哲学上对事物成败的因果论断多有探讨，认为内因与外因是决定事物成败的决定要素，而其中内因起主导作用。但关于内外因关系决定论在经济学的应用少有研究，十九大报告提出的“创新是引领发展的第一动力”，可见，创新的重要性，为此，本文拟分析在中国的创新技术进步中，究竟是技术进步的“内求”方式还是“外求”方式带来了中国的技术进步。本文认为，“内求”式技术进步指通过自我技术创新与自我创新环境的培育带来本国技术进步，而“外求”式技术进步指通过对他国技术的模仿、借鉴与引进，带来本国技术进步。在对文献进行综述并定义技术进步的内外求方式的基础上，本文发现，现有文献虽然研究了技术进步的“内求”或“外求”的其中一种方式，但少有研究把内外求技术进步的方式纳入一个模型展开分析的。虽然强调了资源配置在技术进步中的作用，但缺乏把“内外求”要素纳入一个模型并同时考虑资源配置对技术进步的影响，即缺乏把市场机制与政府调控方式纳入一个模型，并细化其内涵与影响的研究。本文拟进行阐释，首先把技术进步的内求方式和外求方式予以细化并量化定义，分别用研发资本存量、人力资本存量衡量内求方式，并用IFDI研发资本存量、OFDI研发资本存量、国际贸易研发资本存量衡量外求方式。把市场机制的供给侧结构性调整、需求侧结构性调整，政府调控的财政政策与货币政策，作为主要的资源配置方式纳入模型进行研究。利用2008年-2015年中国各省份的静态面板数据模型，并采用逐渐加入变量的回归方法，首先探讨全样本的情况，为分析市场机制与政府调控的影响，适时的加入了市场需求、市场供给、财政政策、货币政策与“内外求”技术进步要素的交乘项，并在此基础上分析了我国东中西部地区的情况。研究发现，无论是依托中国自主创新的“内求”方式还是依托对外国先进技术学习模仿的“外求”方式，都能够有效的带来中国全要素生产率的进步，但“内求”方式起主导作用。供给侧结构性调整、需求侧结构性调整等市场机制要素与财政政策、货币政策等政府调控要素能够扭曲“内求”与“外求”技术进步要素对全要素生产率的影响，且这种扭曲效果在中国的东中西部地区的影响具有地区差异,受时间效应及省份地区效应的影响。在新时代为推进技术创新，一方面要发挥市场机制与政府调控的作用，另一方面要提高自我技术研究能力与加强自我创新环境的培养，在“内外求”要素中，重视二者的前提下，重点强调“内求”式技术进步能力的培养，同时不松懈地向他国学习已有的创新经验。
Philosophically, there are many discussions on the causal judgment of the success or failure of things. It is believed that internal and external factors are the decisive factors of the success or failure of things, and internal factors play a leading role. However, there is little research on the application of determinism of internal and external causes in economics. The report of the 19th National Congress puts forward that "innovation is the first driving force to lead development", which shows the importance of innovation. Therefore, this paper analyzes whether the methods of "internal seeking" or "external seeking" of technological progress has brought about China′s technological progress in China′s technological innovation and progress.
〖JP3〗This paper holds that "internal seeking" technological progress means bringing domestic technological progress through self-innovation and cultivation of self-innovation environment, while "outward-seeking" technological progress means bringing domestic technological progress through imitation, reference and introduction of other countries′ technologies. On the basis of summarizing the literatures and defining the internal and external seeking ways of technological progress, it is found that although the existing literatures have studied one of the ways of "internal seeking" or "external seeking" of technological progress, few studies have incorporated the internal and external seeking ways of technological progress into a model for analysis. Although the role of resource allocation in technological progress is emphasized, there is a lack of research on integrating the elements of "internal and external demand" into a model and considering the impact of resource allocation on technological progress at the same time, that is, there is a lack of research on integrating market mechanism and government regulation into a model and refining its connotation and influence.
This paper intends to make the following explanations. It refines and quantifies the internal and external seeking ways of technological progress, and measures the internal seeking ways with R&D capital stock and human capital stock, and measures the external seeking ways with IFDI R&D capital stock, OFDI R&D capital stock and international trade R&D capital stock. The supply-side structural adjustment of market mechanism, the demand-side structural adjustment, and the fiscal and monetary policies regulated by the government are taken as the main ways of resource allocation into the model study. By using the static panel data model of China′s provinces from 2008 to 2015, and adopting the regression method of gradually adding variables, this paper first discusses the situation of the whole sample. In order to analyze the influence of market mechanism and government regulation, the intersection items of market demand, market supply, fiscal policy, monetary policy and "internal and external demand" technological progress elements are added in time, and then the situation in the eastern, central and western regions of China is analyzed. 〖JP〗
〖JP2〗The research shows that both the "internal seeking" mode of independent innovation in China and the "external seeking" mode of learning and imitating foreign advanced technology can effectively bring about the progress of China′s total factor productivity, but the "internal seeking" mode plays a leading role. Market mechanism elements such as supply-side structural adjustment and demand-side structural adjustment, and government regulation elements such as fiscal policy and monetary policy can distort the impact of technological progress elements such as "internal demand" and "external demand" on total factor productivity. 〖JP〗
Moreover, the distortion effect has regional differences in the eastern, central and western regions of China, which is related to time effect and provincial and regional effect. In order to promote technological innovation in the new era, on the one hand, it is necessary to play the role of market mechanism and government regulation, on the other hand, it is necessary to improve self-technological research ability and strengthen the cultivation of self-innovation environment. On the premise of attaching importance to both of the elements of "internal and external demand", the emphasis is placed on the cultivation of "internal demand" technological progress ability, and at the same time, it is not lax to learn from other countries′ existing innovation experience.
