为什么中国缺少学术型企业家？——基于“认知目的”论

黄永春; 徐军海; 徐高彦

PDF(2064 KB)

科研管理 ›› 2021, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (6) : 139-149.

论文

为什么中国缺少学术型企业家？——基于“认知目的”论

黄永春^1,2,徐军海³,徐高彦¹

作者信息 +

Why does China lack academic entrepreneurs?——A study based on the "cognition-purpose" theory

Huang Yongchun^1,2, Xu Junhai³, Xu Gaoyan¹

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

我国匮乏既擅长技术研发又懂经营管理的学术型企业家，不仅制约了我国科技成果转化，而且制约了我国新兴产业的发展。本研究基于“认知-目的”论，从内生需求和外部刺激角度，揭示了我国科研人员学术创业的驱动机制；进而借助自我决定理论，探究了我国科研人员学术创业行为的类型与特征，包括内摄传统型、认同转换型和整合创业型。在此基础上，构建了基于人力资本积累的两阶段职业生涯选择的数理模型；进而结合实证分析，解析了我国缺少学术型企业家的制约因素。研究结果表明:（1）尽管学术创业具有较高的预期效益，但是学术创业的风险和转换成本较高；因此需要营造有利于学术创业的氛围，降低学术创业的成本和风险，改善学术创业的社会环境。（2）当科研人员学术创业的社会效益较高，并且学术创业的转换成本较低时，科研人员可能会转型为学术企业家。（3）当科研人员的非科研技能获取成本较高时，并且社会的创业环境不够完善时，科研人员会选择风险规避策略，即放弃学术创业，转而从事学术研究。最后，本文提出了促进我国科研人员学术创业的政策建议，旨在推动我国学术型企业家的涌现，推进我国创业型经济的建设。

Abstract

At the end of the 19th century, great changes have taken place in the functions of universities, which not only undertake the functions of teaching and research, but also begin to play the role of social services, and gradually become the forefront of promoting economic and social development. In this context, many universities around the world pay more and more attention to the transformation of scientific research achievements, encourage researchers to innovate and start businesses, therefore, many academic entrepreneurs have emerged. Academic entrepreneurs refer to those who are different from traditional professors in scientific research institutes. They usually engage in business activities with the help of academic reputation and professional expertise, and have the dual characteristics of scientists and entrepreneurs.
However, academic entrepreneurs who are expert both in technique and management are uncommon in China. This predicament not only restricts the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, but also restricts the development of emerging industries in China. It is urgent to reveal the factors that restrict the academic entrepreneurship of Chinese researchers, and encourage researchers with entrepreneurial ability to transform into academic entrepreneurs, so as to promote the R&D and transformation of emerging scientific research achievements in China.
Based on the "cognition-purpose" theory, this study explores the driving mechanism of the academic entrepreneurship in China. It attempts to divide the types(internalization convention, identity conversion and integrated entrepreneurship) and the characteristics of the academic entrepreneurs in China. Combined with the empirical analysis, this paper constructs a mathematical model of "two-stage career choice" on human capital accumulation and reveals the constraints of the lack of the academic entrepreneurs in China. The results suggest that:(1) although a scientific researcher has high expected benefit in the academic entrepreneurship, the risk and conversion costs of the academic entrepreneurship are high. Therefore, it is necessary to create a favorable atmosphere for academic entrepreneurship, reduce the costs and risks of the academic entrepreneurship, and improve the social environment of the academic entrepreneurship.(2) When the social benefit of academic entrepreneurship is high and the conversion cost of the academic entrepreneurship is low, a scientific researcher may be transformed into an academic entrepreneur.(3) When the cost of acquiring non-scientific research skills is high and the social entrepreneurial environment is not perfect, a researcher will choose the risk aversion strategy, that is, to give up the academic entrepreneurship and engage in the academic research.
This study also provides some significant managerial implications. Researchers with entrepreneurial vision in scientific research institutions of China should:(1) based on the national science and technology development plan, combined with market demand, implement the research and development of emerging scientific and technological achievements, so as to improve the market value of scientific and technological achievements.(2) Strengthen the study of professional skills and management skills, especially the study of business management knowledge, better understand the market development trend, and avoid the phenomenon of "internal lock".(3) Strengthen opening up and innovation, accumulate social capital, and pay attention to the leverage of social resources.
At the same time, the government and research institutes should:(1) optimize the evaluation and title promotion system, guide researchers to devote themselves to the research and development and transformation of scientific research achievements.(2) construct the interest mechanism of academic entrepreneurship, clarify the right of the creators of scientific and technological achievements to use and distribute their scientific and technological achievements.(3) provide the resource guarantee of academic entrepreneurship, and provide incubation services for researchers′ academic entrepreneurship to reduce the cost and risk of academic entrepreneurship.(4) build up a service platform for academic entrepreneurship to help researchers leverage social resources, and improve the guidance and supervision, tracking support, entrepreneurial support and other service functions in the implementation of scientific and technological achievements.(5) improve the supporting system of venture capital, promote venture capital to serve researchers′ academic entrepreneurship, and provide authoritative policy interpretation and guidance. And(6) create a more relaxed entrepreneurial atmosphere, in which researchers are allowed to combine between academic organizations and enterprises according to their needs, so as to make the academic organization′s disciplinary advantages continuously transform into innovation advantages.

导出引用

黄永春徐军海徐高彦. 为什么中国缺少学术型企业家？——基于“认知目的”论[J]. 科研管理. 2021, 42(6): 139-149

Huang Yongchun, Xu Junhai, Xu Gaoyan. Why does China lack academic entrepreneurs?——A study based on the "cognition-purpose" theory[J]. Science Research Management. 2021, 42(6): 139-149

参考文献

[1]BAGLIERI D, LORENZONI G. Closing the distance between academia and market: experimentation and user entrepreneurial processes[J]. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2014(39):52–74.

[2]MARIBEL G, URBANO D, FAYOLLE A. Entrepreneurial activity and regional competitiveness: evidence from European entrepreneurial universities[J]. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2016(41):105–131.

[3]MCGRATH R G. The academic entrepreneur: a biographical sketch of Ian C. Macmillan’s contributions to establishing the field of entrepreneurship[J]. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2015(9):188–204.

[4]陈劲,朱学彦.学术型企业家初探[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2004(8):115-118.

CHEN Jin, ZHU Xueyan. A preliminary study on academic entrepreneurs[J]. Science of Science and Management of S.& T, 2004(8):115-118.

[5]黄永春,王祖丽,郑江淮.新兴产业企业家的人力资本、社会资本与企业的技术赶超[J].江苏社会科学,2014(5):70-78.

HUANG Yongchun, WANG Zuli, ZHENG Jianghui. The human capital, social capital and technological catch-up of entrepreneurs in emerging industries[J]. Jiangsu Social Sciences, 2014(5):70-78.

[6]李雯 ,夏清华.学术型企业家对大学衍生企业绩效的影响机理[J].科学学研究,2012(2);284-294.

LI Wen, XIA Qinghua. Effect mechanism of academic entrepreneurs on university spin-off companies’ performance[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2012(2):284-294.

[7]李华晶,邢晓东.学术创业:国外研究现状与分析[J].中国科技论坛,2008(12):124- 128.

LI Huajing, XING Xiaodong. Academic entrepreneurship: research status and analysis of foreign countries[J]. Forum on Science and Technology in China, 2008(12):124- 128.

[8]HOANGA H, ANTONCIC B. Network based research in entrepreneurship: a critical review[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003(2):165-187.

[9]BOK D C. Universities in the Marketplace: The commercialization of higher education [M]. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2003．

[10]刘圣龙.基于技术路线图的高校科技成果转化风险管理研究[D],中北大学,2017.

LIU Shenglong. Research on risk management of universities’ sci-tech achievements transformation based on technology roadmap[D]. North University of China, 2017.

[11]李玉清.美国高校科技成果转化的经验及启示[J].中国高校科技,2012(6):116-119.

LI Yuqing. The experience and inspiration of scientific and technological achievements transformation in American universities[J]. Chinese University Science & Technology, 2012(6):116-119.

[12]WATSON B J. Psychology as the behaviorist views it[J]. Psychological Review, 1913 (20):158–177.

[13]LAM A. What motivates academic scientists to engage in research commercialization: gold, ribbon or puzzle? [J] Research Policy, 2011(40):1354–1368.

[14]CHRISTOPHER S H. Public or private entrepreneurship? Revisiting motivations and definitions of success among academic entrepreneurs[J]. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2015(40);1003–1015.

[15]HUANG Y C, SWAMIDASS P, RAJU D. The nature of innovation in emerging industries in China: An exploratory study[J]. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2016 (1):451-470.

[16]CHRISTOPHER S H. In search of the profit-maximizing actor: motivations and definitions of success from nascent academic entrepreneurs[J], The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2011(36):340–352.

[17]KRABEL S, MUELLER P. What drives scientists to start their own company? An empirical investigation of Max Planck Society scientists[J]. Research Policy, 2009(38):947–956.

[18]MERTON R K. The Sociology of science: Theoretical and empirical investigations[M]. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973.

[19]RéJEAN L, NABIL A, IMAD R. Why are some university researchers more likely to create spin-offs than others? Evidence from Canadian universities[J]. Research Policy, 2006(35):1599–1615.

[20]DECI E L, RYAN R M. The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior[J]. Psychological Inquiry, 2000(11):227–268.

[21]温珂,毛梦雪,苏宏宇,袁文龙.科学家与产业合作的矛盾心理及其影响[J].科学学研究,2016(7):967-978.

WEN Ke, MAO Mengxue, SU Hongyu, YUAN Wenlong. Scientist's ambivalence of collaborating with industry and its impacts on innovation[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2016(7):967-978.

[22]黄永春,张惟佳,徐军海.服务环境对新生企业家创业导向的影响[J].科研管理,2021,42(02):149-160.

HUANG Yongchun, ZHANG Weijia, XU Junhai. Impact of service environment on entrepreneurial orientation of new entrepreneurs[J]. Science Research Management, 2021,42(02):149-160.

[23]LAZEAR P E. Entrepreneurship[J]. Journal of Labor Economics, 2015(4):649–680.

[24]陈劲,陈风华,朱学彦.学术型创业家特质要素、人力资本作用路径与创业环境分析——中国的案例发现[J].科研管理,2005(S1):112-117.

CHEN Jin, CHEN Fenghua, ZHU Xueyan. Study on the personal traits and function route of human capital and unique environment of the academic entrepreneur: a case finding in China[J]. Science Research Management, 2005(S1):112-117.

[25]ORAZEM F P, JOLLY R, YU L. Once an entrepreneur, always an entrepreneur? The impacts of skills developed before, during and after college on firm start-ups[J]. Journal of Labor Economics, 2015(15):27-54.

[26]LAZEAR P E. Balanced skills and entrepreneurship[J]. The American Economic Review, 2004(94):208-211.

[27]RéJEAN L, MALEK S, NABIL A, MATHIEU O. Evidence on how academics manage their portfolio of knowledge transfer activities[J]. Research Policy, 2010(39):1318–1403.

[28]陈劲,朱学彦.学术型创业家与企业绩效关系研究[J].中国软科学,2006(4):126-130.

CHEN Jin, ZHU Xueyan. Study on the relationship between academic entrepreneur and enterprise's performance[J]. China Soft Science, 2006(4):126-130.

[29]黄永春,毛竹青,苏德金,赵又霖.创业期望、风险恐惧与新生企业家的创业行为——基于调节聚焦理论[J].科研管理,2020,41(06):17-28.

HUANG Yongchun, MAO Zhuqing, SU Dejin, ZHAO Youlin. Entrepreneurial expectation, risk fear and startup entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial behavior——A theory based on regulatory focus[J]. Science Research Management, 2020,41(06):17-28.