关键词: 科研不端, 科研诚信, 治理规范

Abstract:     Since the 1980s, China has paid more and more attention to the integrity of scientific research. Based on the reorganization of the important events of the national scientific research integrity norms, this article discusses the four stages of the historical evolution of the governance of Chinese government′s scientific research integrity, namely, "pre-governance" stage, "divided governance" stage, "joint governance" stage and "systematic governance" stage. At the same time, it selects two important governance norms in the historical evolution：The Measures for the Treatment of Scientific Research Misconduct in the Implementation of National Science and Technology Plan (Trial) of the Ministry of Science and Technology in 2006 (hereinafter referred to as the "Measures") and the Rules for the Investigation and Treatment of Scientific Research Integrity Cases (Trial) in 2019 (hereinafter referred to as the "Rules"). 
   Taking these two norms as an example, starting with text analysis, and through comparing the definition of scientific research misconduct, procedures and results of the treatment, and appeal procedures between them, this paper discusses the development processes, stage characteristics and evolution trend of government governance of scientific research misconduct in China; it also summarizes the evolution process of governance ideas and measures at the national level, and gives analysis and suggestions on the changes, problems and future development. 
   There are four trends in the evolution of norms formulation: First, the formulation of norms puts more emphasis on the integrity awareness of scientific research subjects, and the management department changes its idea from preventing misconduct in scientific research activities to advocating personal honesty consciousness. Second, the normative formulation has shifted from lagging to foreseeable, widened the scope of governance gradually, increased the types of scientific research dishonesty have increased, and emphasized that the forbidden area of scientific research behavior should cover the whole process of scientific research activities, so as to lay an operable foundation for the follow-up strict governance. Third, the implementation of standards or norms is from departmental governance to national governance, so that the main body of governance is clear, and the division of responsibilities of misconduct investigation department is well defined. Fourthly, the ethical issues of scientific research are received more attention and solutions. 
   The author found that, from the effect point of view, the formulation of the rules has not been able to stop a large number of manuscript retraction and scientific research integrity problems. From the difficulties of governance, we can also see the key problem of integrity governance is the relationship between governance and guidance. Therefore, the author believes that the governance of scientific research integrity should not only deal with the back-end from the formulation of rules, but also needs to dig deep into the root causes to find out the inducing mechanism of scientific research integrity in the scientific research ecosystem. 
   In order to establish an innovative scientific research ecosystem, the State should first reduce the government′s evaluation of scientific research personnel, give full play to the role of scientific research innovation subjects, and let scientific research institutions lead the academic evaluation; In the meantime, it is necessary to strengthen the formulation and publicity of scientific research integrity and ethical norms, and advocate good study style and responsible researchers. An effective governance system of scientific research integrity should start with improving the ecological system of scientific and technological innovation.

Key words: scientific misconduct, scientific research integrity, governance norms