关键词: 医药制造业, 技术体制, 创新效率

Abstract: Innovation is the fundamental driving force for the development of all industries. But the innovation models of each industry are different. As a high-tech industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing industry has the law of technological development different from the general industry. However, there are significant differences in technology level and R&D capability among pharmaceutical enterprises in different regions of China. Neglecting the evaluation of innovation efficiency of the above two differences can easily turn into a digital game out of reality. Therefore, this important content can enrich the research system of innovation efficiency in theory and make specific analysis of specific industries, which is a beneficial attempt to improve the innovation efficiency from static to dynamic. In practice, it can help to recognize the development status, industrial structure and regions of China′s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and the innovation efficiency gap between them provides the basis for further improving the industrial policy.
   From the perspective of technology system, this paper summarizes two innovation models proposed by Schumpeter. He believes that industries with the mode of creative destruction have the technical characteristics of high-tech opportunities, low innovation exclusivity, low technology innovation accumulation and focusing on professional knowledge; industries with the mode of creative accumulation have the technical characteristics of low-tech opportunities, high-tech innovation accumulation, high innovation exclusiveness and relatively focusing on general knowledge. According to the technological system, technological opportunity, accumulation of technological innovation, monopolization of innovation, knowledge-based attributes, four-dimensional analysis method, the analysis of technological development characteristics of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry shows that pharmaceutical manufacturing industry belongs to the latter.
   According to the characteristics of creative accumulation in pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the innovation efficiency evaluation model including technology accumulation is set up. As shown in Table 1,Group 1 is the control group, with economic and knowledge output as innovation output items and human and capital input as innovation input elements; Group 2 is the model including technology accumulation, with the multiplier of technology accumulation level and economic and knowledge output as innovation output items and human and capital input as innovation input elements; Group 3 is based on Group 2, using Three-stage DEA model to eliminate Model of external environmental factors.
   There is no definite correlation between the average value of the comprehensive efficiency measured by Group 1 and the industrial competitiveness index. The difference between the measurement result and the real situation is far, which indicates that the model setting can′t effectively reflect the real situation. The measurement result of Group 2 and the number of listed companies can reject the original hypothesis of no correlation at a significant level of 1%, and the correlation coefficient is large, which indicates that the measurement result basically describes the real situation The results of Group 3 are better than that of Group 2, and the correlation coefficient is increased. It shows that using Three-stage DEA model to eliminate the environmental impact and statistical error is meaningful and improves the accuracy of technical efficiency measurement.
   The results show that: (1) Effective technology stock is the foundation of further innovation. For pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the measurement model of innovation efficiency including technology accumulation factors is significantly better than the traditional model, and the measurement results are closer to the actual industrial development. (2) After stripping off the environmental factors and statistical errors, it is found that the low scale efficiency is the main factor restricting the improvement of industrial innovation efficiency, while the industrial agglomeration degree and non-original R&D investment improve the innovation efficiency Promotion has a promoting effect. (3) The innovation efficiency structure of China′s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is pyramidal, and lacks the backbone. A large number of innovation resources are piled up at the bottom of the pyramid in a redundant way.
   The policy implications of this study include: (1) The differentiation of industrial innovation mode can be regarded as the premise of innovation efficiency research. The existing research on innovation efficiency transforms innovation activities into production activities, and its theoretical basis lies in the given level of technology in neoclassicism. In Schumpeter′s innovation theory, the technological level is progressive, developing and dynamic, which needs the theory of technological system or the analysis of innovation mode as a bridge to connect the two. Only by accurately distinguishing the characteristics of technology development in different industries and stages, and applying appropriate evaluation models, can we correctly understand the reality of industry development and plan the future of industry development. (2) Formulate long-term planning to ensure the long-term and effective accumulation of enterprise technology. According to the technological development characteristics of creative accumulation in pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the technological stock of enterprises is the key to support sustainable development. The driving force of short-term policy for technological progress is not significant, and the stability and long-term nature of the policy must be maintained. We will continue to promote industrial policies such as generic drug consistency evaluation and centralized drug procurement, continue to improve market concentration, improve the quality of industrial innovation, and squeeze high-quality innovation resources into high-level enterprises, so as to promote the leading enterprises to move forward from domestic leading to global leading. (3) To eliminate backward production capacity and make up for the short board of national pharmaceutical industry structure. Through industrial policies, optimizing industrial structure, making up for the gap of the second echelon, and forming olive shaped distribution with large middle and small both ends will be the direction of joint efforts of the government and academia. It must be recognized that although pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is a high-tech industry, there are also backward production capacity. Provincial and municipal leaders should adhere to the new concept of high quality, abandon the old thinking of emphasizing quantity and light quality, and with greater courage and determination, eliminate the backward production capacity in the high-tech industry in the region. After the backward production capacity has faded, the innovation efficiency will guide the resources to produce the optimal allocation, and the second echelon suitable for the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry will naturally appear.

Key words: pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, technological regime, innovation efficiency