. Future research can attempt to construct the theory of localization from three perspectives: family culture, China’s development model and transition period. Related Articles | Metrics

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A quantitative study of trade secrets protection in China Wang Lina, Chang Kuoping 2019, 40(9): 65-74.  Abstract ( 275 )   Being a kind of intangible business asset, the trade secret is an important intellectual property for companies to overcome competitors and maintain competitive advantages. Ever since China’s access to WTO, the value of trade secrets has become more and more important with the development of economy. Therefore, strong strength of trade secrets protection is in need in China. Then how about trade secrets protection in China by the means of quantification? Is it strong or weak? Compared with great multitude of literatures on patent protection’s quantitative analysis, there are a few of literatures referred to the quantification of trade secrets protection at present. So the paper constructs indices to measure trade secrets protection in the level of legislation, enforcement, and actual protection of China over the period 1993-2014 respectively. Firstly, according to TRIPS and “Regulations on the Protection of Anti-Unfair Competition for reference to perfect anti-unfair competition law” issued by WIPO, the index of trade secrets legislation in China is constructed. It is composed of six components that together determine the overall level of legislation. The six components of the index are: (1) elements of a trade secret; (2) ratification of international convention; (3) the confidentiality period; (4) provisions for loss of trade secret rights; (5) enforcement mechanisms; (6) non-competition clause. The value of each component ranges from 0 to 1. Score of the index is the un-weighted sum of each component’s value, and higher score of the index indicates stronger level of trade secrets legislation. In order to check the reasonability of the index’s weight, the sensitivity test of trade secrets legislative index to alternative weighting schemes is carried out. And we find it is feasible to assign an equal weight to each of components. Next the level of trade secrets’ legislation over the period 1993-2014 is quantified from the relevant laws of China according to sum of each component’s value. For the construction of trade secrets enforcement’s index, this paper devises two indicators: consciousness of law enforcement and the quality of judicial judgment. The full score of each indicator is 1, and weights of these two indicators are the same (sensitivity test of index to alternative weight is also carried out). The score of the level about law enforcement is an arithmetic mean of these two indicators. And the score ranges from 0 to 1. The meaning of 0 is that all contents of trade secrets law are not enforced fully effectively, and the meaning of 1 is opposite to the meaning of 0. By using the above method, we get the quantitative data on the level of trade secrets enforcement from 1993 to 2014. For the index of trade secrets actual protection in China, legislative index multiplying by enforcement index is used here. And we get the measured result of actual protection over the period 1993-2014 according to this way. Secondly, the paper analyses the quantitative results of legislation, enforcement, and actual protection of trade secrets. In the view of legislation, trade secrets protection has been weak from 1993 to 2007, and it developed slowly. Ever since 2008, the trade secrets legislation has increased rapidly, and it reached 91.67% of its full score. In 2013, the score of legislative level was 5.833, and it is close to the full score of 6. This indicates the trade secrets legislation in China is relatively perfect now. For the level of enforcement, it is on the rise year by year, and it develops more gently compared with the legislative level. From 1993 to 2014, the enforcement’s level increased by 58.81%. However, the maximum value of enforcement is 0.613 in 2014, and it reaches the 61.3% of the enforcement’s total value. This implies the level of enforcement is not high. Two indicators’ trends of the enforcement index have also their own characteristics. The level of judicial judgment’s quality is higher than that of enforcement consciousness. It developed relatively stable and has not changed much. Even if the level of enforcement consciousness has been improved greatly, it is still very weak. This restricts the improvement of enforcement’s level, and it is the important reason for the enforcement being not high. As far as the level of actual protection is considered, China’s access to WTO in 2001 and “Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court” in 2007 improve its level strongly. However, the actual level developed slowly and has not been high after 2008 for the restriction of enforcement. Therefore, it is an efficient way to improve the level of trade secrets actual protection by increasing the enforcement’s level. At last, econometric analysis is carried out for determinants of trade secrets protection. We find that economic development, education level and R&D all have the positive effect on the trade secrets actual protection. China is still in the stage of imitative innovation, and it is helpful for firms to learn advanced technology through trade for the case of weak protection. So trade openness has the negative effect on the improvement of actual protection. However, being in the stage of imitative innovation for a long time is not the fundamental method of improving the level of technology. China is actively seeking the strategic way of transforming from imitative innovation to independent innovation. The activity of independent innovation needs strong strength of trade secrets actual protection. Thus the fundamental way of improving the trade secrets protection is to change the mode of innovation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Manufacturing transfer, knowledge spillover and regional innovation space evolution Wang Chunyang, Meng Weidong 2019, 40(9): 75-84.  Abstract ( 213 )   Industrial transfer is an effective way to form a rational industrial division system and optimize the spatial distribution of economy. At the present stage in China, it is an inevitable requirement to promote the transformation of economic development mode, accelerate the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure and promote the coordinated development of regional economy. On the one hand, the spatial distribution of industries, especially manufacturing industry, is an important factor affecting regional economic disparities; on the other hand, China is in a critical period of growth momentum transformation, and the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry as the main body of the national economy is particularly important. Especially in recent years, China’s manufacturing industry is facing many problems, such as structural overcapacity, backward technology, rapid rise in labor wages, and sustained decline in profits, while developed countries have implemented the strategy of "re-industrialization" to reshape the new competitive advantages of manufacturing industry, which makes the development of China’s manufacturing industry facing the "two-way squeeze" from developed countries and other developing countries. The above situation urgently requires China to re-optimize the spatial allocation of industries, give full play to regional comparative advantages and strengthen technological innovation, so as to achieve the goal of promoting industrial upgrading in the eastern region and accelerating the process of new industrialization in the central and Western regions. On the other hand, compared with the spatial agglomeration of economic activities, the geographically unbalanced distribution of innovation is more obvious. From the perspective of agglomeration economy and externality, industrial distribution is an important factor affecting the spatial and temporal evolution of innovation output. Industrial agglomeration can bring about significant knowledge spillover, thus reducing the cost of production and R&D, and forming a "public knowledge pool". Knowledge spillover is a process of knowledge unconscious transmission by different subjects in direct or indirect information exchange, and knowledge spillover has the characteristics of attenuation as distance increases. The spatial distribution of industry will affect knowledge spillover, and knowledge spillover will further affect the spatial pattern of industrial activities, which presents an endogenous cumulative cyclic causality. Academic circles generally agree that agglomeration and knowledge spillover can promote regional innovation, but there are many debates about which type of agglomeration structure can promote innovation growth. “MAR externalities” think that knowledge spillovers mainly occur between enterprises within the industry, emphasizing the similarity or at least correlation of technology; while “Jacobs externalities” think that knowledge spillovers between complementary and differentiated industries rather than similar industries, emphasizing the impact of diversity on innovation. A large number of empirical studies have explored this issue. However, due to the differences in measurement indicators, geographical units, industrial choice and inspection time, there are still many divergent conclusions.  Based on spatial panel data of innovation in Chinese provinces from 2001 to 2014, the paper measures space-time evolution characteristics of regional innovation and analyzes influences brought by manufacture transfer and knowledge spillover to regional innovation space evolution.In 2001, the patent shares of the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions were 63.05%, 14.00%, 12.39% and 10.57%, respectively. Since then, the share of innovation output in the eastern region has been increasing, while the share in the central, western and northeastern regions has been declining gradually. By 2007, the share of innovation output in the eastern region was 74.66%, while that in the central, western and northeastern regions was 9.99%, 8.58% and 6.77%, respectively. Subsequently, the share of innovation output in the eastern region began to show a downward trend, while the share of innovation output in the central and western regions showed an increasing trend. By 2014, the share of innovation output in the four regions will be 65.05%, 14.89%, 15.35% and 4.71% respectively. From 2001 to 2004, the share of manufacturing industry in the eastern region increased from 67.50% to 70.86%, indicating the transfer of manufacturing industry to the eastern region; while the share of manufacturing industry in the central, western and northeastern regions decreased from 13.41%, 10.69% and 8.40% in 2001 to 12.10%, 9.70% and 7.34% in 2004, respectively, indicating that manufacturing industry was transferred from the above three regions. From 2004 to 2011, the situation was just the opposite: the share of manufacturing industry in the eastern region fell to 60.65%, and manufacturing industry turned out; while the share of manufacturing volume in the central, western and northeastern regions rose to 18.56%, 12.51% and 8.28%, respectively, with the manufacturing industry turning in. During the investigation period, China’s manufacturing industry experienced a spatial shift from the eastern region to the central and western regions and then to the Northeast region. With 2007 as the time boundary point, innovation output share in eastern areas increased firstly and then decreased, presenting a reverse U-shaped variation characteristic. Correspondingly, innovation output share in middle and western areas decreased firstly and then increased, presenting a U-shaped variation characteristic. During this period, the manufacture industry in our country presented the space-time characteristics that with 2004 as the time boundary point, it transferred towards eastern areas and then transferred to middle and western areas as well as the northeast China region. Relative variation in regional manufacture shares caused by transfer of manufacture exerted prominent positive spillover influences on regional innovation, narrowing the huge gaps between eastern areas and middle and western areas in the innovation output to a certain extent. Professionalization and diversification of regional manufacture exerted obviously positive spillover effects on regional innovation. Investment in research and development capitals, regional development level and activity degree of technical market brought obvious influences to regional innovation. Policy enlightenment: From the perspective of promoting regional coordinated development, we should give full play to the comparative and competitive advantages of various regions. To further promote the industrial transfer from the eastern region to the central and western regions is conducive to the industrial agglomeration and knowledge spillover effect in the central and Western regions, thus promoting the growth of innovation output. From the perspective of promoting regional innovation growth, first of all, we should strengthen the construction of industrial clusters, which can make full use of the knowledge spillover effect between enterprises and industries, whether in the same industry or in diversified industries. Secondly, we should pay attention to R&D capital investment to improve innovation ability and knowledge absorption in the central and Western regions. In order to better absorb the knowledge spillover brought about by industrial transfer in foreign countries and Eastern regions, the ability to collect knowledge can be improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Welfare effects of grain production technology biased progress Miao Shanshan 2019, 40(9): 85-95.  Abstract ( 192 )    Agricultural science and technology progress is an important driving force for the continuous growth of grain production. Under the conditions of market economy, technological progress in grain production is the result of the combination of relative price changes and resource endowments. The theory of induced innovation believes that the relative change of factor price will lead to technological innovation that saves high-price factors. New technological innovations affect the welfare of different subjects by changing the income distribution pattern of factors relative to marginal output. Therefore, breaking through traditional economics of neutral technical progress assumptions, this study explores mechanism of technical biased progress------elements relative price changes----benefits change, to provide theoretical and empirical basis for improving the efficiency of resource factor allocation and promoting agricultural science and technology policy innovation. The data employed including grain output, grain price and factor price from 2000 to 2016. Biased technology progress welfare effects model is applied to evaluate the production and distribution effect. The results of welfare effects on grain production technology biased progress show that grain production technology biased progress is helpful for the improvement of the overall social welfare. The producer surplus increased from 4.078 billion Yuan in 2000 to 18.994 billion Yuan in 2016. The consumer surplus increased from 61.799 billion Yuan in 2000 to 205.331 billion Yuan in 2016. The biased evolution of technological progress has led consumers to obtain most of the economic surplus, while the share of producer welfare distribution is small, ranging from 4.4% to 8.5% during the sample period. It is noted that the biased evolution of grain production technology has delayed the emergence of the “agricultural treadmill effect”, that is, in the process of pursuing profit maximization or minimizing costs, grain producers react to the prices of different supply elastic resources and replace expensive production factors with cheap production factors, thus facilitating farmers who adopt biased technology to obtain producer surplus. However, this improvement over time shows a trend of gradual decline after the inflection point, it is increased from 658.77 billion Yuan in 2000 to 2243.25 billion Yuan in 2016, the economic surplus between producers and consumers and the different factors of production are distributed in an unbalanced way, consumers and producer using biochemical technique benefit from the welfare gain, while the producers using mechanical technology is subject to welfare losses. Secondly, the influence of biased technological progress on factor productivity is heterogeneous. The evolution of China’s grain production technology is mainly based on the chain of comparison of cost and benefit---expanding the use of abundant elements---profit increase---biochemical technology progress, because the growth rate of biochemical technology factor productivity is higher than that of mechanical technology, makes abundant elements in a favorable position in social welfare distribution, leading to the imbalance of technological progress and factor welfare distribution, while factor input relies on the marginal productivity of factors to get compensation and the path dependence of technologically biased evolution will exacerbate this inequality. Therefore, how to adjust the distribution of welfare among different factors of production as well as producers and consumers, to increase the input of factor-based input of mechanical technology, and to induce technological changes in policy or institutional adjustment are important to play a role. Thirdly, the welfare distribution effect of grain production technology advancement has a phased characteristic. The change in the structure of factor welfare distribution is the result of the combination of the economic development stage and the relative abundance of factor endowments. The influence of biased technological evolution on the welfare distribution of different subjects is affected by the combination of abundant elements and scarce elements. The abolishment of induced institutional change such as agricultural taxes has led to a shift in technological progress from biochemical to mechanical, and increased the income share of scarce factors. Therefore, the biased evolution of food production technology has a significant impact on the distribution of social welfare. The induced technological change provides a possibility for producers to overcome the “agricultural treadmill effect” to obtain the technological benefits of welfare, which is conducive to the promotion of welfare under different conditions and different subjects. The biased evolution of technological progress has significant differences in the yield and distribution effects of different grain varieties. Rice, corn and wheat show different types of technological advancement bias due to their different resource endowments. The complementarity or replacement of biochemical and mechanical technologies has an important impact on the improvement of overall social welfare. The distribution of factors in the evolution of food production technology has a polarizing effect, which leads to an expansion of the welfare share of biased factors, and the share of non-biased technologies welfare is squeezed. Therefore, the direction of technological progress is matched with the structure of factor distribution, that is, biochemical technology and mechanical technology complement with each other, and the type of technological progress based on natural endowment conditions is more conducive to the increase of overall social welfare. Therefore, advancement in grain production technology needs to choose the direction of technological progress that matches their own factor endowments and through rational distribution of production factors, thus contributing to the improvement of overall social welfare. In general, the welfare effect of the biased grain production technology advancement is different due to changes in grain varieties and production stages. China’s grain production technology advancement is more biased towards biochemical technology, which is conducive to the improvement of producer welfare using pesticides, fertilizers, and improved production factors. Different food crops have different welfare effects due to different capital-labor substitution elasticity and different demand for mechanization. Therefore, increasing patent protection and implementing technological progress in accordance with changes in factor abundance will help to improve overall social welfare. Moreover, as the economic development reaches a certain level, it needs to change from factor scale expansion to product quality improvement. The combination of technology and capital is more urgent to increase the demand for mechanical technology investment, and the price effects will be improved by increasing the productivity of scarce factors, thus to improve the overall level of social welfare. With the improvement of economic development level and quality, the coupling of biochemistry and mechanical technology will be a new trend of technological change. That is, technological progress is characterized by the dual biased characteristics of capital and labor complementation, which will be more conducive to the maximization of social welfare. Related Articles | Metrics

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Venture capital reputation, intellectual capital and enterprise value Ma Ning， Ji Xinlong 2019, 40(9): 96-107.  Abstract ( 268 )    In the background of globalization, the accumulation of knowledge, operation of capital and innovation of technology are important driving force to improve a country’s economic strength. The organic combination of knowledge, capital and technology is the core gripper of national economic development as well as the key support to improve the independent innovation ability of enterprises. The operation mode of venture capital is just a new investment approach formed based on a series of factors such as fund supply, management service and technological innovation, which is conducive to improving the IPO performance of enterprises, and also helps to improve the capital allocation, use and supervision mechanism of enterprises. The effective synergy of venture capital and intellectual capital can realize a perfect combination of knowledge, capital, management and innovation of start-ups. Venture capital with high reputation is more likely to use their experience and extensive social relations to help enterprises grow rapidly. As an important intangible asset, the reputation of venture capital can effectively alleviate the problem of information asymmetry with the target enterprise, reduce transaction costs and attract the attention of high-value enterprises by enhancing their competitive advantages. Venture capital institutions with high reputation can provide target enterprises with higher value and higher value-added management services quality. Therefore, this paper will deeply discuss the mechanism and effect of venture capital reputation on the synergies between venture capital and intellectual capital, so as to provide relevant references for venture capital institutions to establish a reputation mechanism, and strengthen the accumulation of enterprise intellectual capital. The paper selects 397 companies of GEM from 2009 to 2015 as samples, excludes 144 companies without venture capital background, and the remaining 253 companies are taken as our research objects. At the same time, some missing data and ST and PT listed companies are also excluded, and 1174 observed values are finally collected. The financial data of sample enterprises mainly come from CSMAR database and RESSET database, and the venture capital data come from the annual report of listed companies. The paper divides intellectual capital into human capital, structural capital, innovation capital and social capital four parts, and based on different venture capital reputation to explore the synergistic relationship between venture capital and intellectual capital. For the enterprise value of star-ups, we select return on assets (ROA) and operating income growth rate (GR) two indicators to reflect asset utilization efficiency and sustainable growth ability of enterprises. The virtual variable of venture capital reputation is determined by whether the venture capital has successful experience and has helped other enterprises to go public. Firstly, the paper analyzes the whole process of the synergy between intellectual capital and venture capital. The Synergistic effect of venture capital and intellectual capital on enterprise value creation can be divided into three stages: the first stage is investment screening stage of venture capital institutions, the second stage is integration and symbiosis stage of venture capital and intellectual capital, and the last stage is the withdrawal of venture capital and realization of enterprise value. Firstly, Venture capital institutions find and choose venture enterprises with high intellectual capital stock as investment objects, then increase their intellectual capital stock through a series of value-added services to help enterprises improve their value creation ability, and finally complete the successful withdrawal of venture capital and the value improvement of venture enterprises. Secondly, we divide the sample enterprises into two groups of high reputation and low reputation for descriptive statistical analysis, and the results are follows: the mean of enterprises GR with high venture capital reputation is higher than that of enterprises with low reputation; the mean of ROA is lower than that of enterprises with low reputation; the intellectual capital value-added coefficient supported by high reputation venture capital is lower than that supported by low reputation venture capital; different intellectual capital elements results show that the innovation capital value-added coefficient is higher, and the other three capital value-added coefficients are lower. Thirdly, the paper uses the regulatory effect model to verify the synergies effect between venture capital and intellectual capital. Former literature suggest that there exists a synergistic effect between venture capital and intellectual capital, but do not further analyze the differences of the synergistic effect under different venture capital characteristics. High reputation is a key influence factor to analyze venture capital investment. The empirical results show that under the background of high reputation venture capital, the accumulation of enterprise innovation capital and social capital are more significant, and the value creation of enterprises is more positive. This result is similar to that of Lindsey. However, the synergy effect with human capital and structural capital are not prominent, which indicates that venture capital with a high reputation background needs to constantly strengthen the human capital management and investment in corporate structural capital, so as to improve the reputation effect of venture capital institutions and comprehensively build the enterprise’s intellectual capital management system. Based on the research conclusion of this article, for high reputation venture capital institutions, they should provide comprehensive services, especially the enterprise human capital management and structure capital two aspects. For low reputation venture capital institutions, they should pay attention to enterprise innovation input, and use their network to upgrade enterprise value creation potential, thus further enhance their reputation. Intellectual capital is the core of start-ups. Promoting the level of enterprise intellectual capital management means that enterprises must strengthen the development of knowledge management. Enterprises should create a good investment environment of intellectual capital, provide continued support to the management of venture capital value-added services, and further strengthen the enterprise staff’s ability of learning and innovation. The intellectual capital of enterprise is more dependent on its ability to acquire intellectual capital. This kind of dynamic intangible assets is considered to be the core driving force of an enterprise to obtain competitive advantage and technological innovation. At the same time, enterprises should make full use of social capital of venture capital institutions, and obtain a steady stream of knowledge from the outside based on the relationship network of venture capital, so as to realize the accumulation of enterprise knowledge and resource sharing. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the development and evolution of science-based entrepreneurial firms Zhang Qingzhi，Qi Yaoyuan，Lei Jiasu 2019, 40(9): 108-119.  Abstract ( 178 )   In recent decades, with the rise of biopharmaceuticals, nanotechnology, new materials, a new science-based entrepreneurial firm (SBEF) was born. In this paper, we designed an exploratory comparative multiple-case study of science-based entrepreneurialfirms created by the Nobel Prize-winning scientists to commercialize their research. The focus on those firms is representative of entrepreneurial science-based firms because these firms require extensive financial resources for an extended period of time to develop new products in emergent scientific and technological areas with high levels of uncertainty. We studies the development and evolution characteristics of science-based entrepreneurial firms from four dimensions: management team, funding sources, enterprise cooperation and product development. Through the analysis of such enterprise management teams, it is found that the management of science-based entrepreneurial firms is usually composed of “frontier scientists + business men”, which not only enables enterprises to be at the forefront of scientific research, but also effectively protects enterprise resource acquisition and operation; From the perspective of funding sources, the initial sources of funding include government funds and venture capital. Government funds support early R&D and reduce the risk of private investment. The main sources of funding for the development stage are venture capital, IPO, commercial cooperation and operating intellectual property. Diversified sources of funds effectively support the company’s huge research and development expenditures; corporate cooperation mainly includes academic cooperation and commercial cooperation. Academic cooperation keeps enterprises at the forefront of science while obtaining the latest patents; Business cooperation shortens the product development, speeds up product launch, and consolidates science-based entrepreneurial firms’ market position; science-based entrepreneurial firms have long product development cycles and high risks; in addition, these companies not only develop consumer products, but also develop technology platform for the research institutions or enterprises. Understanding the development and evolution of science-based entrepreneurialfirms is an important question for practitioners and policymakers. Many countries invest heavily in sustaining a strong and healthy science base, but face challenges in the ability to commercialize and benefit from the economic impact of science. This study contributes to conceptual discussions of science-based entrepreneurial firms growth and has important policy and practitioner implications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of technology capital on enterprise value and its difference——An empirical study based on innovative enterprises Sun Jing 2019, 40(9): 120-129.  Abstract ( 194 )    Since the establishment of innovative enterprises in 2005, China’s trend of technological innovation in innovative enterprises has become more obvious. Taking the sample of the 63 listed companies which belong to the state-level innovative enterprises as an example, the R&D intensity that equals R&D expenditure/GDP has continued to rise in recent years, being far higher than the national R&D intensity, and gradually approached and reached international standards. The increase in R&D intensity indicates the impact of technology capital on the innovation capability of enterprises, and the influence effect also has obvious industry characteristics and differences, which is reflected in the different growth rate of R&D intensity in different industries, and within the same industry, companies with the highest R&D intensity have even reached more than five times the difference, compared to the lowest intensity companies. According to the existing theories and research, the intensity of research and development has a certain influence on the value of enterprises, which is manifested that the research and development of enterprises based on technology capital promotes the enhancement of corporate value. Some research scholars showed that the impact of technological capital on corporate value was greater than that of material capital, or became the complement or alternative relationship with the impact of human capital. In addition, the impact of technology capital on corporate value among different industries was also different. Through the above views, this paper takes the listed companies among China’s innovative enterprises as samples, empirically examines the impact of technology, manpower, industry and other factors on the value of enterprises, and then uses the Sharpe value method to decompose the contribution rate of each driving factor to the difference in enterprise value, to judge the extent to which technological capital affects corporate value and its differences, and complements variables such as human capital. This paper first puts forward two hypotheses for the relationship between technology capital and innovative enterprise value: H1: technology capital is the main driving force of innovative enterprise value; H2: human capital, industry characteristics have innovative enterprise value creation and its difference significantly enhances the role and, to a certain extent, complements technical capital. On this basis, we selects the listed companies in the innovative enterprises from 2010 to 2014 as samples, and uses the TobinQ value as the explanatory variable to measure the enterprise value, the R&D intensity and R&D productivity as the explanatory variables to measure the technical capital. The related explanatory variables such as human capital, industry characteristics, and enterprise characteristics--including material capital--are selected to construct a panel regression model to empirically analyze the impact of technological capital, human capital, and industry characteristics on the value of innovative enterprises. As for the empirical analysis, because the Shaplei decomposition needs to consider the influence on the difference of the explanatory variables between the actual value and the average value of the variables, and the ratio variables in the selected variables are more, we use the semi-logarithmic model as the empirical model, and form the final model form by the endogenous test. Through preliminary regression analysis, the R&D intensity and industry competition have the greatest positive effects on corporate value, which are 2.266 and 2.279, and the negative impact of industry R&D intensity on corporate value is the largest which is -3.766. From the comparison of theeffect on among the technology capital, human capital, industry characteristics, and enterprise control variables, technology capital is the most important to enhance the value of innovative enterprises, followed by human capital, while industry characteristics and corporate control variables will reduce corporate value, which reflects that in the current China,technological capital plays a central role in the creation of innovative enterprise value, and the regression results better verify the hypothesis H1. Then this paper uses Shaplei decomposition to obtain the contribution rate of each variable in different years, to further explore the difference between the value of technology capital, human capital, material capital, industry characteristics and other factors to the value creation of enterprises. The results show that human capital has the greatest effect on the value’s difference in innovative enterprises, and the industry characteristics further expand this difference; meanwhile, the material capital has always been an important factor to reduce the imbalance of value of innovative enterprises. whose role has weakened in recent years though , and technological capital to the effect on the uneven value of innovative enterprises is also weaker, thus validating the hypothesis H2 of this paper. The conclusions of this paper show that the role of technology capital is far too greater than that of human capital and material capital in the value of innovative enterprises, so its “innovation-driven development” is worthy of its name. However, in the formation of innovative corporate value differences, the role of human capital is greater than technical capital, and physical capital is the most important factor to narrow the difference in corporate value. Above all, under the core drive of technology capital, human factors, material, and industry factors are linked to influence the value creation and differentiation of innovative enterprises. This paper undoubtedly has important implications for the innovative behavior of innovative enterprises and the formulation of national innovation policies. It is an effective way to cope with the imbalance of research intensity and the difference of enterprise value, and maximize the technical capital promote the development of innovative enterprises, by forming a collaborative innovation and linkage mechanism of technology, manpower and industry. and ultimately promote the optimization and upgrading of China’s industrial structure through the construction of innovative enterprises. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the influence of organization capital on R&D expenditure of enterprises Xu Zijian, Wang Hui 2019, 40(9): 130-138.  Abstract ( 191 )   Over the past several decades, the R&D and innovation of firms have received considerable attention in literature related to cooperate governance. Potential benefits of R&D and innovation include a firm-level effect, by which firms develop competitive advantages by improve operation and management ability, and a country-level effect, by which R&D and innovation motivate economic transformation and structural optimization of China. R&D investment is a significant indicator for measuring innovation of firms and innovation is inseparable from the support of funds (Hall, 2000). The existing literatures study R&D expenditure from two aspects. First, the effects of R&D expenditures of firms. Sougiannis (1994), Lev and Sougiannis (1996) prove that R&D expenditures are positive to firms’ performance. Luo T, Zhu Q and Li D (2009) find that the R&D investment in China is positively related to the future profit of the enterprises, and is positively related to the stock price change in the coming year. Second, the external factors affecting firm R&D expenditures. Billings et al. (2010) studied the impact of taxation on R&D expenditures. Fang et al. (2016) studied IPR protection promotes R&D innovation of firms. Li S and Qiu W (2015) found that the higher the R&D expenditures of each province, the higher the level of economic development. Besides, the close correlation between enterprises and the government results in the lower level of R&D expenditure. Due to the complex system and the internal and external information asymmetry of the enterprise, the existing literature on the impact of internal factors on R&D expenditures mostly focuses on a single internal indicator and lacks holistic and systematic analysis on the determinant of R&D expenditure. Scholars have suggested that organization capital is a comprehensive capability index of the enterprise. As Lev (2009) said, organization capital—the agglomeration of business processes and systems, as well as a unique corporate culture, that enables them to convert factors of production into output more efficiently than competitors. This paper examines the impact of organization capital on R&D expenditure and investigates how the organization capital affects the choice of R&D expenditure from the perspective of the overall internal situation of the enterprise. The organization capital of an enterprise may have an impact on R&D expenditure in two ways. Firstly, high level of organization capital implies excellent management ability, it may promote innovation and increase R&D investment (Attig and Cleary, 2014). Secondly, an enterprise with higher level of organization capital has lower employee turnover rate and will be more willing to invest in long-term projects, which can promote R&D of firms and increase R&D spending (Carlin et al., 2012). Subsequently, firms with high level of organization capital have higher operation efficiency, thus achieving better business operation level. Firms with higher level of organization capital have better management and corporate information systems. Therefore, firms invest more in R&D programs have higher level of organization capital. Based on the above analysis, our research attempts to explore the relationship between internal environment of the enterprise and R&D expenditure. Our sample consists of China’s listed manufacturing firms included in CSMAR in the period 2007 to 2015. Using the fixed effect model and the propensity score matching model to examine the impact of the organization capital of the enterprise to the R&D expenditure of the enterprise. The conclusions are as follows: First, the organization capital of an enterprise is positively related to the R&D expenditure. The result indicates that with the increase of the organization capital of firms also invest more in R&D programs. Because the high level of organization capital represents higher management ability, lower employee turnover rate and higher output efficiency, those are inevitably contributed to the firm R&D and innovation, and its R&D expenditure will increase accordingly. From a realistic point of view, firms can improve the level of organization capital by improving management ability, promote employees’ ability and sense of belonging will indirectly increasing the R&D expenditure rate of the enterprises. Second, using the propensity score matching model, this paper tests and finds the enterprises with high level of organization capital have higher R&D expenditures ratio than those with low level of organization capital. It means that the relationship between organization capital and R&D expenditures is still positively related after controlling other variables which can affecting R&D expenditures. Because enterprises with higher organization capital have higher input and output efficiency, higher management level, and higher proportion of R&D investment. For listed manufacturing enterprises in China, non-state-owned enterprises have higher R&D expenditure rates than state-owned enterprises, which reflects that non-state-owned enterprises pay more attention to R&D investment of enterprises. In non-state-owned enterprises subsample, the enterprises with higher organization capital have higher R&D expenditure rate, but this effect is not significant in state-owned enterprises. This might because the operation and management of China’s state-owned enterprise is subject to strict control, and their investment decisions are not entirely determined by thefirm, including research and development expenditures. Besides, the objective of state-owned enterprise is mixed while the objective of listed non-state-owned enterprise is to maximize enterprise value and the distinct objectives result indifferent behavioral pattern. Based on the theory and empirical evidence of organization capital and enterprise R&D expenditure, this paper examines the connection from a new perspective. The results have practical significance for corporate governance and enterprises reform, especially after the propose of Supply-side Structural Reform in 2015. Improving the products quality and production efficiency have positively substantial effect on corporate reform in China. Furthermore, the increase of organization capital of an enterprise helps to improve the production efficiency and it can promote the investment in research and development of the enterprise. Therefore, the requirement of Chinese enterprises to improve efficiency from the aspects of production management and organization management, and enhance their input of organization capital, in order to produce competitive products more efficiently. Related Articles | Metrics

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Policy protection and niches construction in the new energy vehicles industry——An analysis based on a multi-level industry evolution He Wentao 2019, 40(9): 139-148.  Abstract ( 168 )    The rapid development of the new energy vehicles industry has led to the increasing enrichment of related research. These researches focus on three issues: the first is technology R&D; the second is marketization; the third is industrial polices. In addition to the above three aspects, domestic researches also pay attention to the comparison of new energy vehicles industry policies between China and foreign countries, analyze the patent trend and technological development path of new energy vehicle industries, etc. However, the discussion on how emerging industries came into being, evolved and developed is limited. In essence, emerging industries represent an important outcome of national and social development. Whether Chinese economy is in a period of rapid growth or in the pursuit of quality and efficiency improvement under the New Normal, emerging industries are playing a key role in it. The reason why the research on emerging industries is neglected is that the data are difficult to obtain, and the development of related theories is lagging behind. In this regard, it is necessary to find rich, detailed and inspiring data to develop new ideas and theories, and thus explore the research for emerging industries. Based on the perspective of industry evolution, this paper views the new energy vehicles as a niche in the originaltransportation system and explores the niches evolution of the new energy vehicles industry under the effect of socio-technical regime transformation and policies protection. Specifically, at the level of the socio-technical regime, the focus of the research is not only on new products and firms, but also on the process of copying and subverting the socio-technical regime. The socio-technical regime is defined as the collection and storage of a set of rules on how to produce, use and manage specific products and processes, which define and characterize the boundaries of different technologies. The current transportation regime is based on internal combustion engine technology. According to evolution economics, a range of different market niches may emerge in a socio-technical regime. Under the condition of limited resources, diversified niches compete with each other in the market selection environment. Among them, the technology and products in a niche are constantly improved, and finally stand out and become the leading technology and products through the diffusion of learning and imitation. The changes accumulated at the niche level have spawned a new socio-technical regime and gradually replaced the old regime. New energy vehicle technology is a new technology niche in the original transportation socio-technical regime. At the niche evolution level, the niche that appears in the socio-technical regime is defined as a series of resource combinations that can sustain the survival of the firms. The niche in the socio-technical regime is the “incubation room” of fundamental innovation. Its primary role is to evaluate the economic feasibility of technology and the attraction of technology to society, and to form a technology learning, experiment and protect network to avoid new technologies being affected by existing socio-technical regimes. At the same time, the niche is constantly evolving. When the technology incubation process goes smoothly, a real market niche will develop at an appropriate time and eventually merge into the mainstream market. The formation of niche is mainly affected by three factors: first, the emergence of new technologies provides performance improvements or new applications that cannot be met by existing technologies; second, changes in government policies; and third, changes in consumer preferences require newtechnologies to get satisfaction. As an emerging technology niche, new energy vehicles have been nurtured in a protection network consisting of government, automobile manufacturers and experimental consumers, and have transformed their technological achievements through market niches. At the industrial policy level, in the face of complex external environments and stubborn existing socio-technical regime, new energy vehicle technologies need to be nurtured and developed in a protective space. Building protection is a long-term, complex process involving the continuous evolution of various actors at different levels to accommodate new needs, in which the government playing an important role. Under the condition that the existing socio-technical regime is still in a stable state, the government cannot force a major change in the regime. However, the government can stimulate the changes in the niche level of new energy vehicles by formulating policy measures, and try to adjust the niche evolution and regime transformation process, so as to achieve the purpose of linking the two levels. This is reflected in the fact that on the one hand, the government puts pressure on the existing socio-technical regime by formulating energy conservation and emission reduction standards; on the other hand, the government encourages the development of new energy vehicles by means of car subsidies and tax incentives. Therefore, government policies will play a role in the evolution of new energy vehicles and the transformation of socio-technical regime. It is the main driving force for the development of new energy vehicles industry. The research results demonstrate that in the niches of the new energy vehicles industry, there exists the transformation from the technical niches to the market niches and the width of technical niches has a positive impact on the market niches. The industry polices form the protection space for those niches and benefit for the transformation of new energy vehicles technologies. The factors which effect on the transformation of socio-technical regime have influence on the niche transformation. Especially, the factors which reflect the adoption of the new energy vehicles and environmental regulation have a negative effect on the niche transformation, while the factors which reflect fuel prices, the purchasing power and infrastructure construction have a positive effect on the niche transformation. Based on those results we suggest that the policies design should subject to the development level of the new energy vehicles industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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International entrepreneurship path of Chinese new ventures based on cross-border e-commerce Tian Bifei, Dai Lulu 2019, 40(9): 149-158.  Abstract ( 296 )    Nowadays, with the policy of “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” and the initiative of “One Belt and One Road”, many Chinese new ventures have been established and conducted international entrepreneurship in world market. Based on the internet technology, the cross-border e-commerce platform can benefit Chinese new ventures in increasing foreign market share and its internationalization ratio. However, few researches have been done on the following questions: how can Chinese new ventures use cross-border e-commerce to conduct international entrepreneurship successfully? Are there some proper international entrepreneurship paths? If yes, how should Chinese new ventures choose among these paths? This paper focus on answering the above three questions. Obviously, this research will not only benefit Chinese new ventures in exploiting overseas market with the rapid development of cross-border e-commerce, but also provide insight for the study of cross-border e-commerce and international entrepreneurship. The cross-border e-commerce-based international entrepreneurship path can be defined as that the new ventures use cross-border e-commerce to optimize the essential factors impacting the whole process of entrepreneurship including manufacturing, marketing and after-sale service, so that the strategy of international entrepreneurship can be formulated. There are both internal and external factors impacting new ventures to exploit cross-border e-commerce. The internal factor is international entrepreneurship team, while the external factor is international entrepreneurship environment. In this paper, international entrepreneurship team can be classified into technical team, marketing team and capital team. Similarly, international entrepreneurship environment can be classified into technical environment, marketing environment and capital environment. According to the classification of international entrepreneurship team and international entrepreneurship environment, this paper evaluates new ventures’ capability in international entrepreneurship and opportunity exploitation from the perspective of technology, marketing and capital. Based on the series of index originated from the classification of international entrepreneurship team and international entrepreneurship environment, this paper constructs a path model of international entrepreneurship with cross-border e-commerce. Using cross-case analysis, this paper explores the international entrepreneurship path of three companies such as Dinglong Holding, Century Group, and Qingdao Kingking. In terms of Dinglong Holding, its score on technology is higher than capital which is higher than marketing. In another word, Dinglong Holding is a new venture oriented by technology. With its strong advantage on technology and patent, Dinglong Holding use the information and marketing channel of cross-border e-commerce platform to enhance its marketing capability and improve its financial capability. In addition, its technical capability is strengthened by using B2B model. In terms of Century Group, its score on marketing is higher than capital which is higher than technology. In another word, Century Group is a new venture oriented by marketing. From the very beginning, Century Group focus on overseas’ niche market of security protection. In order to avoid its disadvantage of technology, Century Group starts by OEM and then transit to ODM by providing short life-cycle, valuable but low price product with the information and logistic system of cross-border e-commerce. At last, Century Group occupies the main share of overseas’ market of theft prevention system on electronic commodity by using the large scale customer resources. In terms of Qingdao Kingking, its score on capital is higher than marketing which is higher than technology. In another word, Qingdao Kingking is a new venture oriented by capital. When the market of its product created by the original technology saturates, Qingdao Kingking switches its attention to the popular product category related to its advantageous product. Through this way, Qingdao Kingking can use its original advantage on capital and technology to achieve product innovation. Consequently, Qingdao Kingking uses cross-border e-commerce to reach the integration of technology and marketing and ultimately the simultaneous improvement of capability on technology and marketing. Through case study, this paper argues that the essential factors of cross-border e-commerce-based international entrepreneurship include international entrepreneurship team and international entrepreneurship environment. As a result, this paper discovers three paths of international entrepreneurship named technical path, marketing path, and integration path of technology and market. Among these three paths, cross-border e-commerce has different impact on the two factors of international entrepreneurship. Because different international entrepreneurship teams have different capability on technology, marketing and capital, they use cross-border e-commerce to exploit the entrepreneurial resources and opportunities in different degree. Finally, it leads new ventures to choose different international entrepreneurship paths. Furthermore, this paper argues that Chinese new ventures should consider their strengths and weaknesses on technical capability, marketing capability and capital capability seriously, so that they can choose the proper international entrepreneurship path by improving the relatively weak elements of international entrepreneurship including technology, market and capital through cross-border e-commerce. Regarding the optimization of technical capability and technology environment, Chinese new ventures can adopt the successful experience of Dinglong Holding to enhance supply capability and formulate sustainable competitive advantage by independent innovation or micro-innovation. No matter which kind the new venture is classified, it should be familiar with the large scale cross-border e-commerce platform in main foreign market and establish its own data mining system or purchase the transaction and payment data from collaborative platforms, which benefits the new venture to understand fully the real needs and consumption habits of the customers. As a result, the new venture can sell their products in the market accordingly. Regarding the optimization of marketing capability and market environment, with their resource restriction at inception, Chinese new ventures should choose just one or a few of cross-border e-commerce platform with high exposure rate and large scale volume, so that the problems including attention spread, high replication rate and low communication efficiency resulting from using many platforms can be avoided. Since online marketing has shortcoming such as low validity of survey and time lag in receiving customer feedback, it should be used with the combination of offline marketing. Regarding the optimization of financing capability and capital environment, Chinese new ventures should take full advantage of “Internet Plus” age by using various financing channel to deal with capital shortage in the process of international entrepreneurship. With the support of current national policy toward small and micro enterprises in financing, the cross-border e-commerce platform can absorb social and private capital and attract the financial institutions or even the foreign investors to invest. Hence, Chinese new ventures can get more capital with low cost and high efficiency by exploiting these financing channels. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impacts mechanism of knowledge sharing rewards based on the interactive process Gao Zhonghua, Zhao Chen, Wu Chunbo 2019, 40(9): 159-169.  Abstract ( 176 )   Knowledge team, a group design pattern in which the potential of knowledge workers can be reached to the fullest, has become a major force to conduct innovative activities and promote the incubation of technological outcomes. In knowledge teams, members are usually playing two important roles in knowledge sharing process - knowledge demander and knowledge possessor - under the interactive process perspective. It has been indicated that team members often face a dilemma when they make knowledge sharing decisions. On the one hand, they hope to meet shared expectations and be regarded as having team spirits. On the other hand, they are afraid of the potential risks brought by sharing knowledge with others. For instance, they may feel that seeking knowledge from others threatens their authority and providing knowledge to others weakens their competitiveness. The reduction of knowledge sharing behaviors may cause great detriments not only to the creativity of team members but also to the overall innovation of teams. Based on the interactive process perspective, we proposed that when team members play as knowledge demanders, their concerns about seeking knowledge might hamper their knowledge seeking behaviors but facilitate knowledge creating behaviors. We then proposed that when they play as knowledge possessors, their concerns about giving knowledge might hamper both their knowledge giving and creating behaviors. With respect to the role of rewards in eliciting knowledge sharing behaviors, it has been suggested that various types of rewards that were provided to team members can help to release theirsubjective concerns about knowledge sharing to some extent. A consensus has been reached that intrinsic rewards can enhance knowledge sharing behaviors. There is a debate, however, as to whether extrinsic rewards can enhance knowledge sharing behavior or not. Some scholars deem that extrinsic rewards may play as a signal of value and guide team members to make effort to participate into knowledge sharing activities. However, other researchers hold an opposite view that people’s intrinsic motivation to display knowledge sharing behaviors may be damaged by extrinsic rewards. In this study, we not only examined the main effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, but also consider them as boundary conditions on the formation of knowledge sharing behaviors and examine their moderating roles on the relationships between knowledge sharing concerns and behaviors. We proposed that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards that team members have obtained from knowledge sharing activities cannot only facilitate them to engage in knowledge seeking, giving and creating behaviors, but also weaken the impacts of their knowledge seeking concerns on knowledge seeking and creating behaviors and the impacts of their knowledge giving concerns on knowledge giving and creating behaviors. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a survey in five enterprises that adopt a design of knowledge team as their basic organizational forms. In total, 500 questionnaires were administrated to team members and leaders respectively. Team members were asked to rate both the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards obtained from sharing knowledge with their peers, and to indicate their concerns about knowledge sharing when they played as either knowledge demander and knowledge provider. Team leaders were asked to evaluate knowledge acquiring, knowledge giving and knowledge developing behaviors of their subordinates. Finally, 440 paired effective data were collected at last. STATA 15.0 was employed to analyze the data and provide empirical support to our hypotheses. Our results demonstrate that team members’ concern for seeking knowledge hinders their knowledge seeking but promotes the knowledge creating when they play as knowledge demanders, and their concern for giving knowledge hinders both knowledge giving and creating when they play the role of knowledge possessor. This finding fully supports our first and second hypotheses and is also consistent with assertation of Husted and Michailova (2002) to some extent. Moreover, this finding has some practical implications. The elimination of knowledge sharing concerns is not enough to enhance team members’ knowledge sharing behaviors. Their roles in knowledge sharing activities should be considered. As knowledge demanders, part of their knowledge seeking concern should be reserved in consideration of its promoting effect on knowledge creating behaviors. It has also been found that both internal and external rewards can directly promote knowledge seeking, giving and creating behaviors, which provides fully support to hypotheses 3a, 4a and 5a. According to our results of moderating effects, internal rewards can only weaken the relationship between subjective concern and knowledge seeking behavior only when team members play as knowledge demanders. The plausible reason is that it is hard for team members to get tangible compensation from giving knowledge when they play as knowledge possessors. Comparatively, extrinsic rewards can weaken the relationships between subjective concerns and knowledge seeking and giving behaviors. it can be seen that our hypotheses 3b and 4b have been partially supported by our results. This finding suggests that managers should choose appropriate rewards when they aim to release different concerns about specific knowledge sharing behaviors. Furthermore, hypothesis 5b is regarding the moderating effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on the relationships between subjective concerns and knowledge creating behavior. It has been found that intrinsic rewards can strengthen the relationships between subjective concerns and knowledge creating, whereas external rewards can weaken knowledge seeking concern and knowledge creating. Thus, hypothesis 5b is partially supported by our results. These findings can enrich our understanding of the roles of internal and external rewards in the facilitation of knowledge sharing activities. Limitations and future directions have been discussed on the basis of our findings. First, future research should consider why some people have concerns about knowledge sharing although we have already taken team members’ subjective concerns as knowledge demander and knowledge possessor as antecedents of knowledge sharing behaviors. Second, we have examined the main and moderating effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on three types of knowledge sharing behaviors. However, the underlying mechanism of these main and moderating effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards has not been unveiled, which deserves further investigations. Third, this study assumes that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are independent of each other. In fact, there are some interactive effects between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Future research should carry on more thorough investigations, which may bring about more interesting findings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Incentive mechanism in SaaS cloud outsourcing by considering the impact of service investment Tang Guofeng, Li Dan 2019, 40(9): 170-180.  Abstract ( 213 )   With the development of Internet and alleviation of cyber-cost, cloud computing service outsourcing represented by SaaS (Software as a Service) has exerted indispensable impacts on giving incentives to the combination of enterprises and network. Moreover, customer enterprises can have easy access to a great variety of application software renting service which is provided by application servers owned by CSP(Cloud Service Provider) through Internet. At present, although the size and number of users of SaaS cloud outsourcing service market in China are expanding dramatically, the development of SaaS service market is not smooth. The principal-agent problem which is triggered off by asymmetric information and CSP has become the main risk factor affecting the robustness of outsourcing cooperation between customer enterprise and CSP, and also one of the main reasons hindering progress of SaaS cloud outsourcing mode.  There is a rapidly growing literature on service outsourcing, which indicates that incentive mechanism design in the form of contract plays a significant part in alleviating side effects stemmed from asymmetric information in outsourcing cooperation. The design of SaaS cloud outsourcing incentive mechanism has been the academic focus since cloud outsourcing theory research was carried on. The research on incentive mechanism design of SaaS cloud outsourcing in academia is extended and expanded based on the research findings of application service outsourcing incentive mechanism design under ASP (Application Service Provider) mode. On the basis of the research on incentive mechanism design of application service outsourcing, the research on incentive mechanism design of SaaS cloud outsourcing in academia mainly focuses on how to design optimal outsourcing contract in asymmetric information scenario. Scholars started their research from a great variety of perspectives such as transaction cost, information scenario, contract content, supply chain coordination, fair preference, uncertain service environment, performance-price ratio and so on. Particularly, some research unfolds the fact that external service environment such as network conditions and network security exert vital impacts on actual operation performance of SaaS cloud outsourcing. Current research has validated that CSP generally invests a certain amount of money to improve the external network environment before the process of service production, and then there exists moral hazard with hidden external network environment information between customer enterprise and CSP during the process of service production. At present, the vast majority of research on incentive mechanism design under moral hazard with CSP’s hidden information is limited to qualitative analysis. However, there is insufficient research on how to design the optimal incentive mechanism based on quantitative research methods, and less consideration is given to the impact of service investment. In this paper, we study how to mitigate the risk of SaaS cloud outsourcing cooperation triggered off by asymmetric information through the design of outsourcing incentive mechanism on the basis of Principal-Agent Theory under the condition that the efficiency parameter information and service effort level of CSP cannot be observed by customer enterprise, considering the impacts of CSP service investment on the probability distribution of efficiency parameter. This paper divides the establishment process of SaaS cloud outsourcing cooperation between customer enterprise and CSP into three stages. The first stage is mechanism design, in which customer enterprise design incentive mechanism in the form of contract menu corresponding to the service revenue of customer enterprise and service remuneration obtained by CSP. The second stage is contract signing, in which CSP decides whether to accept outsourcing contract or not based on whether the expected utility obtained by choosing contract menu for service production is greater than the reserved utility. The third stage is contract execution, CSP chooses the optimal effort level for service production and optimal investment level for improving the external network environment, and then customer enterprise pays CSP according to the signed outsourcing contract. Moreover, according to the actual scenario of SaaS cloud outsourcing services, this paper sets up hypothetical conditions for the revenue function, contract menu and risk attitude of customer enterprise, as well as the cost function and risk attitude of CSP. Apparently, the outsourcing cooperation relationship between customer enterprise and CSP is actually a dynamic game relationship with incomplete information. As a result, this research issue is analyzed by reverse induction method. In the first place, the incentive compatibility constraint and participation constraint of optimal outsourcing incentive mechanism are analyzed on the basis of Principal-Agent Theory, then a programming model is established. In the second place, this paper analyzes properties of the optimal contract after solving the programming model, which involves marginal negative effect of CSP’s effort level, monotonic property of effort level function, relevance between risk ratio and service investment. Moreover, this paper extends the designed outsourcing incentive mechanism to linear contract form. Finally, the inference of the manifestation of linear contract is proposed. From what has been analyzed above, the following four conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, the incentive mechanism designed by customer enterprise has property of incentive compatibility if it can ensure that the marginal utility of CSP obtained after service production is negatively proportional to the marginal utility of CSP consumed during the process of service production, and ensure that the marginal revenue of customer enterprise is less than zero. Secondly, CSP will put lower effort level to control the service cost when the external network environment is worse, otherwise it will choose to put higher effort level. Thirdly, there exists a correlation between service investment and possibility of further improvement in external network environment, which depends on the monotony of risk ratio. Finally, the optimal incentive mechanism of SaaS clouding outsourcing designed by customer enterprise can be represented by a linear contract consisting of fixed service reward and sharing revenue. In addition, the future research direction on design of SaaS cloud outsourcing incentive mechanism is discussed. In the actual operation scenario of SaaS cloud outsourcing, service investment made by CSP in order to improve its external network environment can be not only monetary but also non-monetary, which involves coordinating projects, choosing appropriate technology and so on. However, this paper only considers that service investment is monetary, which can be observed by customer enterprise. Further research can be extended to the design of incentive mechanism for SaaS cloud outsourcing when service investment is non-monetary. Related Articles | Metrics

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Technological diversification, technological standardization capability and firm innovation performance Zeng Deming, Wang Yuan, Xu Luyun 2019, 40(9): 181-189.  Abstract ( 292 )    A new round of technological and industrial revolution with internet as the core is brewing and rising, and the competition of individualization, quality and diversification of market demand intensifies. This requires that the enterprises can no longer simply rely on the traditional single technology development model, but should broaden the original technological foundation and carry out technology research and development and knowledge exploration in many fields. It can be seen that diversification strategy has become a key way for enterprises to break through technological constraints, cope with market changes and achieve innovative development. In recent years, the research on the relationship between technological diversification and innovation has attracted wide attention from scholars at home and abroad, but the conclusions of the research have been divergent. This paper holds that the causes of the differences may mainly come from two aspects. First, there is no specific distinction between the characteristics of diversified technology, which conceals the effect of different types of technological resources. In the past, most scholars only analyzed technological diversification as a whole, or simply discussed it from the perspective of technological breadth and depth, while few studies distinguished the impact of related and non-related technological diversification on enterprise technological innovation performance. This may be one of the important reasons for the controversy of empirical test results. On the other hand, in the analysis of the relationship between technological diversification and innovation, the existing research neglects the important role of technological standardization ability in the process of Technological Development. As a tool to implement technical connection and specification, technical standards reflect customers’ compatibility requirements for integration and alternate use of multiple products. Although technological diversification can broaden the knowledge base of enterprises and improve the possibility of innovation, it only prepares a variety of technological basic resources for enterprises’ innovation activities. If enterprises want to realize the synergistic effect of various technologies in the process of market globalization, they need the coordination and guarantee of technology standardization ability. This paper empirically analyzes the relationship between related/unrelated technological diversification and firm technological innovation performance, and examines the moderating effect of technological standardization capability on the relationship between them. We empirically test our hypotheses by using random-effect negative binomial regression model with a panel data of 200 enterprises in China automobile industry from 1996 to 2010. The results show: (1) The related technological diversification has a positive effect on firm innovation performance. This indicates that when an enterprise accumulates more relevant knowledge within the same scientific category, its capability in mastering and applying its core technical knowledge will become stronger, which is conducive to increase the output of enterprise technological innovation. (2)There is an inverted u-shaped relationship between the enterprise’s unrelated technological diversification and its technological innovation performance. This shows that when enterprises dig diversified knowledge in fields with significant differences in basic scientific principles, their technological innovation performance will be improved in the initial stage; However, when the level of enterprise unrelated technological diversification exceeds a critical value, the continuous increase of diversified and heterogeneous knowledge will have an negative impact on enterprise innovation performance. (3) technological standardization capability has a signification negative moderating effect on the relationship between related technological diversification and enterprise innovation performance. That is to say, when enterprises explore diversified technical knowledge in fields with similar basic scientific principles, increased technological standardization capability will hinder enterprises to leverage diversified related technical knowledge to improve innovation performance. (4) technological standardization capability has a signification positive moderating effect on the positive relationship between the unrelated technological diversification and the performance of technology innovation. That is to say, when enterprises excavate diversified knowledge in the field of non-related technologies, strong technical standardization ability can effectively coordinate and prevent the arbitrariness and disorder of technological development that arising from increased unrelated technology diversification. Therefore, strong technical standardization ability can strengthen the positive effect of unrelated technology diversification on enterprise innovation performance. Based on the technical characteristics of enterprises, this paper divides technological diversification into two different categories, related and unrelated diversification, providing a new way to explain the conflicting results of existing research and extending the research framework of the impact of technology diversification on innovation. By analyzing the contingent influence of technological standardization ability on the relationship between two types of technological diversification and enterprise innovation performance, this paper deepens our understanding of the role of technological standardization in technological innovation activities. In terms of the implication for management practice, this paper provides the following guidance for Chinese enterprises to construct a reasonable diversified technology base: first, with the continuous development of knowledge economy and economic globalization, enterprises should broaden the original technology base, conduct technology R&D and knowledge exploration in multiple fields, and capture cross-market development strategic opportunities; Secondly, in the process of allocating technology resources, enterprises are bound to grasp the direction and focus of technology development, and pay attention to the dynamic balance between related technology exploitation and unrelated technology exploration. Finally, enterprises should pay attention to the cultivation of technological standardization ability, and give full play to the leading role and bridge role of technological standardization ability in enterprise technological innovation. While this article enriches the existing research results on the theory and practice, this paper, due to the difficulty of data acquisition, also has certain limitations: (1) our findings reveal the inverted u-shaped relationship between related technical diversity and innovation performance, which suggest that there exists an optimal value of related technical diversification for maximizing the enterprise technological innovation performance. But this article is not given the optimal value of the related technical diversification level, further research can address this limitation. (2) technical standardization capability is a complex concept. Future research can further expand data sources and measure technical standardization capability from multiple levels and perspectives. (3) the empirical analysis is conducted based on data from a single industry. In the future, it can be combined with a comparative study of different industries to provide more universal suggestions for enterprises to construct a reasonable diversified technology base. Related Articles | Metrics

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Structure social capital, resource integration capability and incubation performance of the incubation network Li Zhenhua, Liu Chi, Wu Wenqing 2019, 40(9): 190-198.  Abstract ( 208 )   Under the background of increasing innovation uncertainty, incubators need to establish a wide range of cooperative relationships through networking development to meet the personalized resource needs of the hatching enterprises. The connection mode between network nodes, that is, structural social capital, directly affects the transmission efficiency of network resources. The structural social capital of the incubation network can be defined as the connection mode between the members under the action of the incubation association, which is manifested as network scale, relationship intensity and relationship quality. According to the connection mode of network members, the structural social capital of the incubation network can promote the ability of resource integration, which becomes the key for incubators to obtain sustainable competitive advantage. The resource integration ability of the incubation network is the ability to meet the individualized resource needs of the hatching enterprises under the formal or informal constraints by relying on the public service platforms established by the incubation association. The incubation association changes the connection mode between network members by giving full play to the functions of standardized management, guidance, coordination and training, so that the structural social capital can play a greater role and bring about the dynamic improvement of the ability of resource integration. Incubation association plays an indispensable role in the optimization of incubation network structure and the improvement of resource integration ability. This research studies how to increase the structural social capital and improve the ability of resource integration by optimizing the structure of the incubation network with the incubation association as the highest level of governance, so as to provide better resource support for the hatching enterprises in order to improve the incubation performance. Based on the perspective of resource integration, this research construct the theoretical model about the relationships between the structural social capital, the resource integration ability, and the incubation performance, and put forward the research hypothesis about the relationships between the three. With 201 incubators in Beijing- Tianjin area as samples, this study used multiple linear regression method for empirical analysis to test the hypothesis. The results indicate that under the incubation association governance, the scale and relationship quality of the incubation network have significantly positive impacts on the incubation performance, which shows that expanding the size of the incubation network and improving the relationship quality can make the members of the network expand the scope of resource acquisition and increase the willingness of resource share, thus giving help to the improvement of incubation performance. The relationship intensity of the incubation network has no significant effect on the incubation performance, which may be due to the fact that the strong relationship is prone to "over- embedding" with the prolongation of time, resulting in resource redundancy and hindering the inflow of new resources. The structural social capital of the incubation network has significant positive influence on the three dimensions of resource integration ability, that is, resource identification ability, resource acquisition ability, and resource utilization ability, which indicates that high quality structural social capital is helpful to resource integration under the action of the incubation association. Resource acquisition and utilization ability have significant positive effects on the incubation performance, which indicates that resource integration effect can meet the resource needs of incubators and hatching enterprises, and quickly transform resource value into incubation performance. The ability of resource identification has no effect on the incubation performance, which may due to resource identification only judges the demand of resources, so it can be seen as a "virtual allocation". The ability of resource integration plays a part intermediary role in the influence of structural social capital on the incubation performance, which indicates that the large-scale and high-quality cooperative relationships between network members can improve the incubation performance to a large extent by optimizing the ability of network resource integration. The results verify the positive influence of the structure social capital on resource integration ability and incubation performance, and the intermediary role of resource integration between structural social capital and incubation performance, which provides a reference for incubation associations and the members to optimize the incubation network structure and improve the incubation performance from the perspective of resource integration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of developmental human resource management practices on job performance:The effects of person-organization fit and career commitment Li Genqiang, Meng Yong, Liu Renjing 2019, 40(9): 199-210.  Abstract ( 304 )    With the rise of Boundaryless Careers, the implementation of Developmental Human Resource Management Practices (D-HRMPs) is particularly important, and relevant empirical research is rare. The newly emerging concept of boundaryless careers focuses on enhancement of employability instead of long-term employment so as to achieve sustainable employment across different industries. The employment motivation has changed from employment relationship maintenance to sustainable enhancement of employability and long-term growth. Would D-HRMPs be applicable in China’s current pattern of human resource market? How do D-HRMPs impact the work performance of employees and to what extent? All such questions in human resource management practices are in urgent need of being answered. To fill this theoretical gap, this paper is to explore the relationship between D-HRMPs and work performance, and seeks to verify the effectiveness of D-HRMPs in the Chinese context. We propose a theoretical framework based on previous theoretical studies. First, according to the social exchange theory, after receiving signals from HRMPs and sense the support from organizations, employees would be more devoted to work based on the reciprocal principle so as to finish working tasks more efficiently and improve working performance. Therefore, we propose D-HRMPs have a stronger positive effect on work performance. Second, according to the psychological field theory, individual behavior (B) is decided by the interactions between persons (P) and the environment (E). Person-Organization Fit (P-O Fit) is an essential variable to interpret person-environment interactions while field theory provides theoretical support for P-O Fit to interpret the intermediate mechanism of the relationship between D-HRMPs and work performance. This paper therefore propose P-O Fit will mediate the relationship between D-HRMPs and work performance.Third, according to the self-determination theory, the non-internal incentives function based on the internalization and combination of external motivations. The relationship between D-HRMPs and work performance is essentially about the impact of non-internal incentives on individual adaptions after the internalization and combination of external motivations. It is worth studying whether career commitment as a key internal motivation interacts with D-HRMPs and how it affects work performance. This paper proposes the relationship between HRMPs and work performance is in the inverted U shape when the degree of career commitment changes from low to medium and to high, i.e. Career commitment generates non-linear moderate effect on the relationship between D-HRMPs and work performance. To test our hypotheses, a questionnaire survey was conducted in China, using convenience sampling and a cross-sectional research method. The study sample consisted of employees from organizations of different sizes, ownerships, and industry types. Finally, 320 sets of questionnaires were obtained. Multilevel structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized relationships.This study has several findings. First, D-HRMPs have a direct positive impact on job performance, and also have an indirect effect on job performance through the mediating effect of person-organization fit. Second, career commitment had non-linear moderating effect on the relationship between developmental D-HRMPs and work performance. Specifically, the relationship between human resource management practices and work performance was in the inverted U shape when the degree of career commitment changed from low to medium and to high. This research has three theoretical implications: First, we explored the impact mechanism of D-HRMPs on work performance, and clarified the boundary condition and the channel, which enriched domestic HRM theories. By considering the features of the new generation workforce in China and based on the latest international findings, this paper seeks to investigate the three dimensions (skill training, performance feedback and career advancement) of D-HRMPs to deeply reveal its impact on work performance. In addition to the direct positive effect on work performance, D-HRMPs also had an indirect effect, which had different directions and strengths. Therefore, our results can make specific guidance value to practice. Second, this paper revealed the mediating effect of P-O Fit in the relationship between organization investment and employee productivity. The intermediate mechanism between organizational actual input and employee output can not ignore the impact of values and objectives fit. This “black box” needs to be further researched. The conclusions verified the mediating effect of P-O Fit perceived by employees on the relationship between D-HRMPs and work performance. At the same time, it further illustrated that HRM was the embodiment of organizational culture at the value level in the management practice at the factual level. The impact of HRM on employees’ performance was reflected by shaping the consistency of values and goals between employees and organizations. Third, this paper thoroughly explained that career commitment was an essential boundary condition in the relationship between organization investment and employee productivity. By justifying the non-linear moderating effect of career commitment, this paper deeply explained that the relationship between employees and organizations was not just about mutual investment, and that more investment does not always generate better results. The conclusions are of practical significance as well. Firstly, organizations could introduce D-HRMPs to offer more skill training sessions, timely performance feedback and career advancement opportunities in particular, thus improving work performance, developing the sense of ownership and establishing long-term reciprocal relations between organizations and employees. Secondly, the management should focus on the boundary condition of D-HRMPs so as to give full play to the optimal effect of HRM policies. Employees with adequate career commitment are confident with career prospects and willing to learn from models for better work performance. Thirdly, values and goals of employees should be taken into consideration when organizing D-HRMPs by engaging candidates who share similar values and goals to those of organizations, investing in their growth and aligning values and goals of both parties so as to witness positive work performance. Even so, this research also has several limitations that should be further studied. First, we choose P-O Fit and career commitment as underlying mechanism and boundary condition. More psychological and behavioral variables, such as Person-Occupation Fit and positive feedback seeking behavior, are suggested to be included in future studies for their impact on work performance. Second, we used cross-section data. As the relationship among different variables and their intensity might change along time, we can conduct longitudinal research design in the future research. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the gene structure model of enterprises’ technology integration capability Guo Liang, Qi Liangqun, Yu Bo 2019, 40(9): 211-220.  Abstract ( 198 )   With the rapid development of global science and technology innovation, the enterprise innovation model has shifted from the previous recognition of single factors to the integration and matching of multiple innovation resources. Technology integration capability is a special dynamic capability to meet the needs of enterprise technology systems by identifying, selecting and integrating the internal and external technical resources of the enterprise, and adapting to changes environment of the market. The improvement of technology integration capability could help enterprises to achieve coordinated development among resource elements, and realize technological catch-up and even leapfrogging on product systems in a non-continuous manner. As an endogenous motivation to measure the level of enterprise resource allocation and influence the effect of enterprise integration innovation, the formation and growth process of technology integration capability has always been a research hotspot in the theories. Gene theory is considered to be the transformation of exogenous theory and endogenous theory of enterprise competitive advantage, which can be used to analyzed the growth mechanism and capability difference from the perspective of bionic evolution based on the study results of organizational structure, behavior and management system. The gene model is applied to the exploration of corporate decision-making behavior and ability with its unique thinking paradigm and analytical method. Therefore, the paper analyzes the nature of technology integration capability from the perspective of bionics, and applies empirical methods to explore the specific expression patterns of gene bases of technology integration capability, and then it builds the gene structure model of technology integration capability and reveals the “black box” of growth about this capability. The results show that technology integration capability gene is a double helix structure composed of technology chain and management chain. Information monitoring, organization flexibility, system integration and technology learning are not only the specific manifestations of gene base elements of technology integration capability, but also the driving factors for the growth of technology integration ability. Information monitoring (I) is the basis for the formation of technology integration capabilities, determines the source of information and channels, and filters and extracts the access to technical resources. Organizational flexibility (O) is the guarantee for the development of technology integration capabilities, which makes enterprises have a flat organizational structure that achieves an efficient self-organization system, coordinate the enterprise’s innovation strategy and management model. System integration (S) is the key to the evolution of technology integration capabilities, which could optimize platform elements and inter-feature linkages, integrated innovation resource and promote the coordinated development of various elements within the organization. Technology learning (T) is the driving force for the growth of technology integration capabilities, which roots in the organizational structure of enterprises, acts on utilization and re-creation of knowledge to achieve the continuous growth of internalization capabilities. Double chains(technology chain and management chain) are the helical structure, that connects four base elements in series, and the four base elements are causal and nonlinear interactions, also mutually transform and complement each other. Due to the different arrangement of the base elements in space, the technology integration capability has a double helix structure with completely different morphological and functional functions, which leads to significant differences in innovation behavior and innovation ability of individual enterprises. To verify the validity of the model, the paper analyzes Harbin Electric Machinery Co., Ltd. (HEC) by gene structure model. HEC is a backbone enterprise in the research and development and manufacturing of large and medium-sized power generation equipment in China. The company is an equipment manufacturing that has grown stronger under the background of innovation-driven strategy. Technological integration capability of it is driven by innovation factors and has distinct evolutionary characteristics. Firstly, HEC has obvious advantages in three aspects: information acquisition, experimental ability and integration team. It is mainly reflected in the continuous updating of experimental facilities, the purchase of advanced scientific instruments and the optimization of management information systems, which could rapidly capture the development trends of related technologies, satisfy changes in market demand, and the continuously improve and upgrade of products. Secondly, HEC has achieved remarkable results in the structure of flexible organizations. It adopts a flexible and organic flat organizational structure to ensure the highest efficiency of the organization and the coordination of innovation strategies and business methods. Thirdly, HEC has outstanding performance in integration of technical system resources. As the only national key laboratory of hydropower equipment in the industry, it strives to reduce the redundancy and damage of system integration with platform integration and improve the success rate of research and development. And the company also improve the optimal allocation of resource systems and increase the conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements through the establishment of transform direct network about scientific research results. Finally, HEC pays more attention to technology R&D, cooperation and innovation, and focuses on the organic combination of production, education and research. Form now on, more than 30 companies from 12 countries have established project cooperation relationships, which strengthen the competitiveness of enterprises based on knowledge sharing and experiences exchange. HEC’s competitive advantage is inseparable from its innovative model and capability training model. The company relies on information monitoring means and flexible organizational structure to continuously carry out technology mining, complete the aggregation and distribution of resource elements and organic integration among the elements, so as to obtain the comprehensive advantages of enterprises. Therefore, it can be considered that the technology integration capability completes the arrangement and advantage aggregation by four innovative driving factors(information monitoring, organizational flexibility, system integration and technology learning) under the urging of a series of evolutionary processes based on the interaction with the external environment. Technology integration capability Genes can achieve elemental matching and function optimization through a series of evolutionary processes of replication, mutation and reorganization, as well as complete the adaptive evolution of capabilities, and improve the efficiency of resource allocation of enterprises. The purpose of this research is to provides a new idea and research framework for the study of gene structure model from conceptual construction to empirical identification. It also could provide a new view to explore the influence mechanism and evolution mechanism in the process of capability growth, and seek the root of the difference in innovation effect of enterprises by genetic evolution process and action path from the essence of capability genes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of self-sacrificial leadership on employee voice: A moderated mediation model Yao Nan, Zhang Yajun, Zhou Fangfang 2019, 40(9): 221-230.  Abstract ( 325 )   In the era of economic globalization, it is generally difficult to respond to complicated changing external environment merely dependent upon business managers’ wisdom. Thus, there is an urgent need for employees to actively bring forth reasonable opinions, ideas and suggestions. Employee voice has been proven to be helpful for improving work procedures, correcting operational deviations and improving decision-making. Although it is so important for the survival and development of organizations, employee voice is the last usual behavior in organizations. Very few employees dare to speak to their leaders about the existing problems in the organization frankly. Therefore, how to stimulate employee voice is a key and difficult issue for present managers and researchers. Firstly, it may be easily inferred from systematic review of related literature that leadership behaviors play crucial roles in predicting employee voice. Domestic and foreign scholars have successively demonstrated that abusive supervision, leader forgiveness, ethical leadership, participative leadership, authentic leadership and humble leadership are significantly correlated with employee voice but ignored the influence of self-sacrificial leadership on it. In view of this, this paper firstly intends to discuss the impact of self-sacrificial leadership on employee voice. Besides, self-sacrificial leaders are concerned about their employees’ needs and sacrifice themselves for the benefits of organizations, which are favorable for improving employees’ esteem, sense of belonging and psychological safety. According to the social identity theory, esteem, sense of belonging and psychological safety plays critical roles in facilitating identification with the leader. Identification with the leader refers to employees’ consistent perception of cognition, attitudes and behaviors and so forth with leaders. Employees who identify their leaders to a greater extent are more inclined to internalize leaders’ objectives, beliefs and values into their own behaviors, so they are quite likely to voice at risks for the benefits of organizations. Self-sacrificial leadership might indirectly affect employee voice via the identification with leader. Hence, this paper also intends to discuss the mediating effects of identification with leader in the relationship between self-sacrificial leadership and employee voice. At last, does self-sacrificial leadership necessarily contribute to the generation of employees’ identification with the leader? Pursuant to the social identity theory, employees’ explanation toward the motivation of leadership behaviors is critical for the formation of identification with the leader. Employees having strong perceptions of leader hypocrisy tend to believe that all the sacrifice of leaders is for private benefits, so their identification with the leader may be weakened when they face self-sacrificial leaders. However, employees having weaker perceptions of leader hypocrisy consider that the sacrifice of leaders is for collective interests, so their identification with the leader may be improved by self-sacrificial leadership. Hence, this paper aims to discuss how perceptions of leader hypocrisy moderates the relationship between self-sacrificial leadership and identification with the leader. In the research, this paper chooses employees and their leader as respondents from 12 enterprises of Guizhou province in China, who engage in different industries such as finance, manufacturing, food and retail. Employees filled out questionnaires including items of self-sacrificial leadership, identification with leaders, perceptions of leader hypocrisy and demographic factors, while leaders finished questionnaires incorporating items of employee voice.Finally, 295 valid questionnaires were obtained after eliminating 35 invalid one. We analyzed the 295 sets of paired data through structural equation modelling and hierarchical multiple regression. The results indicated that self-sacrificial leadership had a significantly positive effect on employee voice; identification with the leader played a mediating role in the relationship between self-sacrificial leadership and employee voice; perceptions of leader hypocrisy moderated the relationship between self-sacrificial leadership and identification with the leader, and it also moderated the mediating effect of identification with the leader in the relationship between self-sacrificial leadership and employee voice. There are three theoretical contributions as follows: Firstly, this paper confirms the positive connections between self-sacrificial leadership and employee voice. By systematically sorting out existing literature, we found that leadership styles including abusive supervision, leader forgiveness, ethical leadership, participative leadership, authentic leadership and humble leadership are important factors influencing employee voice, while the impact of self-sacrificial leadership on employee voice is obviously neglected. This paper appropriately reveals the relationship between self-sacrificial leadership and employee voice, which further enrich studies on antecedents of employee voice. Furthermore, this paper finds that identification with the leader mediates the relationship between self-sacrificial leadership and employee voice based on the social identity theory, which effectively reveals the way through which self-sacrificial leadership impacts employee voice. Despite some scholars have discovered that organizational identification is a bridge between self-sacrificial leadership and employee behaviors, very little research has been conducted on the mediating effects of identification with the leader which directly and effectively influences employees’ cognition, attitudes and behaviors. Therefore, this paper examines and demonstrates the intrinsic way that self-sacrificial leadership influence employee voice through the identification with leader from the perspective of the social identity theory, further diversifying studies on the mediating mechanism for the relationship between self-sacrificial leadership and employee voice. At last, this paper selects perceptions of leader hypocrisy as the moderator and defines the boundary condition of self-sacrificial leadership on identification with the leader. This research reveals that perceptions of leader hypocrisy significantly weaken the influence of self-sacrificial leadership on identification with the leader. In front of self-sacrificial leaders, employees having weaker perceptions of leader hypocrisy are more prone to generate identification with their leaders. Existing studies mainly focus on the moderating effects of employees’ personalities (traditionalism and collectivism) and leaders’ characteristics (leader ability and leader prototypicality) in the impact of self-sacrificial leadership on its relevant outcome. This paper considers perceptions of leader hypocrisy as moderator and expands existing studies on the boundary conditions of employee voice.  In general, this paper reached some valuable conclusions but remained somelimitations to be improved as follows. (1) This paper is a cross-sectional study, which is ineffective for judging causal relationship between variables. In future studies, we might consider collecting data at different time points. (2) This paper only investigates the moderating effects of perceptions of leader hypocrisy in the relationship between self-sacrificial leadership and identification with leader. In the future studies, we might take cultural variables like long-term orientations into account. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of openness on the innovation performance in the industry-university-research cooperation innovation networks Gao Xia, Qi Geqi, Cao Jieqiong 2019, 40(9): 231-240.  Abstract ( 266 )   In order to decrease the uncertainty of S&T innovation at the market, enterprises need not only cooperate actively with external organizations, but also seek complementary internal and external resources. Open innovation is an important way for enterprises to obtain the key resources needed by technology innovation. However, due to transaction cost, information-searching cost, technology disclosure and other problems, open innovation may have a negative impact on innovation performance for enterprises. Therefore, the relationship between the degree of openness of the external organization and innovation performance of enterprises is complicated. Cooperation openness is an indicator to describe the degree of cooperation between enterprises and external organizations, including the breadth and depth of cooperation. The breadth of cooperation refers to the extent to which an enterprise establishes cooperative relations with other organizations. The more extensive the enterprise cooperation is, the more beneficial it is to widen the breadth of the knowledge base, to increase the type of knowledge source, and to promote the innovation performance. The depth of cooperation refers to the average number of cooperation between enterprises and partners. It means that enterprises absorb the depth of external information and knowledge from external sources of knowledge. Industry-University-Research institution through deep-level cooperation can strengthen the degree of trust, establish lasting trust relationship, weaken knowledge transfer risk and cost, reduce information asymmetry and improve innovation ability. To explore the relationship between the openness and the innovation performance has also become the focus of researchers. But little attention has been paid on the impact for openness of cross-organizational cooperation on innovation performance from the perspective of networks and dynamic level. To make up for the lack of existing research, the Industry-University-Research institution (I-U-R) cooperation networks have been created with three-year windows, based on co-applied patents data from the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) in the Chinese Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry during 1999-2010. With a longitudinal sample of 2,603 Chinese firms we analyze the impact openness on firm innovation performance using Negative Binomial Regression. The results show that taken Patentsit+1, Patentsi t+2 as the explained variables, the primary term coefficients of cooperation breadth were significantly negative at the significant level of 5% and 1%, and the Quadratic term coefficients of cooperation breadth were significantly positive at the significant level of 1% and 10%. It means that the cooperation breadth has a U-shaped impact on innovation performance of the enterprise. It shows that the breadth of Industry-University-Research institution (I-U-R) cooperation lies in the U-shaped region of the learning curves with marginal diminishing cooperation effects, not in the inverted U-shaped region of the learning curves. Taken Patentsit+1 as the explained variables, the primary term coefficients of cooperation depth were significantly negative at the significant level of 1%, and the Quadratic term coefficients of cooperation depth were significantly positive at the significant level of 1%. It means that the cooperation depth has a U-shaped impact on 1-year lagged innovation performance of the enterprises. It shows that the depth of Industry-University-Research institution (I-U-R) cooperation lies in the U-shaped region of the learning curves with marginal diminishing cooperation effects, not in the inverted U-shaped region of the learning curves. Taken Patentsit+2 as the explained variables, the primary term coefficients of cooperation depth were significantly negative at the significant level of 1%, and the Quadratic term coefficients of cooperation depth has not passed the significant test. It means that the cooperation depth has a negative impact on 2-year lagged innovation performance of the enterprise. The possible explanation is that appropriate cooperation depth can improve the innovation performance of enterprises, but if enterprises focus only on in-depth cooperation with a few organizations, and ignore the cooperation breadth, it would hider the improvement of innovation performance of the enterprise in the future. Previous research has indicated that there is a best openness point between openness and innovation performance of enterprises, that is, the relationship between them is inverted U-shaped. But the conclusions of the paper are quite different. It shows that the learning curves of U shape with marginal diminishing cooperation Effects appear between openness and innovation performance. From dynamic capabilities point, there is a dynamic cyclical trend in the influence of openness on innovation performance, namely wave-like curves of learning effects. The conclusions of the study provide a theoretical basis for the design of the mode of in-depth integration of industry-university-research in China. At the same time, it will also help to further improve the theory of open innovation. Policy suggestions are as follows. First, enterprises should evaluate their own growth stages and their comprehensive cooperation capabilities, so as to choose appropriate openness, rather than blindly expand the scope of cooperation. Second, On the basis of selecting potential high-quality R&D partners, we should further deepen R&D cooperation with partners, accumulate cooperation experience, and promote the formation of cooperation practices and cooperation capabilities to enhance innovation performance. Finally, open innovation is both an opportunity and a challenge. The effect of openness on innovation performance may show a spiraling upward and cyclical trend, which requires enterprises to continuously learn in cooperation and maintain the dynamics of their cooperation capabilities. As for how to determine the “appropriate openness” of the enterprise, that is, the inflection point of the U-shaped region of the learning effect curve with diminishing marginal cooperation effect, how the cooperation breadth and the cooperation depth interact with each other are the directions for further research in the future. In addition, the research object of this paper is ICT enterprises, which are technology-driven enterprises. Whether the conclusion can be extended to an experience-driven enterprise still needs to be tested. Related Articles | Metrics

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Delisting risk warning model based on equal intercept transformation radar map Zhou Ying， Zhang Shuming 2019, 40(9): 241-251.  Abstract ( 272 )   The delisting risk warning model is the key one for defending the normal order of the stock market and the interests of investors. It plays an important role in optimizing the allocation of resources in the capital market and in taking the health of the market. The delisting risk of any companies has a significant impact on its stock price, and even leads it to be delisted. Once the delisting early warning model is flawed, wrong predictions are inevitable. When the "good" company is predicted as a "bad "one, it will damage the shareholder rights and interests of the "good" company, even lead the company to be delisted from the capital market. And when the "bad" company is predicted as the "good "one, it will directly mislead the investors and the public, even makes the wrong investment decisions and causes to huge losses. The method ofradar map(RC) presents the advantages of intuitive, uncomplicated, and interpretable in the comprehensive evaluation of the existing research. The drawback is that the evaluation results may be completely different and even the opposite when the order of indicators changes in radar map. This may be one of the reasons why radar map has not been applied to delisting early warning research and application. We overcome the drawbacks above, in order to apply the radar char method to establish the delisting early warning model. The principle of using the equal interceptradar map(EIRC), our proposed in this paper, to carry out the delisting risk is as follows: we present the delisting risk by using the two areas in radar map enclosed respectively by the single indicator and all of indicators. The larger the area is, the greater the delisting risk is. When any one of the two areas enclosed approaches or reaches its maximum area value in the radar map, the delisting risk of the company by *ST is greater. On the contrary, the smaller the area in radar map is, the less delisting risk of the company by *ST is. In this paper, we improve the RC based on equal intercept transformation and establish the delisting risk early warning model based on the improved RC. We perform polygon by using EIRC which connect the vertices of two adjacent indicators through the points on the same equal intercept. The area of the polygon enclosed by EIRC is constant regardless of the order of the indicators. And to RC in existing research, the polygon is formed by connecting directly the vertexes of adjacent indicators. The area of the polygon enclosed by RC changes with the order of the indicators changing. This can cause the evaluation result of the same company to be completely different or opposite, if the order of the indicators changing. In existing research on financial early warning, the main drawback has two folds. First, existing study do not pay attention to the non-financial indicators in delisting early warning research for Chinese listed company. In fact, non-financial indicator, such as “audit report opinions”, is the fundamental criterion of the delisting early warning. Taking the delisting risk earlywarning model in the Stock Exchange Listing Rules of the Shanghai Stock Exchange as an example, there are all 12 indicators, where including 4 financial indicators and 8 non-financial indicators. However, in the indicator system research of delisting risk early warning, existing researchers present either ignoring non-financial indicators or selecting many financial indicators that are not included in the current delisting rules. Therefore, the indicator system used by existing research does not match with actual *ST criterion of Chinese listed company. Second, the predictive models in existing research, such as Probit regression, are essentially the ones for discriminant or determining the probability of the company by *ST. It requires a large number of samples to fit and estimate the parameters in model. It is easy to produce prediction errors when the sample size is limited and parameters cannot be provided. This paper introduces all 12 delisting situations, including of 4 financial indicators and 8 non-financial ones, according to the Stock Listing Rules issued by Shanghai Stock Exchange. We establish the delisting earlywarning model in line with the real situations, and change the disadvantages of existing researches that are out of touch with the real delisting rules. We analyze three situations of risk by *ST for Chinese listed companies and verify the performance of EIRC model our proposed in this paper. In the empirical research section, this paper predicts the risk by *ST of three Chinese listed company, including of the Anhui Heli Co., Ltd. (Anhui Heli), Kunming Machine Tool Co., Ltd. (Kunming Machine Tool), and Hongda Co., Ltd. (Hongda), by using their data in the past five years (2011-2015) respectively. For Anhui Heli, empirical research shows that the risk by *ST of single indicator is very small because the area of each indicator is much smaller than the maximum area of single indicator in EIRC. The total risk by *ST is also small, because its total area value 0.00358 is much smaller than the maximum area of 1.55. From these two aspects, the risk by *ST for Anhui Heli in 2016 is very small, that is, the possibility by *ST is negligible. For Kunming Machine Tool, although the total area value 0.1517 is much smaller than the maximum area value 1.55, the area of the indicator “net profit” reaches the maximum value 0.1294. It will be *ST in 2016, because it meets the situation of “The audited net profit of the last two fiscal years is continuously negative or continuously negative after being retrospectively re-stated” which is the *ST rule of Shanghai Stock Exchange. For Hongda, the area of the indicator “audit report opinion” reaches 0.10352, which is close to the maximum value 0.1294 of single indicator. This presents that the risk of the indicator “audit report opinion” is larger. The *ST risk of every other indicator and total risk are both lower. Although these do not meet the situations of early warnings by *ST, its management should still take measures to improve the corresponding processing of “audit report opinion” to reduce the risk by *ST. Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on college students’ impulsive consumption factors and their influence on enterprise marketing innovation Zhang Wei, Leng Xuemei, Zhang Wukang 2019, 40(9): 252-262.  Abstract ( 244 )   The universal application of mobile internet in society has a significant impact on college students’ consumption behavior. The college students’ buying behavior is more impulsive in the mobile internet society, so it poses a new challenge for enterprise marketing innovation activities. Students are the largest mobile shopping group, especially college students. They have strong independence, an independent life attitude, independent thinking ability, the most important thing is to have more self-confidence.They pursue convenient and fast shopping, therefore, mobile shopping is not limited by time and place, which is exactly in line with their trendy concept and the pursuit of efficient characteristics. So relative to other consumer groups, college students are easy to have impulsive buying behaviors. Moreover, they will be the main consumer group in society after graduation. Therefore, the research on college students’ impulsive consumption behavior in the mobile internet society is helpful for enterprises to make marketing innovation activities better. The better grasp college students’ consumer groups, the more expand enterprise income in the mobile society. The paper combines theoretical research and empirical research, which summarizes the influencing factors of mobile impulsive buying behavior based on theoretical research, and obtains sample data through questionnaire survey. In the data processing, 123 valid questionnaires are randomly selected as exploratory factor analysis samples, and the remaining 123 as confirmatory factor analysis samples, so as to explore the specific categories of influencing factors. Then, the weight analysis of influencing factors is carried out, and the variance interpretation rate of each principal component calculated is used as the weight to discriminate the effects of different influencing factors. Subsequently, independent sample T test and ANOVA one-way analysis of variance were further carried out to explore the influence of college students’ characteristics, such as gender, age, education background, monthly consumption amount, mobile internet usage, frequency of browsing mobile shopping website and commodity category, on impulsive consumption. This paper collects data of college students through satellite data research platform, 330 of which are returned and 246 of them are valid. On the basis of data analysis, this paper gets the main content which three conclusions are made: The first is that the 27 factors which will affect the mobile shopping impulse consumption of college students can be summarized into six types: platform function (friendly interface of mobile shopping platform, clear classification), promotion discount (large discount, and various promotion methods), customer evaluation (multiple messages, authentic content), consumer decision-making (behavioral decision-making preferences), website interaction (responding to customer questions in a timely, accurate and professional manner) and mobile phone dependence (highly dependent on mobile phones), etc. It can be found that these six factors are very obvious. The second is that although the role of the six types factor is very significant, the role of their influencing factors is different in higher or lower. From higher to lower, it can be sorted is platform function, promotion discount, customer reviews, consumer decisions, website interactions and mobile phone dependencies. The third is the characteristics of college students’ gender, hobbies, monthly living expenses, and the frequency of browsing mobile shopping websites, which have also been confirmed to do significant impact on impulsive consumption. The paper further analyzes each factor impacting on the enterprise’s activities of marketing innovation. In addition to the above conclusions, factors such as age, education, mobile internet age and product category can be obtained, which have no significant effect on the college students’ impulsive purchase behavior. Based on the paper’s research conclusion, for enterprise how to make the college students’ mobile consumption more and more, three suggestions were put forward form the marketing innovation as the following. The first is to enhance the impact of college students on mobile shopping through consideration of a variety of factors, such as use of shopping platform features, promotion opportunities and strengths, commodity purchase evaluation and other factors and many aspects, can be done in the marketing process. The customer feels that it is convenient to browse the goods and meet a widely variety of products. The procedures for returning and exchange of goods on the platform are convenient, and the means of payment by electronic money are diversified, which will greatly stimulate the college students’ impulsive purchase behavior. At the same time, there are various ways to promote the promotion of goods, such as points, coupons or concessions, etc., and the product’s introduction graphics should be attractive, which is also very important for the college students. In addition, the evaluation information of the products should be guaranteedauthentically and reliably, and the larger amount of feedback evaluation information would be in the shopping platform. The second is to highlight the key factor during the marketing process, such as the construction of shopping platform, while the enterprise’s power are shortage, they should use the third-party platform to match with the college students’ purchasing demand by providing relevant promotional activities, to decrease the cost of college students’ shopping greatly which can realize students’ shopping experience and shopping satisfaction.The group of college students is a consumer group which no income source as a whole, and their pursuit of high quality and low price while shopping, so the enterprise should make promotion and discount of the business more attractively for the college students. Every year, the “Double Eleven” e-commerce activities are highly concerned by the whole people, which shows the great influence of price promotion for the large netizen. The third is to consider the characteristics of college students, do a gender-differentiated marketing and do targeted marketing such as product recommendation through platform browsing frequency, which will obtain general promotion of college students’ consumption. For the collegestudents who browse online shopping platforms actively, the higher the frequency of the shopping website, the more the changes in related promotional information and product services be accepted, and the more susceptible by these factors, then will result in shopping impulsive behavior more frequently. These studies have positive reference for enterprises to sale during the mobile terminal more conveniently and efficiently, and meet consumer demand and expand domestic market more better. Related Articles | Metrics

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Linked BDI index ship lease financing range accrual swap Yu Fangping, Meng Bin, Kuang Haibo 2019, 40(9): 263-276.  Abstract ( 283 )   Since 2000, due to the rapid growth of global trade, China has become the largest demand economy for shipping in the world. The development of shipbuilding industry is particularly excellent. Ship orders, construction volume and undelivered orders are among the highest in the world. The shipping industry has also formed a modernized fleet of large, specialized and younger scales in the world’s top three, a number of world-class ports, and the international status of China’s shipping companies has further improved. As the shipping industry is a highly capital-intensive industry, the resulting ship financing needs are strong and growing. However, with the impact of the financial crisis in 2008, the shipping industry has experienced tremendous fluctuations and continued to slump, the traditional ship financing model based on bank loans has been greatly affected, and the new type of ship financing leasing model has developed rapidly. Because of its unique advantages such as small financial pressure and flexible operation, besides, it actively assists shipping companies with difficulties in general management to alleviate the difficulty of financing, and the new type of ship financing leasing gains recognition and choice from China’s shipping market gradually, becoming the second largest financing channel after bank loans. China’s ships leasing companies invested $11.5 billion in the shipping industry in 2016. The ship financing leasing refers to the lessor (lease company) signing a lease contract with the lessee and signing a sales contract with the shipyard according to the choice of the lessee (shipping company) for the shipyard and the leased subject matter (ship). Ship financing leasing is a model that the lessor provides the ship with the charterer and the lessee pays rent to the lessor during the lease term. The existing research on the financing leasing model of ships is quite rich, but the research about risk management and pricing of ship financing leasing is lacking, and further research is needed. Especially in recent years, the depression in the shipping industry has led to the financial contraction of shipping companies and the tight capital chain. Based on the interest rate swaps, both sides of the industry’s ship finance leasing institutions, draws on the range accrual interest swap that connect certain indexes creativity, replicates and innovates the existing ship financing leasing interest rate swaps, and forms a new model for range accrual swap that connect the shipping index in order to ease the financial pressure on financial leasing, circumvent or transfer the comprehensive risks of ship financing leases. For this kind of innovative practice about the range accrual swap in the connection shipping index, there is no relevant literature for research. This paper intends to combine the shipping finance leasing business innovation of the shipping industry, establish the theory and model of the BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap, and provide decision-making reference for the new model practice of ship financing leasing risk management. Range accrual swap is a typical derivative of standard interest rate swaps. Two counterparties exchange cash flows at predetermined times. Cash flow swaps are based on underlying assets such as interest rates, equity, exchange rates, or commodities, even the fields of meteorology. The range accrual swap that connects the BDI index is a swap product linked to the BDI index range. The floating payment interest rate is related to the length of the breakthrough (or entry) index range, which can better avoid the shipping market risks faced by the two parties in the ship finance leasing project. For the ship finance leasing lessee who is the fixed rate payer, BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap, is equivalent to purchasing BDI index insurance or put option. When the shipping index is below a certain level, the lessee will obtain a certain amount of reverse indemnity from the lender, who is the payer of the floating rate, thereby achieving the effect of hedging, relieving cash flow pressure, smoothing the finance, and effectively ensuring that the ship financing leasing party can continue to perform the lease contract. This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the innovate business of shipping companies about range accrual swap, discusses the new model of the BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap, and the pricing problem of interest rate swaps is studied. Compared with the existing domestic and foreign literature: on the one hand, the existing ship financing leasing model theory has been upgraded and deepened; on the other hand, the model of BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap is more practical and applicable than the existing ship finance lease pricing model, which can alleviate the cash flow pressure and achieve the purpose of fulfilling the business. There are three main contributions to this research: First, this paper theoretically explores the theory of BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap. Based on the analysis of the essential characteristics of the model, the interest rate swap theory and the no-arbitrage strategy are used to determine the pricing principle of the BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap. Second, this paper constructs a model of BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap. By means of the stochastic process method, the double stochastic scenarios of BDI index and interest rate trend are described, and the model of BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap is established. At the same time, the Monte Carlo simulation method is used to give the model solving steps, and make model results more in line with actual pricing decisions. Third, this paper uses an example to carry out verification. Solve and validate the case of BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap, and analyze the relationship between various parameters and decision variables (BDI index critical value, real interest rate, nominal interest rate, and interest differentials) by means of scenario analysis. The results show that the model of BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap established in this paper has better reliability and is closer to the actual situation. It should be pointed out that this paper discusses the pricing of the BDI index linked ship finance leasing range accrual interest swap, but, the credit risk and operational risk of the lessee have not been included in the model, and these aspects needs to be further studied. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of research ethics in forensic science Peng Silu, Zhao Xingchun, Quan Yangke 2019, 40(9): 277-281.  Abstract ( 191 )   Forensic science, a general applied science, applies the principles and methods of natural sciences and social sciences to the investigation of crime and judicial practice, involving many groups such as scientific researchers, government law enforcement, identified objects and experimental objects. There are ethical issues possibly involved in forensic science research and judicial practice. Whether forensic science research conforms to legal norms, international conventions and relevant ethical requirements have a strong impact on the authority and credibility of the government law enforcement. With the introduction of the new policy on the reform of criminal procedure, further provisions have been put forward for implementing the requirements of evidence judgement, standardizing criminal investigation and evidence obtaining, and unifying the standards and procedures of judicial appraisal, which have brought forensic science of China into a new stage of standardization. However, there is still no research on ethics and norms of conduct in the field of forensic science in China, and the relevant ethical review bodies and review rules are still blank, with comparison to the ethical normative construction of the foreign judicial appraisal profession.  Based on the current ethical practice of forensic science research, this paper analyzes the insufficiency of professional ethics norm construction, the absence of scientific research ethics supervision. The construction of forensic science professional ethic not only promotes the fairness and justice of judicial expertise, but is also a value guidance and professional protection for forensic science practitioners. Although there is some beneficial exploration in the ethical review of forensic science research field, improvement of ethical supervision is still needed to meet the requirements of the awareness of ethical consciousness and sustainable development in this field, such as the mechanism of on-going supervision and post-evaluation. To some extent, there is unavoidable inherent conflict between the professional characteristics and ethical requirements of forensic science, such as the conflict between citizens′ rights of individual privacy and public security needs, and the problem of how to clearly define the individual rights of the criminals by improving the legal regulation. Since the primary goal of forensic science is to safeguard the interests of public security and social justice, ethical principle in the field of forensic science might be reflected on emphasizing the ethical and moral concepts that are highly responsible for social fairness and justice and trying to avoid occupational harm in practice. This paper also proposes to strengthen the organization and system construction of ethical review of forensic science research, promote the construction of ethical norms of forensic science, and carry out ethical education and training to forensic science researchers. It is suggested to establish forensic science ethics committee in relative institutions and administrative departments, which is a permanent organization for the ethical supervision of forensic science field, playing a dual supervisory role of management and technology. The purpose of the discussion is to enrich the preliminary theoretical system of the ethical construction of forensic science research in China, to explore a scientific ethical model suited to China′s national conditions and characteristics of forensic science, and to promote forensic scientists to better practice their fair and just responsibilities. Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the status and open sharing of large-scale scientific research instruments in China Liu He, Hu Ying, Wang Dongmei 2019, 40(9): 282-288.  Abstract ( 283 )   As an important scientific research tool for discovering natural laws, exploring unknown fields and realizing technological changes, large-scale scientific research instruments are the technical basis and important means for exploring frontier science, boosting social and economic development and making China a strong country in science and technology. In recent years, with the continuous increase of China's investment in science and technology, the scale of large scientific research instruments is also growing, and major original achievements keep emerging. But the problem of low utilization rate is also gradually highlighted. This paper analyzes and summarizes the current situation of opening and sharing of large scientific research instruments and equipment over 500,000 Yuan in China from the aspects of original value, category, institution, location and so on, and puts forward reasonable suggestions. Scientific research instruments are an important foundation for the development of science and technology, technological innovation, etc. The level of national science and technology development and development potential will be reflected in the sharing of scientific research instruments to a certain extent. The national science and technology development is fast, the development potential is large, and the situation of the sharing of scientific research instruments is good, the instrument usage rate is high, and vice versa. The degree of sharing of large-scale scientific research instruments in scientific research instruments can better reflect the level of scientific and technological management of the country, and to a certain extent determine the state's scientific and technological level and the ability to innovate. Therefore, promoting the sharing and sharing of large-scale scientific research instruments in the country and improving the utilization rate of large-scale scientific research instruments are inevitable choices for promoting China's scientific and technological progress and improving scientific research. At the same time, it is also an inevitable need for China to build a conservation-oriented society, reduce the waste of science and technology resources, and promote the healthy development of science and technology. In recent years, the investment in the construction of large-scale scientific research instruments in China has continued to increase, and the growth of large-scale scientific research instruments in research institutes and universities has been particularly prominent. At same time, due to wide variety and large number of large-scale scientific research instruments in China, the departments/institutions, regions, and subject areas are widely distributed. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyze systematically the sharing of existing large-scale scientific instruments in typical units, which is effective for follow-up works and lays the foundation for development and policy development. This article aims to analyze the data of the 2015 scientific and technological resources survey, and analyze the data of the operation and sharing of the large-scale scientific instruments recorded in the paper, and propose the problems existing in the open sharing of large-scale scientific instruments in China. Simultaneously, in order to further strengthen the open sharing of instruments and equipment, establish a scientific and reasonable sharing management evaluation mechanism, and promote and improve the quality of shared service work, this paper analyzes and summarizes the present situation of open sharing of large-scale instruments in China and proposes some constructive suggestions for reference. Related Articles | Metrics