为什么中国缺少学术型企业家？——基于“认知目的”论

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 我国匮乏既擅长技术研发又懂经营管理的学术型企业家，不仅制约了我国科技成果转化，而且制约了我国新兴产业的发展。本研究基于“认知-目的”论，从内生需求和外部刺激角度，揭示了我国科研人员学术创业的驱动机制；进而借助自我决定理论，探究了我国科研人员学术创业行为的类型与特征，包括内摄传统型、认同转换型和整合创业型。在此基础上，构建了基于人力资本积累的两阶段职业生涯选择的数理模型；进而结合实证分析，解析了我国缺少学术型企业家的制约因素。研究结果表明:（1）尽管学术创业具有较高的预期效益，但是学术创业的风险和转换成本较高；因此需要营造有利于学术创业的氛围，降低学术创业的成本和风险，改善学术创业的社会环境。（2）当科研人员学术创业的社会效益较高，并且学术创业的转换成本较低时，科研人员可能会转型为学术企业家。（3）当科研人员的非科研技能获取成本较高时，并且社会的创业环境不够完善时，科研人员会选择风险规避策略，即放弃学术创业，转而从事学术研究。最后，本文提出了促进我国科研人员学术创业的政策建议，旨在推动我国学术型企业家的涌现，推进我国创业型经济的建设。

关键词: 认知目的论, 内摄传统型, 认同转换型, 整合创业型

Abstract: At the end of the 19th century, great changes have taken place in the functions of universities, which not only undertake the functions of teaching and research, but also begin to play the role of social services, and gradually become the forefront of promoting economic and social development. In this context, many universities around the world pay more and more attention to the transformation of scientific research achievements, encourage researchers to innovate and start businesses, therefore, many academic entrepreneurs have emerged. Academic entrepreneurs refer to those who are different from traditional professors in scientific research institutes. They usually engage in business activities with the help of academic reputation and professional expertise, and have the dual characteristics of scientists and entrepreneurs.
However, academic entrepreneurs who are expert both in technique and management are uncommon in China. This predicament not only restricts the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, but also restricts the development of emerging industries in China. It is urgent to reveal the factors that restrict the academic entrepreneurship of Chinese researchers, and encourage researchers with entrepreneurial ability to transform into academic entrepreneurs, so as to promote the R&D and transformation of emerging scientific research achievements in China.
Based on the "cognition-purpose" theory, this study explores the driving mechanism of the academic entrepreneurship in China. It attempts to divide the types(internalization convention, identity conversion and integrated entrepreneurship) and the characteristics of the academic entrepreneurs in China. Combined with the empirical analysis, this paper constructs a mathematical model of "two-stage career choice" on human capital accumulation and reveals the constraints of the lack of the academic entrepreneurs in China. The results suggest that:(1) although a scientific researcher has high expected benefit in the academic entrepreneurship, the risk and conversion costs of the academic entrepreneurship are high. Therefore, it is necessary to create a favorable atmosphere for academic entrepreneurship, reduce the costs and risks of the academic entrepreneurship, and improve the social environment of the academic entrepreneurship.(2) When the social benefit of academic entrepreneurship is high and the conversion cost of the academic entrepreneurship is low, a scientific researcher may be transformed into an academic entrepreneur.(3) When the cost of acquiring non-scientific research skills is high and the social entrepreneurial environment is not perfect, a researcher will choose the risk aversion strategy, that is, to give up the academic entrepreneurship and engage in the academic research.
This study also provides some significant managerial implications. Researchers with entrepreneurial vision in scientific research institutions of China should:(1) based on the national science and technology development plan, combined with market demand, implement the research and development of emerging scientific and technological achievements, so as to improve the market value of scientific and technological achievements.(2) Strengthen the study of professional skills and management skills, especially the study of business management knowledge, better understand the market development trend, and avoid the phenomenon of "internal lock".(3) Strengthen opening up and innovation, accumulate social capital, and pay attention to the leverage of social resources.
At the same time, the government and research institutes should:(1) optimize the evaluation and title promotion system, guide researchers to devote themselves to the research and development and transformation of scientific research achievements.(2) construct the interest mechanism of academic entrepreneurship, clarify the right of the creators of scientific and technological achievements to use and distribute their scientific and technological achievements.(3) provide the resource guarantee of academic entrepreneurship, and provide incubation services for researchers′ academic entrepreneurship to reduce the cost and risk of academic entrepreneurship.(4) build up a service platform for academic entrepreneurship to help researchers leverage social resources, and improve the guidance and supervision, tracking support, entrepreneurial support and other service functions in the implementation of scientific and technological achievements.(5) improve the supporting system of venture capital, promote venture capital to serve researchers′ academic entrepreneurship, and provide authoritative policy interpretation and guidance. And(6) create a more relaxed entrepreneurial atmosphere, in which researchers are allowed to combine between academic organizations and enterprises according to their needs, so as to make the academic organization′s disciplinary advantages continuously transform into innovation advantages.

Key words: cognition-purpose theory, internalization convention type, identity conversion type, integrated entrepreneurship type

黄永春徐军海徐高彦. 为什么中国缺少学术型企业家？——基于“认知目的”论[J]. 科研管理, 2021, 42(6): 139-149.

Huang Yongchun, Xu Junhai, Xu Gaoyan. Why does China lack academic entrepreneurs?——A study based on the "cognition-purpose" theory[J]. Science Research Management, 2021, 42(6): 139-149.

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