关键词: 技术创新, 新产品开发, 情报, 信息, 综述

Abstract: Intelligence plays an important role in technological innovation, which has been the consensus of academia. But how does intelligence play a role in technological innovation? Or what is the operating mechanism of intelligence in technological innovation? There is no systematic research to answer these questions in China, while foreign scholars have carried out corresponding researches in this field and achieved a lot of results. Therefore, this paper aims to summarize its achievements and shortcomings, and provide reference for further research. In the first place, the literature research is carried out. Through literature search and "snowball" literature search methods, relevant papers were obtained, and these papers were read, the main points of view, research methods and research conclusions of a single paper were refined, and the relationship between the papers was further classified and sorted out. The main findings include as follows: Firstly, there is a positive correlation between intelligence processing and technological innovation performance. The function of intelligence processing is to reduce the uncertainty in the process of technological innovation, that is, to reduce the technological risk and market risk, and to provide support for decision-making at all stages of technological innovation. Intelligence processing has different performance in different stages of technological innovation, and is restricted by some influencing factors.Secondly, intelligence processing in technological innovation includes three links: intelligence acquisition, diffusion and use. These links also have different emphases and manifestations in different stages of technological innovation. Intelligence acquisition includes formal acquisition and informal acquisition. Formal acquisition includes environmental scanning and market orientation. Foreign scholars generally hold positive views on the role of environmental scanning in technological innovation. There are two different views on the role of market orientation in technological innovation. One is that market orientation will lead to generalization of new products,and the other is that market orientation is a necessary condition for the success of new products. Informal acquisition refers to the acquisition of intelligence through "gatekeepers" in technological innovation. Informal acquisition is more important for technological innovation. Intelligence diffusion includes interaction and cooperation. Interaction refers to formal and structured intelligence diffusion between departments, such as routine meetings, document transmission, etc. Cooperation refers to informal, unstructured and emotional intelligence diffusion between departments. Collaboration is more important for technological innovation. Intelligence diffusion also has a strength problem, that is, the frequency of intelligence exchange between participants. Some scholars believe that low frequency can bring about autonomous and free action and reduce social pressure, which is conducive to innovation. Others believe that high frequency can ensure the accuracy and reliability of intelligence, which is conducive to innovation. The use of intelligence refers to the effectiveness of intelligence to innovative decision makers. Technological innovation mainly uses eight kinds of intelligence, including strategic intelligence, financial intelligence, project management intelligence, competitor intelligence, regulatory intelligence, customer intelligence, demand intelligence and technical intelligence. The quality of intelligence plays an important role in the use of intelligence. Thirdly, in technological innovation, intelligence is a kind of resource while intelligence processing is an activity or ability. They should be both related and different. Enterprises should possess both of them. Lack of intelligence resources or ability to deal with intelligence has a negative impact on technological innovation. In the next place, literature criticism is carried out to find out the gap between existing research and research questions. The shortcomings of existing research include as follows: First, exploratory and descriptive research is the majority, while interpretative research is less. Existing research mainly adopts exploratory and descriptive research, which clarifies the relationship between technological innovation and intelligence processing, and how intelligence processing is carried out. But on the other hand, there are few explanatory studies to answer "why". Although some studies involve the above questions, but they do not fully reveal the causal relationship.Second, the empirical results lack a systematic theoretical framework. The results of empirical research need to be explained theoretically in order to improve people's understanding. Existing empirical results lack such a systematic theoretical framework. Although some scholars have made some attempts to explain the results, such as open system model, situational theory, resource theory and dynamic capability theory, a unified and convincing theory has not yet been formed.Thirdly, the measurement schemes of key variables are quite different. The key variables mentioned here mainly include technological innovation performance, new product development performance, intelligence and information. Although the existing research uses the same term, the understanding of its connotation and extension is inconsistent, which leads to great differences in measurement schemes. This situation is most evident in the two concepts of intelligence and information. The existing research in this field hardly defines intelligence and information accurately, nor makes a strict distinction between them. They are basically used at the same time or alternately, which is also mixed with concepts such as data and knowledge. Correspondingly, the measurement of the two is not the same.Fourthly, there is a lack of qualitative research. Most of the existing research belongs to quantitative research, and qualitative research is relatively rare. In the few qualitative researches, interview and case methods are mainly used. Some quantitative research methods such as ethnography and grounded theory have not been used yet. Finally, some suggestions for future research are put forward, including strengthening the explanatory research, finding a more explanatory theoretical framework, integrating the measurement scheme of key variables and introducing qualitative research.

Key words: technological innovation, new product development, intelligence, information, literature review