中国制造业通过融入全球生产网络快速发展，但是仍然依赖国外中间品与零部件的大量投入，被长期锁定在加工装配环节，出口产品技术水平存在“虚高”现象。因此融入全球价值链与真实出口技术水平的关系值得进一步探究。论文采用WIOD2000—2014年连续数据测算了中国制造业垂直专业化分工水平，基于改进的国内增加值出口复杂度指标来度量中国制造业出口技术水平，对于全球价值链嵌入对制造业出口技术水平的影响进行实证检验。结果表明：融入全球价值链是出口技术水平提升的重要因素，但是中国人力资本和制造业缺乏有机结合，可能存在“资源竞争”。细分行业要素密集度分析，劳动和资本密集型行业出口技术复杂度随价值链嵌入程度提升，而在技术密集型行业这种影响并不显著，存在一定程度的价值链低端锁定效应。论文从“多极化”发展、有机结合人力资本、摆脱路径依赖几个方面提出政策建议。
Abstract
Since its reform and opening-up, especially its accession to the WTO, China has rapidly integrated into the global production network with the advantage of labor force. However, the core high-tech intermediates in China′s manufacturing industry still need to be imported. China′s manufacturing industry may be "solidified" in the processing and assembly links with low value added for a long time, and the technical level of export products may be overestimated. Therefore, the relationship between integration into global value chain and real export sophistication deserves further exploration. By analyzing the impact of integration into the global value chain on the technical level of export products in manufacturing industry, we can understand the status of global value chain and real trade benefits from the perspective of commodity technology structure. It is of great significance for improving product technology and domestic value added and adjusting the industrial structure in the global production network.
This paper analyzes the influence mechanism, and finds that vertical specialization has an impact on the technical level of export products through technology spillover effect, productivity and competitiveness enhancement effect, and cost effect. High quality intermediate input helps downstream sectors to absorb and improve relevant technologies, and the feedback from downstream sectors also helps the suppliers optimize technologies. Participation in vertical specialization focuses on different links of the value chain based on the scarcity of factors. Through three aspects of production, technology and market, it acts on factor accumulation, technology spillover and market expansion, and ultimately improves productivity and international competitiveness. In terms of cost, vertical specialization promotes the scale and standardization of production. Cost sharing can relatively reduce the cost of information exchange, transportation, management and other aspects, simplify the supervision, transaction and other complex processes, and further promote R&D and innovation.
From the perspective of research, this paper calculates the export sophistication by considering the industrial correlation effect of domestic upstream sectors, and analyzes the technical upgrading effect of integration into global value chain. In terms of research methods, the paper uses the latest version of the World Input-Output Database continuous data from 2000 to 2014 to measure the vertical specialization level of China′s manufacturing industry, and then measures the export sophistication of China′s manufacturing industry based on the domestic value added in gross exports. During the period of 2000-2014, the export sophistication of the manufacturing industry is increasing. Labor intensive sector has the highest export sophistication, which also conforms to the current situation of China′s export. In terms of research conclusion, this paper confirms the positive impact of integration into the global value chain on technical level, but finds that manufacturing industry fails to effectively integrate with human capital.
This paper empirically tests the impact of GVC embeddedness on the technical level of export products in manufacturing industry. The results show that the deepening of integration into the global value chain promotes the export sophistication of China′s manufacturing industry. At the same time, we find that human capital accumulation does not promote technology upgrading in the short term. For the manufacturing industry, especially for the departments with long production cycle, it may take a long time for human capital to improve the technical level, while "resource competition" occurs in the same period, so the impact of human capital is significantly negative. According to the analysis of the segmented sectors, with the deepening of China′s manufacturing industry integration into the value chain, the export sophistication of labor intensive and capital-intensive sectors has been improved, while the export sophistication of technology intensive sector has no obvious correlation with the embedding of global value chain. We analyze that this is related to the way of China′s integration into the value chain. In the early stage of reform and opening-up, China was faced with the conditions of relatively abundant labor force and insufficient supply of capital elements. In the vertical specialization division mode led by multinational corporations, manufacturers without core technologies will be locked in the low-end, so it is difficult to achieve the high value-added link of the global value chain. Vertical specialization promotes technical progress and value chain status of developing countries, but it also makes developing countries face the risk of "low-end locking" and "immiserizing growth".
According to the above research, there are the following corresponding policy implications. First, China′s manufacturing industry can participate in the international division of labor in a diversified way and allocate resources more reasonably according to the comparative advantages of each region. Manufacturing industry needs to actively improve its technical level through the "learning by doing" effect and promote the transformation and upgrading of export trade structure. Second, for the problem of "resource competition" in human capital, the servitization of manufacturing can improve the marginal effect of human capital. Manufacturing industry can rapidly combine high-level services with human capital of the industry, rely on advanced technology and services, shorten production cycle, and make full use of human capital. Third, for sectors with "low-end locking", especially technology intensive sector, it is necessary to gradually get rid of the dependence on foreign intermediate products. We can rely on the rapid growth of domestic demand market scale to cultivate the ability of independent innovation, form a complete supply network in China, and then integrally embed into the global value chain.
关键词
垂直专业化分工 /
出口复杂度 /
国内增加值 /
人力资本
Key words
vertical specialization /
export sophistication /
domestic value added (DVA) /
human capital
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基金
国家社会科学基金项目：“制造业服务化对我国价值链升级的指标测度、形成机理及效应分析研究”（19CJY025,2019.07—2022.12）；国家自然科学基金面上项目：“多时空尺度下区域经济边界效应测度模型、变化机理与影响机制研究”（71874106,2018.07—2021.12）。
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