模块化下企业创新生态系统结构与演化机制——海尔集团2005—2019年的纵向案例研究

郑帅; 王海军

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科研管理 ›› 2021, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1) : 33-46.

论文

模块化下企业创新生态系统结构与演化机制——海尔集团2005—2019年的纵向案例研究

郑帅^1,2，王海军¹

作者信息 +

Structure and evolution mechanism of the enterprise innovation ecosystem in terms of modularity: A longitudinal case study on Haier Group from 2005 to 2019

Zheng Shuai^1,2, Wang Haijun¹

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

制造企业生态化创新战略转型中，枢纽企业为获得长期竞争优势，如何伴随创新生态系统的演化而做出技术、商业决策？依据“情境-结构-机制”的研究框架对海尔集团进行纵向案例研究，从模块化视角探索企业创新生态系统结构、演化机制与路径特征。研究表明：（1）情境主导了技术创新的可实现性，技术标准、用户需求和政策支持3个情境因素驱动企业创新生态系统的交互演进。（2）发现企业创新生态系统结构的3个重要特征，即创新架构模块化、交互界面开放性、网络治理嵌入性。海尔模块化生态圈战略转型历经的开拓布网期、扩展织网期和颠覆融网期3个发展阶段，以 “产品、生产模块化-组织模块化-超模块化”的架构创新驱动了海尔集团创新生态系统 “以内部研发为中心的创新体系-以产业链协同为中心的创新体系-以用户为中心的创新生态系统”的演化路径。（3）企业创新生态系统的创新实现机制突出表现在杠杆、协同和互利机制上，通过揭示系统的结构特征与实现机制的作用逻辑，提出杠杆机制呈现出重用“模块资源-平台资源-场景资源”的演化路径，协同机制使枢纽企业在系统中的角色沿着 “分解者-平台领导者-创新集成商”演化，互利机制呈现出“企业主导-开放市场机制”的演化路径。研究结论丰富和发展了创新生态系统理论，为传统制造企业的创新生态系统战略转型提供方案设计启示。

Abstract

Upon the transformation of manufacturing enterprises into the ecological innovation strategy, how can the hub firm make technological and commercial decisions to enhance long-term competitiveness with the evolution of innovation ecosystem? The existing literatures have focused on the study on what innovation ecosystems are and how they operate, and most of them have neglected the impact of the external environment. This research aimed to complement the literatures by investigating when and why ecosystems emerge, as well as how the contexts lead to the co-evolution of innovation ecosystems? Based on the research framework of "situation-structure-mechanism", this paper explored the structure, evolution mechanisms and path characteristics of enterprise innovation ecosystem through a longitudinal case of Haier Group from the modularity perspective. The findings are as follows:
First of all, contexts dominate the realization of technological innovation. According to the remarkable events in the development of strategic transformation of Haier′s modular ecosphere, Haier Group has experienced three stages of the netting period for developing new resources, the webbing period for expanding new businesses, and the integration period for disruptive innovation. And this paper revealed the interactive evolution process of the enterprise innovation ecosystem with three situational factors: technical standards, user needs and policy supports.
Secondly, through the systemic analysis, this paper summarized three important characteristics of the structure of the enterprise innovation ecosystem: modularity of innovation architecture, open interface and embeddability of network governance. Thus the evolution path of Haier Group innovation ecosystem is starting from the internal-R&D-oriented innovation system, and transferring to the industry-chain-integration-oriented innovation system, and ultimately to the customer-requirements-oriented innovation ecosystem, which are driven by modular innovation architectures, practically speaking from product and production modularity, organization modularity to ultra-modularity in turn.
Last but not least, the innovation realization mechanism of the enterprise innovation ecosystem is manifested in leverage, synergy and mutual benefit mechanism. By revealing the structural characteristics of the innovation ecosystem and the operation logic of the implementation mechanism: (a)this paper put forward Haier had adopted the modular innovation architecture to maximize the leverage effects of the innovation ecosystem, keeping the structure open without sacrificing the decision-making openness, and the evolutionary path of leverage mechanism is starting from reusing module resources, and transferring to platform resources, and ultimately to ultra-modular scene resources. (b) Haier has facilitated external coordination through the cognitive embeddability of network governance which has laid the foundation of complementors′ trusts, as well as managed internal coordination through the modular innovative architecture. Thus the role of the hub firm has grown from the decomposer, the platform leader to the innovation integrator through cooperative mechanism. (c) Haier has created a more open and fair benefit-sharing contexts through open and transparent decision-making, the management of intellectual property rights and so on. Thus the mutual benefit mechanism has changed from enterprise leading to open market determining.
The results are important for complementing and developing the theory of the innovation ecosystem, and provide enlightenment on the design alternatives for manufacturing enterprises transforming to the innovation ecosystem strategy.

导出引用

郑帅王海军. 模块化下企业创新生态系统结构与演化机制——海尔集团2005—2019年的纵向案例研究[J]. 科研管理. 2021, 42(1): 33-46

Zheng Shuai, Wang Haijun. Structure and evolution mechanism of the enterprise innovation ecosystem in terms of modularity: A longitudinal case study on Haier Group from 2005 to 2019[J]. Science Research Management. 2021, 42(1): 33-46

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