摘要：大规模企业具有垄断势力的市场结构是否有利于技术创新，是一个长期受到关注的问题。西方学者在熊彼特假说的基础上，对此进行了经验和理论层面的深入分析。本文借鉴这些研究的基本思路，提出一个在产业演进动态过程中把握技术创新与市场结构互动关系的分析框架，在此框架下，分析了中国作为后发转型国家的技术创新与市场结构互动机制及四个阶段的变化过程，进而对熊彼特假说在中国产业发展中的具体含义做出新的解释，并分析了相关的政策含义。

Abstract: Whether or not the market structure of large-scale enterprises having the monopoly power promotes innovation is a long-term concern problem. Based on Schumpeterian hypothesis, western scholars carried out theoretical and experimental analysis. The basic idea of the former researches is studied and an analytical framework is put forward to understand the interaction of innovation and market structure in the dynamic process of industrial evolution. The framework is applied to analyze the interaction mechanism between innovation and market structure of China as a developing country being in its transition and four evolution stages. A new interpretation of Schumpeterian hypothesis on China’s industrial development is offered and the relevant policy implications are explained.